Uptake of high-density lipoprotein by scavenger receptor class B type 1 is associated with prostate cancer proliferation and tumor progression in mice.

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism is facilitated in part by scavenger receptor class B, type 1 (SR-B1) that mediates HDL uptake into cells. Higher levels of HDL have been associated with protection in other diseases, however, its role in prostate cancer is not definitive. SR-B1 is up-regulated in prostate cancer tissue, suggesting a possible role of this receptor in tumor progression. Here, we report that knockout (KO) of SR-B1 in both human and mouse prostate cancer cell lines through CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing reduces HDL uptake into the prostate cancer cells and reduces their proliferation in response to HDL. In vivo studies using syngeneic SR-B1 WT (SR-B1+/+) and SR-B1 KO (SR-B1-/-) prostate cancer cells in WT and apolipoprotein-AI KO (apoA1-KO) C57BL/6J mice revealed that WT hosts, containing higher levels of total and HDL-cholesterol, grew larger tumors than apoA1-KO hosts with lower levels of total and HDL-cholesterol. Furthermore, SR-B1-/- prostate cancer cells formed smaller tumors in WT hosts than SR-B1+/+ cells in the same host model. Increased tumor volume was overall associated with reduced survival. We conclude that knocking out SR-B1 in prostate cancer tumors reduces HDL-associated increases in prostate cancer cell proliferation and disease progression.

Pharmacological induction of chromatin remodeling drives chemosensitization in triple-negative breast cancer.

Targeted therapies have improved outcomes for certain cancer subtypes, but cytotoxic chemotherapy remains a mainstay for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a developmental program co-opted by cancer cells that promotes metastasis and chemoresistance. There are no therapeutic strategies specifically targeting mesenchymal-like cancer cells. We report that the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved chemotherapeutic eribulin induces ZEB1-SWI/SNF-directed chromatin remodeling to reverse EMT that curtails the metastatic propensity of TNBC preclinical models. Eribulin induces mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) in primary TNBC in patients, but conventional chemotherapy does not. In the treatment-naive setting, but not after acquired resistance to other agents, eribulin sensitizes TNBC cells to subsequent treatment with other chemotherapeutics. These findings provide an epigenetic mechanism of action of eribulin, supporting its use early in the disease process for MET induction to prevent metastatic progression and chemoresistance. These findings warrant prospective clinical evaluation of the chemosensitizing effects of eribulin in the treatment-naive setting.

Pharmacological Induction of mesenchymal-epithelial transition chemosensitizes breast cancer cells and prevents metastatic progression.

The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a developmental program co-opted by tumor cells that aids the initiation of the metastatic cascade. Tumor cells that undergo EMT are relatively chemoresistant, and there are currently no therapeutic avenues specifically targeting cells that have acquired mesenchymal traits. We show that treatment of mesenchymal-like triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells with the microtubule-destabilizing chemotherapeutic eribulin, which is FDA-approved for the treatment of advanced breast cancer, leads to a mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET). This MET is accompanied by loss of metastatic propensity and sensitization to subsequent treatment with other FDA-approved chemotherapeutics. We uncover a novel epigenetic mechanism of action that supports eribulin pretreatment as a path to MET induction that curtails metastatic progression and the evolution of therapy resistance.

Phenotypic heterogeneity driven by plasticity of the intermediate EMT state governs disease progression and metastasis in breast cancer.

The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is frequently co-opted by cancer cells to enhance migratory and invasive cell traits. It is a key contributor to heterogeneity, chemoresistance, and metastasis in many carcinoma types, where the intermediate EMT state plays a critical tumor-initiating role. We isolate multiple distinct single-cell clones from the SUM149PT human breast cell line spanning the EMT spectrum having diverse migratory, tumor-initiating, and metastatic qualities, including three unique intermediates. Using a multiomics approach, we identify CBFß as a key regulator of metastatic ability in the intermediate state. To quantify epithelial-mesenchymal heterogeneity within tumors, we develop an advanced multiplexed immunostaining approach using SUM149-derived orthotopic tumors and find that the EMT state and epithelial-mesenchymal heterogeneity are predictive of overall survival in a cohort of stage III breast cancer. Our model reveals previously unidentified insights into the complex EMT spectrum and its regulatory networks, as well as the contributions of epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP) in tumor heterogeneity in breast cancer.

Characterization of lncRNAs involved in cold acclimation of zebrafish ZF4 cells.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are increasingly regarded as a key role in regulating diverse biological processes in various tissues and species. Although the cold responsive lncRNAs have been reported in plants, no data is available on screening and functional prediction of lncRNAs in cold acclimation in fish so far. Here we compared the expression profile of lncRNAs in cold acclimated zebrafish embryonic fibroblast cells (ZF4) cultured at 18°C for 30 days with that of cells cultured at 28°C as control by high-throughput sequencing. Totally 8,363 novel lncRNAs were identified. Including known and novel lncRNAs, there are 347 lncRNAs up-regulated and 342 lncRNAs down-regulated in cold acclimated cells. Among the differentially expressed lncRNAs, 74 and 61 were detected only in control cells or cold-acclimated cells, respectively. The Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses of adjacent genes to the differentially expressed lncRNAs showed that the enriched genes are involved in electron transport, cell adhesion, oxidation-reduction process, and so on. We also predicted the target genes of the differentially expressed lncRNAs by looking for interactions between lncRNAs and mRNAs, and constructed an interaction network. In summary, our genome-wide systematic identification and functional prediction of cold responsive lncRNAs in zebrafish cells suggests a crucial role of lincRNAs in cold acclimation in fish.

Characterization of Selenoprotein P cDNA of the Antarctic toothfish Dissostichus mawsoni and its role under cold pressure.

Our previous study using comparative genome analysis revealed a significant gene copy number gain of Dissostichus mawsoni selenoprotein P (Dm-SEPP) during the evolutionary radiation of Antarctic notothenioids, suggesting that Dm-SEPP contribute to this process, but the detailed structure and function of this gene product remain unclear. In the present study, the Dm-SEPP cDNA was cloned and characterized. The Dm-SEPP cDNA contains 17 selenocysteines (Sec) encoded by TGA codons and 2 typical SECIS elements located in the 3'-UTR. Evolutionary analysis of the Dm-SEPP gene revealed that it's closely related to the SEPP gene of zebrafish (Danio rerio), showing 51% amino acid similarity. Over-expression of Dm-SEPP could protect mammalian cells under cold pressure, probably via eliminating ROS. Further study showed an increase of endogenous SEPP in zebrafish ZF4 cells under cold pressure, and knockdown of SEPP decreased cell viability, accompanied with increased ROS. Our results suggested a protective role of Dm-SEPP in cold adaptation in Antarctic notothenioids.