Resting-state neural correlates of individual differences in ignored experience and its deleterious effect.

Uncovering the neural mechanisms of ostracism experience (including its subclasses of excluded and ignored experiences) is important. However, the resting-state functional brain substrates responsible for individual differences in ostracism experience and its negative effects remain largely undefined. This study explored these issues in a sample of 198 Chinese college students by assessing the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations and functional connectivity. The findings indicated a positive correlation between ignored experience and the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations in the right superior frontal gyrus and the functional connectivity between the right superior frontal gyrus and left cerebellum posterior lobe. Additionally, a negative correlation was found between ignored experience and the functional connectivity between the right superior frontal gyrus and the bilateral insula as well as the bilateral inferior parietal lobule. Moreover, the mediation analysis demonstrated that the effects of the functional connectivities of right superior frontal gyrus-left cerebellum posterior lobe and right superior frontal gyrus-right inferior parietal lobule on revenge intention were mediated by ignored experience. Our study offers novel insights into the neural correlates of both individual variations in ignored experience and its typical deleterious effect. These results could deepen our understanding of individual differences in negative experiences and inspire the development of targeted interventions for social stress from the perspective of the brain.

Neural basis of reward expectancy inducing proactive aggression.

Proactive aggression refers to deliberate and unprovoked behavior, typically motivated by personal gain or expected reward. Reward expectancy is generally recognized as a critical factor that may influence proactive aggression, but its neural mechanisms remain unknown. We conducted a task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment to investigate the relationship between reward expectancy and proactive aggression. 37 participants (20 females, mean age = 20.8 ± 1.42, age range = 18-23 years) completed a reward-harm task. In the experiment, reward valence expectancy and reward possibility expectancy were manipulated respectively by varying amounts (low: 0.5-1.5 yuan; high: 10.5-11.5 yuan) and possibilities (low: 10%-30%; high: 70%-90%) of money that participants could obtain by choosing to aggress. Participants received fMRI scans throughout the experiment. Brain activation regions associated with reward expectancy mainly involve the middle frontal gyrus, lingual gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus, anterior cuneus, caudate nucleus, inferior frontal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, anterior central gyrus, and posterior central gyrus. Associations between brain activation and reward expectancy in the left insula, left middle frontal gyrus, left thalamus, and right middle frontal gyrus were found to be related to proactive aggression. Furthermore, the brain activation regions primarily involved in proactive aggression induced by reward expectancy were the insula, inferior frontal gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus, pallidum, and caudate nucleus. Under conditions of high reward expectancy, participants engage in more proactive aggressive behavior. Reward expectancy involves the activation of reward- and social-cognition-related brain regions, and these associations are instrumental in proactive aggressive decisions.

Actinotalea lenta sp. nov., a novel actinomycete isolated from tidal flat sediment.

Two Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, oxidase- and catalase-negative, non-motile, and short rod-shaped actinomycetes, named SYSU T00b441T and SYSU T00b490, were isolated from tidal flat sediment located in Guangdong province, PR China. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between SYSU T00b441T and SYSU T00b490 were 99.3, 99.5 and 97.1 %, respectively. Strains SYSU T00b441T and SYSU T00b490 exhibited the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to Actinotalea ferrariae CF 5-4T (97.1 %/98.2 %), with ANI values of 74.01/73.88 % and dDDH values of 20.5/20.4 %. In the phylogenomic tree, the two isolates were affiliated with the genus Actinotalea. The genomes of strains SYSU T00b441T and SYSU T00b490 were 3.31 and 3.34 Mb, and both had DNA G+C contents of 72.8 mol%, coding 3077 and 3085 CDSs, three and three rRNA genes, and 53 and 51 tRNAs, respectively. Growth occurred at 15-40 °C (optimum, 28-30 °C), pH 4.0-10.0 (optimum, 7.0) and in the presence of 0-7 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 3 %). The major fatty acids (>10  %) of strains SYSU T00b441T and SYSU T00b490 were anteiso-C15 : 0 and C16 : 0. The major respiratory quinone was identified as MK-10(H4). The polar lipids of strains SYSU T00b441T and SYSU T00b490 were diphosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphoglycolipid, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, two phosphatidylinositol mannosides, two glycolipids and two phospholipids. Based on these data, the two strains (SYSU T00b441T and SYSU T00b490) represent a novel species of the genus Actinotalea, for which the name Actinotalea lenta sp. nov is proposed. The type strain is SYSU T00b441T (=GDMCC 1.3827T=KCTC 49943T).

Desertivirga arenae gen. nov., sp. nov. and Desertivirga brevis sp. nov., isolated from desert soil, and reclassification of Pedobacter xinjiangensis as Desertivirga xinjiangensis comb. nov. and Pedobacter mongoliensis as Paradesertivirga mongoliensis gen.nov., comb. nov.

Two novel bacterial strains, designated as SYSU D00823T and SYSU D00873T, were isolated from sandy soil of the Gurbantunggut Desert in Xinjiang, north-west China. SYSU D00823T and SYSU D00873T shared 99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence identity, and were both most closely related to Pedobacter xinjiangensis 12157T with 96.1 % and 96.0 % similarities, respectively. Phylogenetic and phylogenomic analyses revealed that the two isolates and P. xinjiangensis 12157T formed a separate distinct cluster in a stable subclade with the nearby species Pedobacter mongoliensis 1-32T, as well as the genera Pararcticibacter and Arcticibacter. Furthermore, P. mongoliensis 1-32T formed a separate deep-branching lineage and did not form a cluster with members of the genus Pedobacter. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between SYSU D00823T and SYSU D00873T and related species were well below the thresholds for species delineation (<81.0 % and <24.0 %, respectively). The genomes of SYSU D00823T and SYSU D00873T were 6.19 and 6.43 Mbp in size with 40.4 % and 40.5 % DNA G+C contents, respectively. The predominant fatty acids (>10 %) of SYSU D00823T and SYSU D00873T were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c). Menaquinone-7 was the only respiratory quinone. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, glycosphingolipid, aminoglycolipid/glycolipid, aminophospholipid and three or four unidentified polar lipids. These data indicated that strains SYSU D00823T and SYSU D00873T should be assigned to two novel species of a new genus within the family Sphingobacteriaceae, for which the names Desertivirga arenae gen. nov., sp. nov. and Desertivirga brevis sp. nov. are proposed. The type strains are SYSU D00823T (=CGMCC 1.18630T=MCCC 1K04973T=KCTC 82278T) and SYSU D00873T (=CGMCC 1.18629T=MCCC 1K04974T=KCTC 82281T), respectively. Accordingly, the reclassification of P. xinjiangensis as Desertivirga xinjiangensis comb. nov., and P. mongoliensis as Paradesertivirga mongoliensis gen. nov., comb. nov. are also proposed.

A serial cascade effect of cybervictimization and hostile rumination on the within-person change of moral disengagement.

OBJECTIVE: There is a lack of clarity regarding the developmental mechanisms underlying moral disengagement (a typical moral personality) at the within-person level. To address this issue, we explore the serial cascade effect of cybervictimization and hostile rumination. METHOD: The longitudinal relationships between cybervictimization, hostile rumination, and moral disengagement were explored among 1146 undergraduates, assessed four times (T1-T4) across 2 years. RESULTS: The random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) analysis revealed that the random intercepts of all variables were positively associated with each other. At the within-person level, cybervictimization at T2 indirectly predicted subsequent changes in moral disengagement at T4 through changes in hostile rumination at T3 (the indirect effect was 0.02); furthermore, moral disengagement at T3 predicted changes in hostile rumination at T4 (ß = 0.091). CONCLUSIONS: The within-person dynamics of moral disengagement should be partly due to the serial effect of cybervictimization and hostile rumination, whereas hostile rumination and moral disengagement may form a developmental cascade to some degree. These findings and the proposed serial cascade model of moral disengagement could expand our understanding of the developmental mechanism of moral personality. Additionally, caution must be exercised as this study exhibits seemingly small effect sizes and inconsistent results.

Understanding the moral cognition of aggression: Longitudinal serial effects of personal relative deprivation and hostility on within-person changes in civic moral disengagement.

Moral disengagement is an important aggressive and moral cognition. The mechanisms of changes in moral disengagement remain unclear, especially at the within-person level. We attempted to clarify this by exploring the serial effects of personal relative deprivation and hostility on civic moral disengagement. We conducted a three-wave longitudinal survey with 1058 undergraduates (63.61% women; mean age = 20.97). The results of the random intercept cross-lagged panel model showed that personal relative deprivation at Wave 1 and hostility at Wave 2 formed a serial effect on the within-person changes in civic moral disengagement at Wave 3, and the longitudinal indirect effect test showed that the within-person dynamics in hostility at Wave 2 acted as a mediator. The results of multiple group analysis across genders further showed that the longitudinal indirect role of hostility at Wave 2 was only observed for men, but not for women, which indicates the moderating effect of gender. These findings facilitate an understanding of the mechanisms of aggressive cognitions at the within-person level and offer implications for the prevention and intervention of aggression from the perspective of moral cognition.

Serial Cascade Effects of Relative Deprivation and Anger Rumination on the Development of Social Aggression Over 2.5 Years in Emerging Adults.

Although the mechanisms of development of aggression have been focused on day by day, the complicated effects of distal and proximal factors on the development of social aggression in emerging adults have not been uncovered. A serial cascade model of aggression was proposed to address this issue. A longitudinal investigation over 2.5 years was conducted to test this model by exploring the serial cascade effects of relative deprivation (a representative of distal factors) and anger rumination (a representative of proximal factors) on the development of social aggression. A total of 1113 Chinese university students (Mage = 18.95 ± 0.96, 63.10% female) from six universities in five areas participated in this study. The results suggest that developmental trajectories and longitudinal changes in anger rumination mediate the relationship between developmental trajectories and longitudinal changes in relative deprivation and social aggression, and developmental trajectories and changes in relative deprivation mediate the longitudinal relationship between anger rumination and social aggression. These findings support the serial cascade effects of distal and proximal factors on the development of aggression and expand upon the general aggression model (GAM).

Deep burn surgery of the whole dorsum of the hand: Composite skin grafting over acellular dermal matrix versus thick split-thickness skin grafting.

Preservation and restoration of hand function after burn injuries are challenging yet imperative. This study aimed to assess the curative effect of a composite skin graft over an acellular dermal matrix (ADM) and a thick split-thickness skin graft (STSG) for treating deep burns on the hand. Patients who met the inclusion criteria at the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University between September 2011 and January 2020 were retrospectively identified from the operative register. We investigated patient characteristics, time from operation to the start of active motion exercise, take rates of skin graft 7 days post-surgery, donor site recovery, complications and days to complete healing. Patients were followed up for 12 months to evaluate scar quality using the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) and hand function through total active motion (TAM) and the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test (JTHFT). A total of 38 patients (52 hands) who received thin STSG on top of the ADM or thick STSG were included. The location of the donor sites was significantly different between Group A (thick STSG) and Group B (thin STSG + ADM) (p = 0.03). There were no statistical differences in age, gender, underlying disease, cause of burn, burn area, dominant hand, patients with two hands operated on and time from burn to surgery between the two groups (p > 0.05). The time from operation to the start of active motion exercise, take rates of skin graft 7 days post-surgery and days to complete healing were not significantly different between Group A and Group B (p > 0.05). The rate of donor sites requiring skin grafting was lower in Group B than in Group A (22.2% vs. 100%, p < 0.001). There were no statistically significant differences in complications between the groups (p = 0.12). Moreover, 12 months postoperatively, the pliability subscore in the VSS was significantly lower in Group A than in Group B (p = 0.01). However, there were no statistically significant differences in vascularity (p = 0.42), pigmentation (p = 0.31) and height subscores (p = 0.13). The TAM and JTHFT results revealed no statistically significant differences between the two groups (p = 0.22 and 0.06, respectively). The ADM combined with thin STSG is a valuable approach for treating deep and extensive hand burns with low donor site morbidity. It has a good appearance and function in patients with hand burns, especially in patients with limited donor sites.

Single protein encapsulated SN38 for tumor-targeting treatment.

BACKGROUND: The alkaloid camptothecin analog SN38 is a potent antineoplastic agent, but cannot be used directly for clinical application due to its poor water solubility. Currently, the prodrug approach on SN38 has resulted in 3 FDA-approved cancer therapeutics, irinotecan, ONIVYDE, and Trodelvy. However, only 2-8% of irinotecan can be transformed enzymatically in vivo into the active metabolite SN38, which severely limits the drug's efficacy. While numerous drug delivery systems have been attempted to achieve effective SN38 delivery, none have produced drug products with antitumor efficacy better than irinotecan in clinical trials. Therefore, novel approaches are urgently needed for effectively delivering SN38 to cancer cells with better efficacy and lower toxicity. METHODS: Based on the unique properties of human serum albumin (HSA), we have developed a novel single protein encapsulation (SPE) technology to formulate cancer therapeutics for improving their pharmacokinetics (PK) and antitumor efficacy and reducing their side effects. Previous application of SPE technology to doxorubicin (DOX) formulation has led to a promising drug candidate SPEDOX-6 (FDA IND #, 152154), which will undergo a human phase I clinical trial. Using the same SPE platform on SN38, we have now produced two SPESN38 complexes, SPESN38-5 and SPESN38-8. We conducted their pharmacological evaluations with respect to maximum tolerated dose, PK, and in vivo efficacy against colorectal cancer (CRC) and soft tissue sarcoma (STS) in mouse models. RESULTS: The lyophilized SPESN38 complexes can dissolve in aqueous media to form clear and stable solutions. Maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of SPESN38-5 is 250 mg/kg by oral route (PO) and 55 mg/kg by intravenous route (IV) in CD-1 mice. SPESN38-8 has the MTD of 45 mg/kg by IV in the same mouse model. PK of SPESN38-5 by PO at 250 mg/kg gave mouse plasma AUC0-∞ of 0.05 and 4.5 nmol × h/mL for SN38 and SN38 glucuronidate (SN38G), respectively, with a surprisingly high molar ratio of SN38G:SN38 = 90:1. However, PK of SPESN38-5 by IV at 55 mg/kg yielded much higher mouse plasma AUC0-∞ of 19 and 28 nmol × h/mL for SN38 and SN38G, producing a much lower molar ratio of SN38G:SN38 = 1.5:1. Antitumor efficacy of SPESN38-5 and irinotecan (control) was evaluated against HCT-116 CRC xenograft tumors. The data indicates that SPESN38-5 by IV at 55 mg/kg is more effective in suppressing HCT-116 tumor growth with lower systemic toxicity compared to irinotecan at 50 mg/kg. Additionally, SPESN38-8 and DOX (control) by IV were evaluated in the SK-LMS-1 STS mouse model. The results show that SPESN38-8 at 33 mg/kg is highly effective for inhibiting SK-LMS-1 tumor growth with low toxicity, in contrast to DOX's insensitivity to SK-LMS-1 with high toxicity. CONCLUSION: SPESN38 complexes provide a water soluble SN38 formulation. SPESN38-5 and SPESN38-8 demonstrate better PK values, lower toxicity, and superior antitumor efficacy in mouse models, compared with irinotecan and DOX.

Effect of Inevitable Heat Leap on the Conversion Efficiency of Thermoelectric Generators.

Discrepancies between experimental and theoretical results in the study of thermoelectric generators (TEGs) have been a major long-standing problem in thermoelectric technology. In this Letter, we report that, besides interfacial resistance, the inevitable heat leap caused by the Peltier effect is the main factor affecting the conversion efficiency of TEGs. In fact, the heat leap is proven to have an impact of approximately 10% on the conversion efficiency of common TEGs. In addition, we enhance the formula for maximum conversion efficiency with heat leap from the classical expression to allow for the prediction of the performance of advanced materials in TEGs. For the first time, the experimental data from conversion efficiency corresponds exactly to that obtained theoretically by considering both the heat leap and interfacial resistivity.

Aridibaculum aurantiacum gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the Kumtag Desert soil.

A novel orange-coloured bacterium, designated strain SYSU D00508T, was isolated from a sandy soil sampled from the Kumtag Desert in China. Strain SYSU D00508T was aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive and non-motile. Growth occurred at 4-45°C (optimum 28-30°C), pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum pH 7.0-8.0) and with 0-2.5 % NaCl (w/v, optimum 0-1.0 %). The major polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), unidentified aminolipids (AL1-3) and unidentified polar lipids (L1-5) were also detected. The major respiratory quinone was MK-7 and the major fatty acids (>10 %) were iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C15 : 1 G. The genomic DNA G+C content was 42.6 %. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain SYSU D00508T belonged to the family Chitinophagaceae and showed 93.9 % (Segetibacter koreensis DSM18137T), 92.9 % (Segetibacter aerophilus NBRC 106135T), 93.0 % (Terrimonas soli JCM 32095T) and 92.8 % (Parasegetibacter terrae JCM 19942T) similarities. Based on the phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data, strain SYSU D00508T is proposed to represent a novel species of a new genus, named Aridibaculum aurantiacum gen. nov., sp. nov., within the family Chitinophagaceae. The type strain is SYSU D00508T (=KCTC 82286T=CGMCC 1.18648T=MCCC 1K05005T).

Relational model of relative deprivation, revenge, and cyberbullying: A three-time longitudinal study.

Cyberbullying is a new form of aggression and can have serious consequences. Although the influencing factors of cyberbullying have been explored in the literature, less is known of the longitudinal effects of relative deprivation on cyberbullying and the mediating mechanisms underlying the effect. In this study, we explored these problems. A total of 1143 undergraduates (62.9% women, mean age = 19.46, standard deviation [SD] = 0.95) participated in three rounds of a longitudinal survey with an interval of 6 months and completed a series of self-reported questionnaires assessing relative deprivation, revenge, and cyberbullying. The results of random intercept cross-lagged panel model showed that at between-person level, the random intercepts of relative deprivation, revenge, and cyberbullying were positively associated with each other. At within-person level, relative deprivation and revenge could predict each other over time, and revenge longitudinally predicted cyberbullying. Moreover, revenge mediated the longitudinal effect of relative deprivation on cyberbullying. The results support and develop the view of the general aggression model and deepen our understanding of the development mechanism of cyberbullying.

AirMeasurer: open-source software to quantify static and dynamic traits derived from multiseason aerial phenotyping to empower genetic mapping studies in rice.

Low-altitude aerial imaging, an approach that can collect large-scale plant imagery, has grown in popularity recently. Amongst many phenotyping approaches, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) possess unique advantages as a consequence of their mobility, flexibility and affordability. Nevertheless, how to extract biologically relevant information effectively has remained challenging. Here, we present AirMeasurer, an open-source and expandable platform that combines automated image analysis, machine learning and original algorithms to perform trait analysis using 2D/3D aerial imagery acquired by low-cost UAVs in rice (Oryza sativa) trials. We applied the platform to study hundreds of rice landraces and recombinant inbred lines at two sites, from 2019 to 2021. A range of static and dynamic traits were quantified, including crop height, canopy coverage, vegetative indices and their growth rates. After verifying the reliability of AirMeasurer-derived traits, we identified genetic variants associated with selected growth-related traits using genome-wide association study and quantitative trait loci mapping. We found that the AirMeasurer-derived traits had led to reliable loci, some matched with published work, and others helped us to explore new candidate genes. Hence, we believe that our work demonstrates valuable advances in aerial phenotyping and automated 2D/3D trait analysis, providing high-quality phenotypic information to empower genetic mapping for crop improvement.

A simple CD4+ T cells to FIB-4 ratio for evaluating prognosis of BCLC-B hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: Immunotherapy has become a new therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, its treatment results are considerably different. CD4+ T cells (CD4+) are the key to immunotherapy, but patients with HCC that have low CD4+ are rarely observed for clinical evidence. Hepatitis B virus-related HCC is often accompanied by cirrhosis and portal hypertension; therefore, CD4+ tend to be relatively low in number. TACE is the standard treatment for Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC)-B HCC, which may further reduce the number of CD4 + . METHODS: This retrospective cohort study further reduced CD4+ by including patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to observe the relationship between CD4+ and Chronic hepatitis B virus (CHB) induced HCC. A total of 170 BCLC-B HCC patients (42 HIV+) were included. Univariate and multivariate analyses, and artificial neural networks (ANNs) were used to evaluate the independent risk factors for the two-year survival. RESULTS: The statistical analysis of the two-year survival rate showed that the main factors influencing survival were liver function and immune indices, including CD4+, platelet, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index, and fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) (P < 0.05). Compared with that in other indices, in logistic and ANN multivariate analysis, CD4 + -to-FIB-4 ratio (CD4+/FIB-4) had the highest importance with 0.716 C-statistic and 145.93 cut-off value. In terms of overall survival rate, HIV infection was not a risk factor (P = 0.589); however, CD4+/FIB-4 ≤ 145.93 significantly affected patient prognosis (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: HIV infection does not affect the prognosis of BCLC-B HCC, but CD4+ have a significant predictive value. CD4+ played a vital role in HCC and this deserves the attention from physicians. Further, the CD4+/FIB-4 is a clinically valuable effective prognostic indicator for these patients.

Effects of topological characteristics on rhythmic states of the D-dimensional Kuramoto model in complex networks.

Synchronization is a ubiquitous phenomenon in engineering and natural ecosystems. While the dynamics of synchronization modeled by the Kuramoto model are commonly studied in two dimensions and the state of dynamic units is characterized by a scalar angle variable, we studied the Kuramoto model generalized to D dimensions in the framework of a complex network and utilized the local synchronous order parameter between the agent and its neighbors as the controllable variable to adjust the coupling strength. Here, we reported that average connectivity of networks affects the time-dependent, rhythmic, cyclic state. Importantly, we found that the level of heterogeneity of networks governs the rhythmic state in the transition process. The analytical treatment for observed scenarios in a D-dimensional Kuramoto model at D=3 was provided. These results offered a platform for a better understanding of time-dependent swarming and flocking dynamics in nature.

Longitudinal effect of self-control on reactive-proactive aggression: Mediating roles of hostile rumination and moral disengagement.

Self-control is a well-known inhibitor of aggression, but the effect of self-control on different kinds of aggression (such as reactive-proactive aggression) and the underlying mediating mechanisms of these effects are unclear. We developed a mediation model to address these issues. A three-wave study was conducted with a sample of 1203 qualifying Chinese undergraduates to test the model. The results showed that self-control at Wave 1 negatively predicted reactive aggression at Wave 3 through mediating effects of hostile rumination and moral disengagement at Wave 2 at the same time, while self-control at Wave 1 negatively predicted proactive aggression at Wave 3 only through moral disengagement at Wave 2. Furthermore, the longitudinal relationship between hostile rumination and moral disengagement is mutual. The current findings support our hypotheses regarding the mediation model of self-control inhibiting reactive-proactive aggression and suggest that moral disengagement should be a common and basic variable to predict most kinds of aggression; further, hostile rumination only has a particular effect on reactive aggression. The present study used motivation theory to explain its mediation model, which develops aggressive theory regarding varied common influencing factors and underlying mediating mechanisms of reactive and proactive aggression.

Molecular Glues: Capable Protein-Binding Small Molecules That Can Change Protein-Protein Interactions and Interactomes for the Potential Treatment of Human Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases.

Molecular glue (MG) compounds are a type of unique small molecule that can change the protein-protein interactions (PPIs) and interactomes by degrading, stabilizing, or activating the target protein after their binging. These small-molecule MGs are gradually being recognized for their potential application in treating human diseases, including cancer. Evidence suggests that small-molecule MG compounds could essentially target any proteins, which play critical roles in human disease etiology, where many of these protein targets were previously considered undruggable. Intriguingly, most MG compounds with high efficacy for cancer treatment can glue on and control multiple key protein targets. On the other hand, a single key protein target can also be glued by multiple MG compounds with distinct chemical structures. The high flexibility of MG-protein interaction profiles provides rich soil for the growth and development of small-molecule MG compounds that can be used as molecular tools to assist in unraveling disease mechanisms, and they can also facilitate drug development for the treatment of human disease, especially human cancer. In this review, we elucidate this concept by using various types of small-molecule MG compounds and their corresponding protein targets that have been documented in the literature.

Vitamin D and Ocular Diseases: A Systematic Review.

The contributory roles of vitamin D in ocular and visual health have long been discussed, with numerous studies pointing to the adverse effects of vitamin D deficiency. In this paper, we provide a systematic review of recent findings on the association between vitamin D and different ocular diseases, including myopia, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy (DR), dry eye syndrome (DES), thyroid eye disease (TED), uveitis, retinoblastoma (RB), cataract, and others, from epidemiological, clinical and basic studies, and briefly discuss vitamin D metabolism in the eye. We searched two research databases for articles examining the association between vitamin D deficiency and different ocular diseases. One hundred and sixty-two studies were found. There is evidence on the association between vitamin D and myopia, AMD, DR, and DES. Overall, 17 out of 27 studies reported an association between vitamin D and AMD, while 48 out of 54 studies reported that vitamin D was associated with DR, and 25 out of 27 studies reported an association between vitamin D and DES. However, the available evidence for the association with other ocular diseases, such as glaucoma, TED, and RB, remains limited.

Catalytic performance and reaction mechanisms of NO removal with NH3 at low and medium temperatures on Mn-W-Sb modified siderite catalysts.

Iron-based catalysts have been explored for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO due to environmentally benign characters and good SCR activity. Mn-W-Sb modified siderite catalysts were prepared by impregnation method based on siderite ore, and SCR performance of the catalysts was investigated. The catalysts were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, H2-temperature-programmed reduction, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, Thermogravimetry-derivative thermogravimetry and in-situ diffused reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). The modified siderite catalysts calcined at 450°C mainly consist of Fe2O3, and added Mn, W and Sb species are amorphous. 3Mn-5W-1.5Sb-siderite catalyst has a wide temperature window of 180-360°C and good N2 selectivity at low temperatures. In-situ DRIFTS results show NH4+, coordinated NH3, NH2, NO3- species (bidentate), NO2- species (nitro, nitro-nitrito, monodentate), and adsorbed NO2 can be discovered on the surface of Mn-W-Sb modified siderite catalysts, and doping of Mn will enhance adsorbed NO2 formation by synergistic catalysis with Fe3+. In addition, the addition of Sb can inhibit sulfates formation on the surface of the catalyst in the presence of SO2 and H2O. Time-dependent in-situ DRIFTS studies also indicate that both of Lewis and Brønsted acid sites play a role in SCR of NO by ammonia at low temperatures. The mechanism of NO removal on the 3Mn-5W-1.5Sb-siderite catalyst can be discovered as a combination of Eley-Rideal and Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanisms with three reaction pathways. The mechanism of NO, oxidized by synergistic catalysis of Fe3+ and Mn4+/3+ to form NO2 among three pathways, reveals the reason of high NOx conversion of the catalyst at medium and low temperatures.

New method for emergency decision making with an integrated regret theory-EDAS method in 2-tuple spherical linguistic environment.

With the frequent occurrence of various emergency events, emergency decision making (EDM) has become an important research focus recently and many studies have been conducted to decrease the negative impact of emergencies. Normally, it is essential for decision makers to make satisfactory and reasonable emergency decisions in the shortest possible time as inappropriate decisions may result in enormous economic losses and serious social consequences. To ensure that an emergency response can be made efficiently, we propose a new EDM method by integrating regret theory and evaluation based on distance from average solution (EDAS) method within the 2-tuple spherical linguistic environment. First, the 2-tuple spherical linguistic term sets (TSLTSs) are employed by decision makers to express their uncertain and vague evaluation information on emergency alternatives. Then, an integrated EDM method based on regret theory and EDAS method is proposed to rank emergency alternatives and find out the optimal one. Besides, the criteria importance through inter-criteria correlation (CRITIC) method is used to determine criteria weights objectively in the EDM process. Finally, the proposed regret theory-EDAS method is applied to select the optimal response solution for a public health emergency in China. The superiority and practicality of the designed method are further justified through a comparative analysis with other EDM methods.