Mechanism of an intramembrane chaperone for multipass membrane proteins.

Multipass membrane proteins play numerous roles in biology and include receptors, transporters, ion channels and enzymes1,2. How multipass proteins are co-translationally inserted and folded at the endoplasmic reticulum is not well understood2. The prevailing model posits that each transmembrane domain (TMD) of a multipass protein successively passes into the lipid bilayer through a front-side lateral gate of the Sec61 protein translocation channel3-9. The PAT complex, an intramembrane chaperone comprising Asterix and CCDC47, engages early TMDs of multipass proteins to promote their biogenesis by an unknown mechanism10. Here, biochemical and structural analysis of intermediates during multipass protein biogenesis showed that the nascent chain is not engaged with Sec61, which is occluded and latched closed by CCDC47. Instead, Asterix binds to and redirects the substrate to a location behind Sec61, where the PAT complex contributes to a multipass translocon surrounding a semi-enclosed, lipid-filled cavity11. Detection of multiple TMDs in this cavity after their emergence from the ribosome suggests that multipass proteins insert and fold behind Sec61. Accordingly, biogenesis of several multipass proteins was unimpeded by inhibitors of the Sec61 lateral gate. These findings elucidate the mechanism of an intramembrane chaperone and suggest a new framework for multipass membrane protein biogenesis at the endoplasmic reticulum.

A unified evolutionary origin for the ubiquitous protein transporters SecY and YidC.

BACKGROUND: Protein transporters translocate hydrophilic segments of polypeptide across hydrophobic cell membranes. Two protein transporters are ubiquitous and date back to the last universal common ancestor: SecY and YidC. SecY consists of two pseudosymmetric halves, which together form a membrane-spanning protein-conducting channel. YidC is an asymmetric molecule with a protein-conducting hydrophilic groove that partially spans the membrane. Although both transporters mediate insertion of membrane proteins with short translocated domains, only SecY transports secretory proteins and membrane proteins with long translocated domains. The evolutionary origins of these ancient and essential transporters are not known. RESULTS: The features conserved by the two halves of SecY indicate that their common ancestor was an antiparallel homodimeric channel. Structural searches with SecY's halves detect exceptional similarity with YidC homologs. The SecY halves and YidC share a fold comprising a three-helix bundle interrupted by a helical hairpin. In YidC, this hairpin is cytoplasmic and facilitates substrate delivery, whereas in SecY, it is transmembrane and forms the substrate-binding lateral gate helices. In both transporters, the three-helix bundle forms a protein-conducting hydrophilic groove delimited by a conserved hydrophobic residue. Based on these similarities, we propose that SecY originated as a YidC homolog which formed a channel by juxtaposing two hydrophilic grooves in an antiparallel homodimer. We find that archaeal YidC and its eukaryotic descendants use this same dimerisation interface to heterodimerise with a conserved partner. YidC's sufficiency for the function of simple cells is suggested by the results of reductive evolution in mitochondria and plastids, which tend to retain SecY only if they require translocation of large hydrophilic domains. CONCLUSIONS: SecY and YidC share previously unrecognised similarities in sequence, structure, mechanism, and function. Our delineation of a detailed correspondence between these two essential and ancient transporters enables a deeper mechanistic understanding of how each functions. Furthermore, key differences between them help explain how SecY performs its distinctive function in the recognition and translocation of secretory proteins. The unified theory presented here explains the evolution of these features, and thus reconstructs a key step in the origin of cells.

Structural analysis of the dynamic ribosome-translocon complex.

The protein translocon at the endoplasmic reticulum comprises the Sec61 translocation channel and numerous accessory factors that collectively facilitate the biogenesis of secretory and membrane proteins. Here, we leveraged recent advances in cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and structure prediction to derive insights into several novel configurations of the ribosome-translocon complex. We show how a transmembrane domain (TMD) in a looped configuration passes through the Sec61 lateral gate during membrane insertion; how a nascent chain can bind and constrain the conformation of ribosomal protein uL22; and how the translocon-associated protein (TRAP) complex can adjust its position during different stages of protein biogenesis. Most unexpectedly, we find that a large proportion of translocon complexes contains RAMP4 intercalated into Sec61's lateral gate, widening Sec61's central pore and contributing to its hydrophilic interior. These structures lead to mechanistic hypotheses for translocon function and highlight a remarkably plastic machinery whose conformations and composition adjust dynamically to its diverse range of substrates.