Transcription factors MdMYC2 and MdMYB85 interact with ester aroma synthesis gene MdAAT1 in apple.

Volatile esters in apple (Malus domestica) fruit are the critical aroma components determining apple flavor quality. While the exact molecular regulatory mechanism remains unknown, jasmonic acid (JA) plays a crucial role in stimulating the synthesis of ester aromas in apples. In our study, we investigated the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on the production of ester aroma in apples. MeJA treatment significantly increased ester aroma synthesis, accompanied by the upregulation of several genes involved in the jasmonate pathway transduction. Specifically, expression of the gene MdMYC2, which encodes a transcription factor associated with the jasmonate pathway, and the R2R3-MYB transcription factor gene MdMYB85 increased upon MeJA treatment. Furthermore, the essential gene ALCOHOL ACYLTRANSFERASE 1 (MdAAT1), encoding an enzyme responsible for ester aroma synthesis, showed increased expression levels as well. Our investigation revealed that MdMYC2 and MdMYB85 directly interacted with the promoter region of MdAAT1, thereby enhancing its transcriptional activity. In addition, MdMYC2 and MdMYB85 directly bind their promoters and activate transcription. Notably, the interaction between MdMYC2 and MdMYB85 proteins further amplified the regulatory effect of MdMYB85 on MdMYC2 and MdAAT1, as well as that of MdMYC2 on MdMYB85 and MdAAT1. Collectively, our findings elucidate the role of the gene module consisting of MdMYC2, MdMYB85, and MdAAT1 in mediating the effects of JA and promoting ester aroma synthesis in apples.

Effects of toothpaste containing inactivated Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Probio-01 on plaque-induced gingivitis and dental plaque microbiota.

Plaque-induced gingivitis is an inflammatory response in gingival tissues resulting from bacterial plaque accumulation at the gingival margin. Postbiotics can promote the proliferation of beneficial bacteria and optimise the state of microbiota in the oral cavity. In this study, we investigated the effect of inactivated Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Probio-01 on plaque-induced gingivitis and the dental plaque microbiota. A total of 32 healthy gingival participants (Group N, using blank toothpaste for 3 months) and 60 patients with plaque-induced gingivitis (30 in Group F, using inactivated Probio-01 toothpaste for 3 months, and 30 in Group B, using blank toothpaste for 3 months, respectively) were recruited. Clinical indices, which included bleeding on probing (BOP), gingival index (GI), and plaque index (PI), were used to assess the severity of gingivitis. Furthermore, 16SrDNA amplicon sequencing was used to explore changes in the gingival state and dental plaque microbiota in patients with plaque-induced gingivitis. The results showed that inactivated Probio-01 significantly reduced clinical indices of gingivitis, including BOP, GI, and PI, in participants with plaque-induced gingivitis and effectively relieved gingival inflammation, compared with that observed in the control group (group B). Inactivated Probio-01 did not significantly influence the diversity of dental plaque microbiota, but increased the relative abundance of dental plaque core bacteria, such as Leptotrichia and Fusobacterium (P < 0.05). Strong correlations were observed between the indices and abundance of dental plaque microbiota. Overall, the inactivated Probio-01 significantly reduced the clinical indices of gingivitis and effectively improved gingival inflammation in patients with plaque-induced gingivitis. The activity of inactivated Probio-01 against plaque-induced gingivitis was possibly mediated by its ability to regulate the dental plaque microbiota, as indicated by the close correlation between the plaque microbiota and clinical indices of gingivitis.

An Optimized LC-MS/MS Method for Quantification of Sunitinib and N -Desethyl Sunitinib in Human Plasma and Its Application for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring.

BACKGROUND: Sunitinib (SUN) malate is an oral, multitargeted, tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma, imatinib-resistant or imatinib-intolerant gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. SUN has a narrow therapeutic window and high variability in interpatient pharmacokinetic parameters. Clinical detection methods for SUN and N -desethyl SUN limit the application of SUN to therapeutic drug monitoring. All published methods for quantifying SUN in human plasma require strict light protection to avoid light-induced isomerism or the use of additional quantitative software. To avoid these difficult processes in clinical routines, the authors propose a novel method that merges the peaks of the E -isomer and Z -isomer of SUN or N -desethyl SUN into a single peak. METHODS: The E -isomer and Z -isomer peaks of SUN or N -desethyl SUN were merged into a single peak by optimizing the mobile phases to decrease the resolution of the isomers. A suitable chromatographic column was selected to obtain a good peak shape. Thereafter, the conventional and single-peak methods (SPM) were simultaneously validated and compared according to the guidelines published by the Food and Drug Administration in 2018 and the Chinese Pharmacopoeia in 2020. RESULTS: The verification results showed that the SPM was superior to the conventional method in the matrix effect and met the requirements for biological sample analysis. SPM was then applied to detect the total steady-state concentration of SUN and N -desethyl SUN in tumor patients who received SUN malate. CONCLUSIONS: The established SPM makes the detection of SUN and N -desethyl SUN easier and faster without light protection or extra quantitative software, making it more appropriate for routine clinical use. The clinical application results showed that 12 patients took 37.5 mg per day, with a median total trough steady-state concentration of 75.0 ng/mL.

A preoperative nomogram predicting risk of lymph node metastasis for early-stage cervical cancer.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop a preoperative nomogram based on clinical and pathological characteristics to provide a more individualized and accurate estimation of lymph node metastasis (LNM) in patients with early-stage cervical cancer. METHODS: A total of 7,349 early-stage cervical cancer patients with pathologically confirmed between 1988 and 2015 were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. All the patients were divided into training (n = 5,500) and validation (n = 1,849) cohorts randomly. A cohort of 455 patients from multicenter was used for the external validation. We established a multivariate logistic regression model based on preoperative clinicopathological data, from which a nomogram was developed and validated. A predicted probability of LNM < 5% was defined as low risk. RESULTS: From multivariate logistic regression analysis, age at diagnosis, histologic subtype, tumor grade, tumor size and FIGO stage were identified as preoperative independent risk factors of LNM. The nomogram incorporating these factors demonstrated good discrimination and calibration (concordance index = 0.723; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.707-0.738). In the validation cohort, the discrimination accuracy was 0.745 (95% CI, 0.720-0.770) and 0.747 (95% CI, 0.690-0.804), respectively. The nomogram was well calibrated with a high concordance probability. We also established an R-enabled Internet browser for LNM risk assessment, which tool may be convenient for physicians. CONCLUSIONS: We developed an effective preoperative nomogram based on clinical and pathological characteristics to predict LNM for early-stage cervical cancer. This model could improve clinical trial design and help physicians to decide whether to perform lymphadenectomy or not.

Supplementing artemisinin positively influences growth, antioxidant capacity, immune response, gut health and disease resistance against Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Litopenaeus vannamei fed cottonseed protein concentrate meal diets.

Artemisinin (ART) is a kind of Chinese herbal medicine worth exploring, which obtains various physiological activities. In order to study the prebiotic effect of ART on Litopenaeus vannamei fed cottonseed protein concentrate meal diets, six groups of isonitrogenous and isolipid diets were prepared (including the fish meal control group, FM; cottonseed protein concentrate replacing 30% fishmeal protein and supplementing ART groups: ART0, ART0.3, ART0.6, ART0.9, and ART1.2). The feeding trials was lasted for 56 days. The results showed that the final body weight, weight gain and specific growth rate of the ART0.6 group were the highest, yet the feed coefficient rate of the ART0.6 group was the lowest significantly (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in survival rate among treatments (P > 0.05). In serum, the content of malondialdehyde in ART0 group was the highest (P < 0.05); the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, phenol oxidase and lysozyme increased firstly and then decreased among the ARTs groups (P < 0.05). The activities of intestinal digestive enzymes (including the trypsin, lipase and amylase) showed an upward trend among the ARTs groups (P < 0.05). The histological sections showed that the intestinal muscle thickness, fold height and fold width in the FM group were significantly better than those in the ART0 group; while the mentioned above morphological indexes in the ART0 group were significantly lowest among the ARTs groups (P < 0.05). Sequencing of intestinal microbiota suggested that the microbial richness indexes firstly increased and then decreased (P < 0.05); the bacterial community structure of each treatment group was almost close; the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria decreased significantly (P < 0.05), such as the Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria at phylum level, besides the Vibrio and Candidatus Bacilloplasma at genus level. In intestinal tissue, the relative expression levels of TOLL1, TRAF6 and Pehaeidih3 showed up-regulated trends, while the expression of Crustin and LZM firstly up-regulated and then down-regulated (P < 0.05). The challenge experiment suggested that the cumulative mortality of FM group was significantly lower than that of ART0 group; besides the cumulative mortality firstly increased and then decreased between the ARTs groups (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the dietary supplementation of ART can improve the growth, antioxidant capacity, immune response, gut health and disease resistance of the shrimp. To be considered as a dietary immune enhancer, the recommended supplementation level of ART in shrimp's cottonseed protein concentrate meal diets is 0.43%.

IRGM promotes the PINK1-mediated mitophagy through the degradation of Mitofilin in SH-SY5Y cells.

Mitochondria is a double membrane-bound cellular organelle that generates energy to maintain the homeostasis of cells. Immunity-related GTPase M (IRGM) in human locates at the inner membrane of mitochondria and is best known for its role in regulating autophagy against intracellular pathogens. Previous studies have shown that IRGM is crucial for the normal function of mitochondria, yet, the molecular mechanisms underlying IRGM-mediated quality control of mitochondria are still not fully understood. In this study, we showed that knocking-down IRGM inhibits CCCP induced mitophagy in SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, we reported that IRGM decreases the stability of Mitofilin (IMMT, MIC60) in the damaged mitochondria. Knocking down Mitofilin rescues the loss of mitophagy that is observed in the IRGM KD cells, suggesting that IRGM regulates mitophagy through the inhibition of Mitofilin. These data together provide molecular insight regarding how IRGM regulates mitophagy to control the quality of mitochondria.

Preparation of magnetic yolk-shell structured metal-organic framework material and its application in pharmacokinetics study of alkaloids.

In this study, a magnetic yolk-shell structured metal-organic framework material (Fe3O4@YS-UiO-66-NH2) is prepared by the directional etching of Co2+/peroxymonosulfate and in situ magnetization. The characteristic properties of the material were investigated by using field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, and contact angle test. The Fe3O4@YS-UiO-66-NH2 shows the advantages of large surface area, good magnetic property, and satisfactory stability, as well as giving high affinity to alkaloids (ALs) via hydrophilic interaction, hydrogen bonding, and π-π interaction. The results of static adsorption experiment indicate that the Fe3O4@YS-UiO-66-NH2 possesses high adsorption capacity towards ALs and the adsorption behaviors are fitted with Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. Furthermore, a magnetic solid-phase extraction using Fe3O4@YS-UiO-66-NH2 and HPLC method was developed for the analysis of ALs in spiked samples with the recovery of 89.6-100.8%. In addition, the proposed method was successfully applied in the pharmacokinetics study of berberine, coptisine, and palmatine in the rat. In short, the developed method might be used for high-efficient recognition and determination of ALs in plasma sample, which would also provide a new way to fabricate magnetic functionalized metal-organic framework in separation science.

One-Pot Synthesis of Pomegranate-Structured Fe3 O4 /Carbon Nanospheres-Doped Graphene Aerogel for High-Rate Lithium Ion Batteries.

A unique hierarchically nanostructured composite of iron oxide/carbon (Fe3O4/C) nanospheres-doped three-dimensional (3D) graphene aerogel has been fabricated by a one-pot hydrothermal strategy. In this novel nanostructured composite aerogel, uniform Fe3O4 nanocrystals (5-10 nm) are individually embedded in carbon nanospheres (ca. 50 nm) forming a pomegranate-like structure. The carbon matrix suppresses the aggregation of Fe3O4 nanocrystals, avoids direct exposure of the encapsulated Fe3O4 to the electrolyte, and buffers the volume expansion. Meanwhile, the interconnected 3D graphene aerogel further serves to reinforce the structure of the Fe3O4/C nanospheres and enhances the electrical conductivity of the overall electrode. Therefore, the carbon matrix and the interconnected graphene network entrap the Fe3O4 nanocrystals such that their electrochemical function is retained even after fracture. This novel hierarchical aerogel structure delivers a long-term stability of 634 mA h g(-1) over 1000 cycles at a high current density of 6 A g(-1) (7 C), and an excellent rate capability of 413 mA h g(-1) at 10 A g(-1) (11 C), thus exhibiting great potential as an anode composite structure for durable high-rate lithium-ion batteries.

Heart rate variability predicts mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: The predictive value of heart rate variability (HRV) in peritoneal dialysis (PD) has never been tested. METHODS: In this study, the associations between HRV measures and the mortality in 81 PD patients were analyzed. HRV was measured by using 5-min recordings of a stationary system by a standardized method. Both time domain and frequency domain parameters were analyzed. RESULTS: During a follow-up period of 43.78 ± 14.77 months, 25 patients died, four patients were transferred to hemodialysis. Of the 81 patients, the time domain parameters, such as the standard deviation of differences between adjacent normal sinus to normal sinus (NN) intervals (SDSD) and the square root of the mean of the squared differences between adjacent normal NN intervals (RMSSD), were higher; the frequency domain parameters, such as the ratio of low-frequency power to high-frequency power (LF/HF) and the normalized LF, were lower, and the normalized HF was higher in the non-survived group as compared with the survived group. A Cox proportional hazards model analysis revealed that, of the HRV measures, decrease of the normalized LF, LF/HF and increase of rMSSD, SDSD, normalized HF had significant predictive value for mortality. After adjustment for other univariate predictors including age, urine volume, renal Kt/V, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), the predictive value of decreased LF/HF remained significant. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed mortality rate was much higher in patients with a low LF/HF (median value of 1.56). CONCLUSION: The decreases of LF/HF which reflects impaired sympathetic nerve regulation is an independent predictor of mortality in PD patients.

Case Report: Successful Treatment of Cerebral Phaeohyphomycosis with Voriconazole: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Fonsecaea monophora is a species of Fonsecaea that belongs to Chaetothyriales. It is usually isolated from tropical and subtropical regions, causing reactive inflammation, skin abscesses, and pain. Cerebral infection caused by F. monophora is rare but often fatal. Diagnosing this disease at an early stage is difficult, and appropriate antifungal therapy is often delayed as a result. We report the case of a 53-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes who presented with a headache 2 months ago and progressive right-sided weakness of 1 month's duration. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a space-occupying lesion in the left frontal lobe and corpus callosum. The cystic mass was removed by surgical intervention, and the identification of the sample based on sequencing of the internal transcribed spaced region in BLAST-N search showed that the sequences producing most significant alignments were F. monophora or similar (query cover 99%, E value 0.0, per ident 99.84). The patient was treated with a 3-month course of twice daily voriconazole, leading to complete recovery.

Metformin improves insulin resistance, liver healthy and abnormal hepatic glucolipid metabolism via IR/PI3K/AKT pathway in Ctenopharyngodon idella fed a high-carbohydrate diet.

The effects and underlying mechanisms of metformin which can improve glucose homeostasis of fish have rarely been explored. This experiment aimed to explore the influence of metformin on growth performance, body composition, liver health, hepatic glucolipid metabolic capacity and IR/PI3K/AKT pathway in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fed high-carbohydrate diets. A normal diet (Control) and high carbohydrate diets with metformin supplementation (0.00 %, 0.20 %, 0.40 %, 0.60 % and 0.80 %) were configured. Six groups of healthy fish were fed with the experimental diet for eight weeks. The results showed that the growth performance of grass carp was impaired in high carbohydrate diet. Impairment of IR/PI3K/AKT signalling pathway reduced insulin sensitivity, while hepatic oxidative stress damage and decreased immunity affected liver metabolic function. The glycolysis and lipolysis decrease while the gluconeogenesis and fat synthesis increase, which triggers hyperglycaemia and lipid deposition in the body. Metformin supplementation restored the growth performance of grass carp. Metformin improved IR/PI3K/AKT pathway signalling and alleviated insulin resistance, while liver antioxidant capacity and immunity were enhanced resulting in the restoration of liver health. The elevation of glycolysis and lipolysis maintains glycaemic homeostasis and reduces lipid deposition, respectively. These results suggest that metformin supplementation restores liver health and activates the IR/PI3K/AKT signalling pathway, ameliorating insulin resistance and glucose-lipid metabolism disorders caused by a high-carbohydrate diet. As judged by HOMA-IR, the optimum supplementation level of metformin in grass carp (C. idella) fed a high-carbohydrate diet is 0.67 %.

A developed and validated centrifugal ultrafiltration coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for rapid quantification of unbound lenvatinib in human plasma.

In clinical practice, the determination of unbound drug concentration is very important for dose adjustment and toxicity prediction because only the unbound fraction can achieve a pharmacological effect. A fast, sensitive and accurate analytical method of centrifugal ultrafiltration coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and applied to allow the quantification of unbound lenvatinib concentration. The application of linear regression analysis was used to examine the effects of centrifugal force, centrifugal time, and protein content on ultrafiltrate volume (Vu). The results indicated that the centrifugal force and centrifugal time have an influence on Vu that is significantly positive (P < 0.05). This developed method with good linearity (r2 = 0.9996), good accuracy (bias % ≤ 2.24 %), good precision (CV % ≤ 7.10 %), and good recovery (95.46 %-106.46 %) was suitable for routine clinical practice and studies. Particularly, the ultrafiltration membrane had no non-specific binding to lenvatinib. The unbound fractions can be separated in just 15 min. This method was applied to quantify clinical samples and to determine the plasma protein binding and unbound fraction of lenvatinib. This study provides a more effective and promising method for determination of unbound lenvatinib. It could be beneficial to measure the unbound concentration of lenvatinib in personalized medicine and therapeutic drug monitoring in routine clinical practice.

NIR and magnetism dual-response multi-core magnetic vortex nanoflowers for boosting magneto-photothermal cancer therapy.

Due to the relatively low efficiency of magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal conversion, it is rather challenging for magneto-photothermal nanoagents to be used as an effective treatment during tumor hyperthermal therapy. The advancement of magnetic nanoparticles exhibiting a vortex-domain structure holds great promise as a viable strategy to enhance the application performance of conventional magnetic nanoparticles while retaining their inherent biocompatibility. Here, we report the development of Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nanoflowers with ellipsoidal magnetic cores, and show them as effective nanoagents for magneto-photothermal synergistic therapy. Comparative studies were conducted on the heating performance of anisometric Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 (MZF) nanoparticles, including nanocubes (MZF-C), hollow spheres (MZF-HS), nanoflowers consisting of ellipsoidal magnetic cores (MZF-NFE), and nanoflowers consisting of needle-like magnetic cores (MZF-NFN). MZF-NFE exhibits an intrinsic loss parameter (ILP) of up to 15.3 N h m2 kg-1, which is better than that of commercial equivalents. Micromagnetic simulations reveal the magnetization configurations and reversal characteristics of the various MZF shapes. Additionally, all nanostructures displayed a considerable photothermal conversion efficiency rate of more than 18%. Our results demonstrated that by combining the dual exposure of MHT and PTT for hyperthermia treatments induced by MZF-NFE, BT549, MCF-7, and 4T1 cell viability can be significantly decreased by ∼95.7% in vitro.

Sargassum polysaccharide attenuates osteoarthritis in rats and is associated with the up-regulation of the ITGß1-PI3K-AKT signaling pathway.

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) presents a formidable challenge, characterized by as-yet-unclear mechanical intricacies within cartilage and the dysregulation of bone homeostasis. Our preliminary data revealed the encouraging potential of a Sargassum polysaccharide (SP), in promoting chondrogenesis. The aim of our study is to comprehensively assess the therapeutic effects of SP on OA models and further elucidate its potential mechanism. Methods: The protective effects of SP were initially evaluated in an inflammation-induced human chondrocyte (C28) cell model. CCK-8 assays, Alcian blue staining, RT-qPCR and Western blotting were used to verify the chondrogenesis of SP in vitro. To assess the efficacy of SP in vivo, surgically induced medial meniscus destabilization (DMM) OA rats underwent an 8-week SP treatment. The therapeutic effects of SP in OA rats were comprehensively evaluated using X-ray imaging, micro-computed tomography (µ-CT), histopathological analysis, as well as immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent staining. Following these assessments, we delved into the potential signaling pathways of SP in inflammatory chondrocytes utilizing RNA-seq analysis. Validation of these findings was conducted through RT-qPCR and western blotting techniques. Results: SP significantly enhance the viability of C28 chondrocytes, and increased the secretion of acidic glycoproteins. Moreover, SP stimulated the expression of chondrogenic genes (Aggrecan, Sox9, Col2a1) and facilitated the synthesis of Collagen II protein in C28 inflammatory chondrocytes. In vivo experiments revealed that SP markedly ameliorated knee joint stenosis, alleviated bone and cartilage injuries, and reduced the histopathological scores in the OA rats. µ-CT analysis confirmed that SP lessened bone impairments in the medial femoral condyle and the subchondral bone of the tibial plateau, significantly improving the microarchitectural parameters of the subchondral bone. Histopathological analyses indicated that SP notably enhanced cartilage quality on the surface of the tibial plateau, leading to increased cartilage thickness and area. Immunohistochemistry staining and immunofluorescence staining corroborated these findings by showing a significant promotion of Collagen II expression in OA joints treated with SP. RNA-seq analysis suggest that SP's effects were mediated through the regulation of the ITGß1-PI3K-AKT signaling axis, thereby stimulating chondrogenesis. Verification through RT-qPCR and Western blot analyses confirmed that SP significantly upregulated the expression of ITGß1, p110δ, AKT1, ACAN, and Col2a1. Notably, knock-down of ITGß1 using siRNA in C28 chondrocytes inhibited the expression of ITGß1, p110δ, AKT1, and ACAN. However, these inhibitory effects were not completely reversed by supplemental SP intervention. Conclusions: In summary, our findings reveal that SP significantly enhances chondrogenesis both in vitro and in vivo, alleviating OA progression both in bone and cartilage. The observed beneficial effects are intricately linked to the activation of the ITGß1-PI3K-AKT signaling axis. The translational potential of this article: Our research marks the first instance unveiling the advantageous effects and underlying mechanisms of SP in OA treatment. With its clinical prospects, SP presents compelling new evidence for the advancement of a next-generation polysaccharide drug for OA therapy.

Design of experiments (DoE) to develop and to optimize extraction of psychoactive substances.

The design of experiments (DoE) method was employed to optimize the adsorption processes of seven psychoactive substances in magnetic solid phase extraction. Fe3O4/GO/ZIF-8 was utilized as an adsorbent for the efficient extraction of psychoactive substances from environmental water samples. The analytes were ephedrine, methylephedrine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, morphine, papaverine, and thebaine, which were determined by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Plackett-Burman design was employed to identify the significant factors responsible for adsorption, and Box-Behnken design was used for further optimization to obtain the optimum values for each variable. The predicted and experimental values were found to be in good agreement. The coefficient of determination (R2) values of 0.9500-0.9976 indicated that the model was significant. The linear ranges were 1-100 ng mL-1, and the correlation coefficient was good (r2 ≥ 0.995). The EF with values of about 2.5 was obtained with recoveries in the range of 74.92-94.47%. The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.086-0.353 ng mL-1 and 0.286-1.175 ng mL-1, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day RSDs were in the range of 0.17-1.87% and 0.06-2.21%, respectively. By using the DoE method, the errors associated with inferring the influence and interaction between various factors can be reduced. The combination of MSPE and DoE improves the recovery, precision, and simultaneous detectability of the target analytes. It has a high potential for psychoactive substance analysis in environmental water.

Drug-drug interactions and dose management of BTK inhibitors when initiating nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (paxlovid) based on physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models.

OBJECTIVE: Co-administration of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir is challenging because of potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs). However, clinical trials specifically evaluating such DDIs are absent. To evaluate and quantify the DDIs between them and provide rational dose management strategies of BTK inhibitors, we conducted this study using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models. METHODS: Physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetic parameters were acquired from the published literature and databases. The PBPK models were developed using Simcyp® software. These models were validated by comparing with published literature values. The successfully validated PBPK models were used to simulate the plasma concentration-time profiles and DDIs in a virtual healthy population receiving BTK inhibitors alone or with ritonavir. RESULTS: Simulated plasma concentration-time profiles and pharmacokinetic parameters of each drug were in agreement with clinically observed values from literatures. Ritonavir increased ibrutinib maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and the area under plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) 33- and 53.88-fold, respectively, increased zanubrutinib Cmax and AUC 2.57- and 3.18-fold, respectively, and increased acalabrutinib Cmax and AUC 3.85- and 6.54-fold, respectively. Based on our simulations, dose-adjustment strategies may consist of ibrutinib at 25 mg q48h, zanubrutinib at 80 mg twice-daily and acalabrutinib at 25 mg twice-daily with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir. CONCLUSIONS: The PBPK models predicted the in vivo pharmacokinetics and the DDIs of BTK inhibitors and ritonavir. The prospective simulations not only provided scientific evidence regarding rational dosing management strategies when initiating nirmatrelvir/ritonavir therapy but also provided a reference for the design of clinical DDIs study that may save resources and time. SUMMARY: Paxlovid could increase Cmax and AUC0-τ of BTK inhibitors (ibrutinib, zanubrutinib and acalabrutinib), and dose adjustment strategy of ibrutinib (25 mg q48h), zanubrutinib (80 mg q12h) and acalabrutinib (25 mg q12h) should be considered when combination with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir.

Advanced Glycation End Products: A Comprehensive Review of Their Detection and Occurrence in Food.

The Maillard reaction (MR) is a complicated chemical process that has been extensively studied. Harmful chemicals known as advanced glycation end products (AGEs), with complex structures and stable chemical characteristics, are created during the final stage of the MR. AGEs can be formed both during the thermal processing of food and in the human body. The number of AGEs formed in food is much higher compared to endogenous AGEs. A direct connection exists between human health and the build-up of AGEs in the body, which can result in diseases. Therefore, it is essential to understand the content of AGEs in the food we consume. The detection methods of AGEs in food are expounded upon in this review, and the advantages, disadvantages, and application fields of these detection methods are discussed in depth. Additionally, the production of AGEs in food, their content in typical foods, and the mechanisms influencing their formation are summarized. Since AGEs are closely related to the food industry and human health, it is hoped that this review will further the detection of AGEs in food so that their content can be evaluated more conveniently and accurately.

Hollow spherical Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles with a magnetic vortex configuration for enhanced magnetic hyperthermia efficacy.

Conventional magnetic nanoagents in cancer hyperthermia therapy suffer from a low magnetic heating efficiency. To address this issue, researchers have pursued magnetic nanoparticles with topological magnetic domain structures, such as the vortex-domain structure, to enhance the magnetic heating performance of conventional nanoparticles while maintaining excellent biocompatibility. In this study, we synthesized hollow spherical Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 (MZF-HS) nanoparticles using a straightforward solvothermal method, yielding samples with an average outer diameter of approximately 350 nm and an average inner diameter of about 220 nm. The heating efficiency of the nanoparticles was experimentally verified, and the specific absorption rate (SAR) value of the hollow MZF was found to be approximately 1.5 times that of solid MZF. The enhanced heating performance is attributed to the vortex states in the hollow MZF structure as validated with micromagnetic simulation studies. In vitro studies demonstrated the lower cell viability of breast cancer cells (MCF-7, BT549, and 4T1) after MHT in the presence of MZF-HS. The synthesized MZF caused 51% cell death after MHT, while samples of MZF-HS resulted in 77% cell death. Our findings reveal that magnetic particles with a vortex state demonstrate superior heating efficiency, highlighting the potential of hollow spherical particles as effective heat generators for MHT applications.

Enantioselective analysis of ofloxacin enantiomers by partial-filling capillary electrophoresis with bacteria as chiral selectors.

The enantiomeric separation of ofloxacin enantiomers (OFLX) was achieved by using capillary electrophoresis partial-filled with Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative), and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) as chiral selectors. Experimental parameters, including the concentration of background electrolyte, applied voltage, length of the filled bacteria plug, and pH of the buffer, were intensively investigated. Baseline separation of OFLX could be achieved within 7 min by using E. coli and P. aeruginosa as chiral selectors under the following conditions: electrophoretic buffer composed of 10 mM phosphate buffer at pH 7.4, applied voltage at 15 kV, and the bacteria (6.0 × 10(8) cells/mL) were injected into the capillary by gravity with injection height of 17.5 cm for 180 s (E. coli), 300 s (P. aeruginosa), and 300 s (S. aureus), respectively. E. coli and P. aeruginosa had better chiral selectivity for OFLX than S. aureus, which was in good agreement with OFLX having better antimicrobial activity on Gram-negative rather than Gram-positive bacteria. A novel method was developed for the enantioselective separation of enantiomers using bacteria as chiral selectors, which provides a new approach for antimicrobials enantioselective analysis, chiral pharmacodynamics, and chiral pharmacokinetics studies.