Minimally invasive techniques in quest of Holy Grail of surgical management of enlarged prostates: a narrative review.

PURPOSE: Past decade has seen a renewed interest in minimally invasive surgical techniques (MISTs) for management of enlarged prostate. This narrative review aims to explore newer MIST for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) which are not yet integrated into established societal guidelines. METHODS: We conducted a literature search across PubMed, Google Scholar, and FDA ClinicalTrials.gov databases on June 1st, 2023, to identify studies published within the past decade exploring various MISTs for BPH. Additionally, we gathered insights from abstracts presented in meetings of professional associations and corporate websites. We broadly classified these procedures into three distinct categories: energy-based, balloon dilation, and implant/stent treatments. We collected detail information about the device, procedure details, its inclusion and exclusion criteria, and outcome. RESULTS: Our review reveals that newer energy-based MISTs include Transperineal Laser Ablation, Transurethral Ultrasound Ablation, and High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound. In the sphere of balloon dilation, Transurethral Columnar Balloon Dilation and the Optilume BPH Catheter System were gaining momentum. The noteworthy implants/stents that are on horizon include Butterfly Prostatic Retraction Device, Urocross Expander System, Zenflow Spring System, and ProVee Urethral Expander System. CONCLUSION: The exploration of various MISTs reflects ongoing efforts to enhance patient care and address limitations of existing treatments. This review provides a bird-eye view and valuable insights for urologists and researchers seeking to navigate the dynamic landscape of MISTs in the quest for effective and minimally invasive solutions for enlarged prostates.

Antegrade ejaculation preservation in surgical treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia: quest for balance between voiding and sexual function.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Surgical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) carries a significant risk of ejaculation dysfunction. Preservation of antegrade ejaculation while providing effective, well tolerated, and durable treatment of BPH is a paramount component of physical and sexual well being for significant number of men. We reviewed available literature with an aim of providing status on antegrade ejaculation preserving BPH surgical therapies. RECENT FINDINGS: Minimally invasive surgical therapies for BPH have been developed over the last decade, with significant marketing emphasis on their potential for preservation of antegrade ejaculation. However, the question about durability of relief of bladder outlet obstruction remains. Parallel to this technological development, the understanding of anatomical structures involved in ejaculation have resulted in technical modifications of well established surgical treatments modalities like transurethral resection of prostate, endoscopic enucleation of prostate and simple prostatectomy, thereby providing safe and durable relief of bladder outlet obstruction secondary to BPH with a satisfactory preservation of antegrade ejaculation. SUMMARY: Preservation of antegrade ejaculation is an important goal for significant number of men needing BPH surgery. Novel minimally invasive surgical technologies have been developed for this purpose; but understanding of the anatomical structures essential for antegrade ejaculation have allowed technical modification of existing surgical techniques with excellent preservation of antegrade ejaculation.

Prospective Evaluation of Focal High Intensity Focused Ultrasound for Localized Prostate Cancer.

PURPOSE: We report short-term outcomes of focal high intensity focused ultrasound use for primary treatment of localized prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Single-center prospectively collected data on patients with prostate cancer who underwent primary focal high intensity focused ultrasound from January 2016 to July 2018 were included. All patients underwent a 12-core biopsy with magnetic resonance imaging-ultrasound fusion biopsy depending on the presence of targetable lesions. Any Grade Group was allowed, however only patients with localized disease were included. The primary outcome was oncologic control, defined as negative followup in-field biopsy of treated cancer. Prostate specific antigen, Sexual Health Inventory for Men, International Prostate Symptom Score and Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite domain scores were assessed 3-monthly till 12 months. Biopsy was performed at 6 or 12 months for high or low/intermediate risk cancer, respectively. RESULTS: Fifty-two patients with minimum followup of 12 months were included in the study. The majority of patients (67%) had cancer Grade Group 2 or greater. Fifteen patients (28.8%) underwent complete transurethral prostate resection/holmium laser enucleation of prostate procedure for debulking large prostates to avoid postoperative urinary retention. Among 30 (58%) patients who underwent followup biopsies, 25 (83%) had negative in-field biopsy results and 4 (13%) had de-novo positive out-of-field biopsy. Only 5 major complications (all grade III) in 4 patients were noted. Urinary symptoms returned to near baseline questionnaire scores within 3-6 months. Sexual function returned to baseline at 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Focal high intensity focused ultrasound is a safe and effective treatment for patients with localized clinically significant prostate cancer with acceptable short-term oncologic and functional outcomes. The complications are minimal and patient selection is essential. Short-term oncologic outcomes are promising but longer followup is required to establish long-term oncologic outcomes.

Trans-Fascial Placement of a High, Sub Muscular Reservoir in Patients Following Radical Cystectomy: Safety, Efficacy, and Predictability of Final Reservoir Location Verified With Abdominal Imaging.

INTRODUCTION: With the increasing utilization of ectopic reservoir placement during multicomponent penile implant surgery, safety concerns have been raised about whether passing the reservoir through the floor of the inguinal canal consistently results in placement of the reservoir within the correct location. AIM: To evaluate the safety, efficacy, and patient satisfaction associated with direct-vision, trans-fascial sub muscular reservoir placement in consecutive patients who had previously undergone radical cystectomy. METHODS: Perioperative data, complications, and follow up for the 12 cystectomy patients were evaluated using a comprehensive database of consecutive patients undergoing penile prosthesis placement at our center. Efficacy and patient satisfaction were based upon responses to the Erectile Function and Satisfaction Domains of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF). Taking advantage of the need for post cystectomy imaging in monitoring for cancer recurrence, we reviewed post- implant imaging with the purpose of ascertaining the final reservoir location. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Using intraoperative photographs, we describe the technique of trans-fascial sub muscular reservoir placement. Perioperative complications, device efficacy and satisfaction, and the accuracy of reservoir placement are also evaluated. RESULTS: Average patient age was 65 ± 7 years old and the mean time between cystectomy and implant placement was 41 ± 29 months. With a mean follow up of 26 ± 21 months, complications included: 1 reservoir herniation and 1 high riding pump requiring repositioning. Mean IIEF-EF domain was 29.8 ± 0.5 and mean IIEF-satisfaction domain was 17.7 ± 4.5. Other than the herniated reservoir, imaging confirmed accurate reservoir placement in 8 of 9 cases. In 3 patients a small cephalad portion of the reservoir extends posteriorly into the peritoneal or preperitoneal space, with no clinical consequences. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Ectopic reservoir placement using a trans-fascial submuscular approach seems to be a safe method for multicomponent penile implant surgery in patients who have undergone radical cystectomy. Post-implant imaging confirms that the device is consistently placed in the correct sub muscular location. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS: This is a novel approach to performing the procedure and a practical manner to ascertain the reservoir position. The limited number of patients prevents generalization of our findings. CONCLUSION: Trans-fascial, sub muscular reservoir placement is a safe means of ectopically placing the reservoir of a multicomponent penile implant following radical cystectomy. Post implant IIEF scores indicate high device efficacy and patient satisfaction. Post implant imaging confirms that the reservoir is almost always in the desired location. Kava BR, Lopatagui DM, Levine A, et al. Trans-Fascial Placement of a High, Sub Muscular Reservoir in Patients Following Radical Cystectomy: Safety, Efficacy, and Predictability of Final Reservoir Location Verified With Abdominal Imaging. J Sex Med 2019;16:338-345.

The Impact of Immediate Salvage Surgery on Corporeal Length Preservation in Patients Presenting with Penile Implant Infections.

PURPOSE: Removal of an infected penile implant often results in corporeal fibrosis, irreversible penile shortening and dissatisfaction with future implant surgery. Salvage surgery may avoid these problems but to our knowledge no study to date has evaluated these specific end points. We evaluated patients who presented to our center with an infected implant to determine the impact of salvage surgery on penile length. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated consecutive patients undergoing removal of an infected penile prosthesis with immediate salvage or delayed reimplantation using a comprehensive, prospective database. Total corporeal length prior to and following immediate salvage or delayed reimplantation were compared. The impact of patient age, comorbidities, bacterial species, initial penile length and time to reimplantation on subsequent total corporeal length was evaluated. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 40 patients. Overall 81% of salvaged cases were successful, resulting in a mean 0.6 cm (95% CI 0.20 to 1.1) reduction in total corporeal length. Delayed reimplantation resulted in a mean 3.7 cm (95% CI 2.9-4.5) total corporeal length loss. In patients who underwent delayed reimplantation the total corporeal length reduction was directly proportionate to the initial penis size of the patient. No statistically significant impact on penile length was attributable to patient age, diabetes, bacterial species or time to reimplantation. CONCLUSIONS: When possible, salvage surgery should be offered to patients with an infected penile implant. Our data confirmed that successful salvage surgery preserves penile length. When a device is explanted and replaced at a later date, patients can expect to lose 15% to 30% of penile length irrespective of age, diabetes, type of infecting organism and time to reimplantation.

Rethinking peritubular capillary basement membrane multilayering in renal transplant pathology: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Severe multilayering (ML) of the peritubular capillary basement membranes in kidney allografts is considered to be an ultrastructural hallmark of chronic antibody-mediated rejection (CAMR). We describe here the unexpected findings in a young male adolescent with underlying focal segmental glomerulosclerosis who underwent a living-related donor transplant procedure, a case which brought into question the specificity of ML. METHODS: The patient received a kidney from his mother, whose donor screening was unremarkable. He developed nephrotic-range proteinuria shortly after the procedure. Biopsies performed within the first 6 months after transplantation demonstrated ML (5-6 layers). RESULTS: Since there were no other criteria for CAMR, electron microscopic analysis of the baseline biopsy was performed, which in retrospect also demonstrated ML. The donor is still asymptomatic after 7 years of follow-up, with normal renal function and no proteinuria. CONCLUSIONS: We discuss the phenomenon of ML in renal disease and together with the findings in our case would like to draw attention to the fact that ML in the setting of renal transplantation is not specific to CAMR, as it can exist in several kidney diseases and even in asymptomatic donors.

Changes in Management of Poorly Compliant Bladder in Botulinum Toxin A Era.

Bladder compliance is a measure of distensibility. Maladies such as myelodysplasia, myelomeningocele, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis and obstructive uropathy are known to decrease bladder compliance. Decrease in bladder compliance is a characteristic of neurogenic bladders. The pathophysiology of bladder compliance is complex but ultimately leads to high pressure during filling and storage phases. These high pressures lead to renal impairment, incontinence, and recurrent urinary tract infections. This review presents management of poorly compliant bladders with onabotulinumtoxinA.

Application of Natural Language Processing in Electronic Health Record Data Extraction for Navigating Prostate Cancer Care: A Narrative Review.

Introduction: Natural language processing (NLP)-based data extraction from electronic health records (EHRs) holds significant potential to simplify clinical management and aid research. This review aims to evaluate the current landscape of NLP-based data extraction in prostate cancer (PCa) management. Materials and Methods: We conducted a literature search of PubMed and Google Scholar databases using the keywords: "Natural Language Processing," "Prostate Cancer," "data extraction," and "EHR" with variations of each. No language or time limits were imposed. All results were collected in a standardized manner, including country of origin, sample size, algorithm, objective of outcome, and model performance. The precision, recall, and the F1 score of studies were collected as a metric of model performance. Results: Of the 14 studies included in the review, 2 articles focused on documenting digital rectal examinations, 1 on identifying and quantifying pain secondary to PCa, 8 on extracting staging/grading information from clinical reports, with an emphasis on TNM-classification, risk stratification, and identifying metastasis, 2 articles focused on patient-centered post-treatment outcomes such as incontinence, erectile, and bowel dysfunction, and 1 on loneliness/social isolation following PCa diagnosis. All models showed moderate to high data annotation/extraction accuracy compared with the gold standard method of manual data extraction by chart review. Despite their potential, NLPs face challenges in handling ambiguous, institution-specific language and context nuances, leading to occasional inaccuracies in clinical data interpretation. Conclusion: NLP-based data extraction has effectively extracted various outcomes from PCa patients' EHRs. It holds the potential for automating outcome monitoring and data collection, resulting in time and labor savings.

Variations in Opioid Use Following Robotic Radical Prostatectomy in South Florida.

Introduction: Opioid dependency has been a persistent issue in the United States over the past two decades. Increased efforts have been made to reduce opioid prescribing. Our objective was to quantify at-home opioid requirements following radical prostatectomy. Methods: Written questionnaires were administered to patients 1 week following robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP). Patients provided data on opioid use, pain levels, and demographic characteristics. Results: Sixty-five patients were included. Median age (interquartile range [IQR]) was 69 (62-72) years. The majority were white (85%) and hispanic (67%). Prescriptions ranged from 6 to 15 pills of 5-mg oxycodone equivalents. Twenty-two percent (145/663) of the prescribed pills in the study were consumed. Fifty-four percent (35/65) of patients did not take opioids. Of the 30 patients who took opioids, median use (IQR) was 4.5 (3-6) pills. Forty-six percent (30/65) reported catheter-related pain. Patients who took opioids reported higher levels of pain. On generalized linear regression, younger age, lower levels of education, and living with a family member were factors associated with increased risk for opioid use (all p < 0.05). Conclusions: Despite the Florida Department of Health's restriction on narcotic prescriptions to 3-day supplies, opioids are still overprescribed in our region. The majority of patients do not require opioids after RALP, and patients who do require an opioid analgesic can be adequately managed with less than 6 pills of 5-mg oxycodone equivalents.

Melanotan Tanning Injection: A Rare Cause of Priapism.

Melanotan II, an injectable melanocortin analog, is illicitly available on the internet to generate a sunless tan through melanocyte induction. It is also used as a sexual stimulant in unlicensed performance enhancement clinics, and has been investigated as a possible treatment agent in erectile dysfunction. We describe in this case report a patient presenting with acute ischemic priapism after subcutaneous injection of melanotan II. The patient was initially managed with cavernosal aspiration and irrigation, and intracavernous injection of phenylephrine without achieving detumescence. After failing initial management, the patient underwent operative management with penoscrotal decompression, a promising alternative technique for the management of refractory ischemic priapism. Priapism after melanotan II injection has only been reported in the literature twice before. This case report highlights a rare presentation of acute ischemic priapism after melanotan II use, managed with surgical decompression. Future therapeutic applications of these agents and updated management guidelines should consider priapism as a possible side effect. CW. Mallory, DM Lopategui, BH. Cordon. Melanotan Tanning Injection: A Rare Cause of Priapism. Sex Med 2021;9:100298.

Totally robotic intracorporeal Monti-Yang continent ileovesicostomy in patient with previous robotic surgery-Technique description.

We present a video case report of a pediatric patient with previous robotic abdominal surgery who underwent robotic assisted Monti-Yang continent ileovesicostomy. This 10-year-old female had a history of spina bifida, with previous myelomeningocele repair and ventriculoperitoneal shunt as an infant and robotic-assisted Malone procedure and artificial urethral sphincter placed 4 years ago. After undergoing bilateral hip surgery, she presented with difficult urethral catheterization due to reduced leg mobility. A Monti-Yang ileovesicostomy procedure was planned. A 5 mm laparoscopic port placed through the umbilicus followed by four additional DaVinci XI working ports. Twenty centimeters proximal the ileocecal valve, a 3 cm segment of ileum was dissected, then transected, detubularized, and retubularized around a 10 Fr catheter. This conduit was reimplanted to the anterior bladder wall. The other edge was fixed to the umbilicus. A 10 Fr Foley catheter was left clamped in the conduit, and a urethral Foley was left to gravity. Total operative time was 3 h 56 min. The patient did well post-operatively. She was discharged home on POD 6. Starting three weeks after surgery, the patient began catheterizing through the umbilical stoma. At 3 month follow-up, the patient catheterizes through her stoma every 3 h without leakage between catheterizations.

Melanosis of the bladder: A rare diagnosis.

Melanosis of the bladder is characterized by dark, velvety bladder mucosa due to melanin deposition. Less than 25 cases have been reported. We present a 45-year-old male undergoing work up for obstructive and storage irritative lower urinary tract symptoms, found to have diffuse bladder melanosis on cystoscopy with bladder biopsy, and detrusor overactivity on urodynamic study. Although bladder melanosis has been found before in conjunction with storage voiding symptoms, this is the first report to our knowledge of an association with overactive bladder with urodynamic and histologic confirmation.

Whole Exome Sequencing Identifies a Rare Nonsense Mutation in FAM47C as a Possible Cause of Severe Oligospermia in Brothers With Varicocele.

Varicocele is a common cause of impaired semen parameters in men with infertility. Here, we investigated genetic variants as possible causes of varicocele with impaired semen parameters using whole exome sequencing in a family with 2 brothers with severe oligospermia, 1 unaffected brother, father, and the mother. Results showed a premature stop codon alteration on Chromosome X (37028866 CT) in the gene FAM47C. The affected brothers were found to be hemizygous for the variant, while the mother was a heterozygous carrier. In conclusion, identifying men with varicocele that would have impaired spermatogenesis, using approaches like whole-exome sequencing, can be paradigm shifting.

Whole-Exome Sequencing Identifies Novel Heterozygous Mutation in RAF1 in Family With Neonatal Testicular Torsion.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate a genetic cause of neonatal testicular torsion in 2 siblings and paternal cryptorchidism in a Caucasian family without history of consanguinity, we performed whole exome sequencing. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Targeted exon/whole-exome sequencing was performed in 2 siblings with testicular torsion. Potentially pathogenic variants passing filter criteria were validated with Sanger sequencing of parents to confirm familial segregation. Additionally, immunofluorescence staining for Raf-1, pERK (downstream from Raf-1) and c-Kit was performed on a testicular biopsy on the preserved testicle from the proband brother and compared with testicular biopsies from fertile men. RESULTS: A potentially pathogenic variant was identified in the RAF1 gene (serine/threonine-protein kinase) in exon 7 of chromosome 3: 12645786 G > C; both brothers and father were heterozygous for the variant, while the mother was negative for this mutation. This mutation in exon 7 (chr3:) of RAF1 is predicted to be damaging as a highly conserved splicing site is disrupted. The mutation is not found in the single nucleotide polymorphism database, the 1000 Genomes Project, ExACT, or esp6500. Immunofluorescence of the testis biopsy from one of the brothers demonstrated markedly decreased expression of Raf-1 as well as pERK but similar expression of c-kit when compared with fertile controls. CONCLUSION: We identified a novel nonsynonymous mutation in RAF1 in n Caucasian family with testicular torsion and cryptorchidism. We present the first human evidence that the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway is associated with testicular descent.

How long does it take a man to collect his semen specimen in a busy infertility clinic?

BACKGROUND: The duration of time required for male patients to collect their semen specimen heavily impacts the workflow of a busy infertility clinic. We analyzed this parameter to optimize the scheduling clinic space in the setting of growing male infertility practices. METHODS: Prospective observational study on men collecting semen specimens for fertility evaluation, sperm cryopreservation or vasectomy at a male infertility clinic. Duration of time required for semen collection by masturbation was measured. RESULTS: Patients were 136 men with a mean age ± standard deviation of 35.7±7.8 years (range, 18.8 to 62.5 years). Indications for semen collection were: evaluation for male factor infertility in 125 cases (92%), of which 12 (9%) underwent sperm cryopreservation; post-vasectomy evaluation in 7 cases (5%); and post vasoepididymostomy in 4 cases (3%). The median collection time was 11 minutes 57 seconds ± IQR 9 minutes 8 seconds to 17 minutes 5 seconds; and ranging from 3 minutes 9 seconds to 39 minutes 50 seconds. Patients accompanied by their female partner in the collection room were significantly more likely to take longer than 15 minutes compared to unaccompanied patients (P=0.012). Age and indication for semen collection were not associated with duration. CONCLUSIONS: Median collection time in our sample was 11 minutes 57 seconds, with significant variability across the sample. Patients accompanied by their female partners required significantly longer time to collect their sample, while age does not seem to have an impact.