Quality of Video Content Related to Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator Flap Breast Reconstruction: Social Media Platforms Versus Large Language Models.

INTRODUCTION: The deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap is currently one of the main options in breast reconstruction. The information about this surgery is critical for the patient, in order to choose the breast reconstruction method. Our study aims to analyze and compare the quality and accuracy of the information related to the DIEP flap reconstruction method provided by social media platforms (SMPs) and the new large language models (LLMs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 50 videos in English and Spanish were selected from the main SMPs (YouTube, Instagram, and Facebook) using the keywords "DIEP flap" and "colgajo DIEP." The duration, number of likes, dislikes, number of visits, upload date, author, and the video category (institutional video, media, patient experience, academic, and surgery) were analyzed. 3 specific questions were asked to 2 new LLMs (ChatGPT and Google Bard). The quality of information in SMPs and LLMs was analyzed and compared by 2 independent board-certified plastic surgeons using the Journal of American Medical Association and DISCERN scales. RESULTS: LLMs showed a statistically significant higher quality of information when compared with SMPs based on the DISCERN scores. The average DISCERN scores for answers given by ChatGPT and Google Bard were 54 ± 6.841 and 61.17 ± 6.306, respectively (good quality). In SMPs, the average scores were 2.31 ± 0.67 (insufficient quality) and 32.87 ± 9.62 (low quality) for the Journal of American Medical Association and DISCERN scales respectively. Thirty-eight percent of the videos in SMPs were performed by nonmedical authors. CONCLUSIONS: The quality of information for breast reconstruction using DIEP flaps from LLMs was considered good and significantly better than in SMPs. The information found in SMPs was insufficient and of low quality. Academic plastic surgeons have an opportunity to provide quality content on this type of reconstruction in LLM and SMPs.

Optimizing donor fascicle selection in Oberlin's procedure: A retrospective review of anatomical variability using intraoperative neuromonitoring.

BACKGROUND: Transfer of the fascicle carrying the flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) branch of the ulnar nerve (UN) to the biceps/brachialis muscle branch of the musculocutaneous nerve (Oberlin's procedure), is a mainstay technique for elbow flexion restoration in patients with upper brachial plexus injury. Despite its widespread use, there are few studies regarding the anatomic location of the donor fascicle for Oberlin's procedure. Our report aims to analyze the anatomical variability of this fascicle within the UN, while obtaining quantifiable, objective data with intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) for donor fascicle selection. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of patients at our institution who underwent an Oberlin's procedure from September 2019 to July 2023. We used IONM for donor fascicle selection (greatest FCU muscle and least intrinsic hand muscle activation). We prospectively obtained demographic and electrophysiological data, as well as anatomical location of donor fascicles and post-surgical morbidities. Surgeon's perception of FCU/intrinsic muscle contraction was compared to objective muscle amplitude during IONM. RESULTS: Eight patients were included, with a mean age of 30.5 years and an injury-to-surgery interval of 4 months. Donor fascicle was located anterior in two cases, posterior in two, radial in two and ulnar in two patients. Correlation between surgeon's perception and IONM findings were consistent in six (75%) cases. No long term motor or sensory deficits were registered. CONCLUSIONS: Fascicle anatomy within the UN at the proximal arm is highly variable. The use of IONM can aid in optimizing donor fascicle selection for Oberlin's procedure.

Regenerative Peripheral Nerve Interfaces (RPNIs) in Animal Models and Their Applications: A Systematic Review.

Regenerative Peripheral Nerve Interfaces (RPNIs) encompass neurotized muscle grafts employed for the purpose of amplifying peripheral nerve electrical signaling. The aim of this investigation was to undertake an analysis of the extant literature concerning animal models utilized in the context of RPNIs. A systematic review of the literature of RPNI techniques in animal models was performed in line with the PRISMA statement using the MEDLINE/PubMed and Embase databases from January 1970 to September 2023. Within the compilation of one hundred and four articles employing the RPNI technique, a subset of thirty-five were conducted using animal models across six distinct institutions. The majority (91%) of these studies were performed on murine models, while the remaining (9%) were conducted employing macaque models. The most frequently employed anatomical components in the construction of the RPNIs were the common peroneal nerve and the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle. Through various histological techniques, robust neoangiogenesis and axonal regeneration were evidenced. Functionally, the RPNIs demonstrated the capability to discern, record, and amplify action potentials, a competence that exhibited commendable long-term stability. Different RPNI animal models have been replicated across different studies. Histological, neurophysiological, and functional analyses are summarized to be used in future studies.

Superficial Branch of the Radial Nerve Versus Sural Nerve Grafting After Traumatic Adult Brachial Plexus Injury.

The purpose of this study was to compare two sources of nerve graft for brachial plexus reconstruction: the denervated superficial branch of the radial nerve (SBRN) and the sural nerve. Ninety-seven patients who underwent brachial plexus reconstruction with denervated SBRN nerve (24 patients with 24 grafts) or with sural nerve grafting (73 patients with 83 nerve grafts) were included. The two groups were compared with respect to postoperative muscle reinnervation, disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand (DASH) scores. In the SBRN group, only four (17%) of the nerve grafts provided grade III or higher muscle function. In the sural nerve group, 31 (37%) of the nerve grafts provided grade III or higher muscle function. Smoking had a negative impact on muscle recovery. Denervated SBRN grafts are associated with inferior outcomes when compared with sural nerve grafts in the treatment of traumatic adult brachial plexus injuries. (Journal of Surgical Orthopaedic Advances 33(2):080-083, 2024).

The Influence of Anticipated HIV Stigma on Health-related Behaviors, Self-rated Health, and Treatment Preferences Among People Living with HIV in East Asia.

Long-acting injectable regimens for HIV treatment have been developed which are less frequent, more discreet, and more desirable for some people living with HIV (PLHIV) and may help reduce stigma-related barriers to HIV treatment. However, there is little information on the relationship between reported stigma and preference for these newer treatments. We characterized anticipated, experienced, and internalized HIV stigma and examined the associations with treatment preferences among an international sample of PLHIV. Data came from the international, web-based, cross-sectional study called "Positive Perspectives" conducted among PLHIV aged ≥ 18 years in 25 geographic locations during 2019 (n = 2389). Descriptive analyses were stratified among East Asian (n = 230) vs. non-Asian (n = 2159) participants. Results showed that prevalence of anticipated stigma was significantly higher among East Asian than non-Asian participants (72.2%[166/230] vs. 63.8%[1377/2159], p = 0.011). A significantly higher percentage of East Asian (68.7%[158/230]) than non-Asian participants (43.3%[935/2159] indicated that someone finding their HIV pills would cause them much "stress or anxiety" (p < 0.001). Actions taken by some PLHIV to prevent unwanted disclosure included restricting who they shared their HIV status with, hiding their HIV pills, or even skipping a dose altogether because of privacy concerns. Overall, 50.0%[115/230] East Asian participants believed HIV would reduce their lifespan and 43.0%[99/230] no longer planned for their old age because of HIV. Anticipated stigma was strongly associated with receptivity to non-daily regimens. Concerted efforts to reduce stigma and deliver flexible treatment options that address the unmet treatment needs of PLHIV, including confidentiality concerns, may improve their health-related quality of life.

Posterior fossa ischemic infarction: single-center retrospective review of non-surgical and surgical cases.

Cerebellar ischemic stroke (CIS) is a morbid neurological event, with potentially fatal consequences. There is currently no objective standard of care regarding when surgical procedures are required for this entity. We retrospectively reviewed 763 patients with CIS, 247 patients of which had a stroke larger than 1 cm in greatest dimension on cranial imaging. In this subgroup, 11% of patients received ventriculostomy, 12% suboccipital craniectomy, and 9% mechanical endovascular thrombectomy. Various clinical and radiographic variables were examined for relationship to surgical procedures, 30-day mortality rate, and modified Rankin scores. The smallest volume of stroke requiring a surgical procedure was 15.5 mL3 (BrainLab Software). Patients receiving surgical procedures had a higher incidence of multi-territory infarctions, hydrocephalus, cistern compression, 4th ventricular compression, as well as younger age, lower admission GCS, higher admission NIHSS, and higher 30-day mortality/disability. Patients deemed to require surgical procedures for CIS have a higher expected morbidity and mortality than those not requiring surgery. Various clinical and radiographic variables, including stroke volume, can be used to guide selection of patients requiring surgery.

The Use of Ultrasound Imaging for Upper Extremity Lymphedema after Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to analyze the different applications of ultrasound (US) in upper extremity lymphedema (UEL) after breast cancer. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was performed in line with the PRISMA statement using MEDLINE/PubMed databases from January 1970 to December 2021. Articles describing the application of US in patients with UEL after breast cancer were included. The quality of the study, the level of reproducibility, and the different applications and type of US technique were analyzed. RESULTS: In total, 30 articles with 1,193 patients were included in the final review. Five different applications were found: (1) diagnosis of UEL (14 studies found a direct correlation between lymphedema and morphological and/or functional parameters); (2) staging/severity of UEL (9 studies found a direct correlation between the clinical stage and the soft-tissue stiffness/texture/thickness); (3) therapeutic assessment (3 studies found an improvement in the circulatory status or in the muscle/subcutaneous thickness after conservative treatments); (4) prognosis assessment of UEL (1 study found a correlation between the venous flow and the risk of UEL); and (5) surgical planning (3 studies determined the location of the lymphatic vessel for lymphovenous anastomosis [LVA] surgery). CONCLUSION: Morphological and functional parameters have been correlated with the diagnosis, stage, therapeutic effect, prognosis of UEL, and surgical planning of LVA.

Psychological recovery stages of alcohol dependent patients after an intensive outpatient treatment: A 4-year follow-up study. / Fases de la recuperación psicológica en pacientes dependientes del alcohol tras un tratamiento intensivo: Un seguimiento de 4 años.

The aim of this work is to determine if relapses can hinder the sequence of psychological recovery and to rebuild this sequence in patients with severe alcohol dependence that seek treatment. The sample was comprised of 159 patients seeking an intensive outpatient treatment of two years duration and who were subject to follow-up during four years after discharge. Patients were grouped according to the presence of relapse during follow-up, resulting in abstainers (n = 80) and relapsers (n = 79). Assessments were carried out in the following periods: baseline, at discharge, and at the second- and fourth-year follow-ups. The measurement variables were avoidance behavior, anxiety, depression, impulsivity and meaning in life (MiL). A control group (n = 74) was evaluated at the same periods as the patients. Results indicate a slower recovery in relapsers in comparison to abstainers in all psychological dimensions and periods assessed. At the second-year follow-up, the abstainers achieved similar scores in depression as the control participants, in addition to higher scores in Meaning in Life at the end of treatment. In patients with severe alcohol dependence, our data supports a sequence of recovery that could continue beyond the four years of follow-up after treatment. This sequence would begin with the avoidance of risk situations and continue with the rest of dimensions (anxiety, depression, impulsivity).

El objetivo de este trabajo es comprobar si las recaídas dificultan la secuencia de la recuperación psicológica y reconstruir la secuencia de la recuperación de pacientes graves que solicitan tratamiento. Los participantes fueron 159 pacientes tratados durante dos años en un programa ambulatorio intensivo y tras ser dados de alta fueron seguidos durante cuatro años. En función de la presencia o no de recaída durante el seguimiento se configuraron dos grupos, el de abstinentes (n = 80) y el de pacientes que recaen (n = 79). Las evaluaciones se realizaron: basal, al alta del tratamiento, al 2.º y 4.º año de seguimiento. Las variables fueron: conductas de evitación, ansiedad, depresión, impulsividad y sentido de la vida. Se incluyó un grupo de control (n = 74) que fue evaluado con la misma cadencia que los pacientes. Los resultados indican una recuperación más lenta en el grupo con recaídas frente a los abstinentes, en todas las dimensiones psicológicas y los períodos estudiados. A los dos años de seguimiento, los pacientes abstinentes obtuvieron puntuaciones en depresión similares a los controles, además de puntuaciones superiores en sentido de la vida (MiL) a partir del final del tratamiento. Al menos en pacientes con dependencia grave del alcohol, nuestros resultados apoyan una secuencia de recuperación que podría continuar más allá de los cuatro años de seguimiento. Se inicia con la evitación de situaciones de riesgo y continúa con el resto de las dimensiones (ansiedad, depresión, impulsividad).

Factors Associated with Treatment Satisfaction Among People Living with HIV in Japan and Other Selected Countries: Examination of the Intertwined Roles of Medication, Patient, and Provider Characteristics.

We examined satisfaction and perceived challenges with antiretroviral therapy (ART) among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Japan vs three other Asian countries (China, Taiwan, South Korea), and 21 non-Asian countries, using data from the 2019 Positive Perspectives Study (pooled sample size from all 25 countries = 2389). Participants in other Asian countries were more likely than those in Japan to report they missed ART ≥ 1 time in the past month because they were depressed/overwhelmed (57.4%[89/155] vs 32.0%[24/75]), had privacy concerns (56.8%[88/155] vs 30.7%[23/75]), were concerned about the potential long-term negative impacts of ART (46.5%[72/155] vs 26.7%[20/75]), or just wanted to forget about HIV (45.8%[71/155] vs 22.7%[17/75]). ART satisfaction however did not differ significantly between surveyed PLHIV in Japan (54.7%[41/75]) vs those in other Asian countries (47.7%[74/155]). The percentage who felt that daily ART dosing limited their lives was 36.0%[27/75] among participants from Japan, 48.4%[75/155] among participants from other Asian countries, and 27.3%[589/2159] among those from non-Asian countries. Within a structural equation model using pooled data from all 25 countries, positive correlations were seen between ART satisfaction and "provider engagement" (ß = 0.35), high perceived control over ART dosing schedule (ß = 0.28), and the belief that ART prevents HIV transmission (ß = 0.16). Conversely, negative correlations were seen between ART satisfaction and experience of ART side-effects (ß = - 0.24), high "ART anxiety" (ß = - 0.20); and being on multi-tablet regimens (ß = - 0.13). Those ART-satisfied reported higher self-rated health and greater ART adherence. These findings underscore the need for patient-centered care to enhance treatment satisfaction and improve ART adherence.

Mouse Models for Human Skin Transplantation: A Systematic Review.

Immunodeficient mouse models with human skin xenografts have been developed in the past decades to study different conditions of the skin. Features such as follow-up period and size of the graft are of different relevance depending on the purpose of an investigation. The aim of this study is to analyze the different mouse models grafted with human skin. A systematic review of the literature was performed in line with the PRISMA statement using MEDLINE/PubMed databases from January 1970 to June 2020. Articles describing human skin grafted onto mice were included. Animal models other than mice, skin substitutes, bioengineered skin, postmortem or fetal skin, and duplicated studies were excluded. The mouse strain, origin of human skin, graft dimensions, follow-up of the skin graft, and goals of the study were analyzed. Ninety-one models were included in the final review. Five different applications were found: physiology of the skin (25 models, mean human skin graft size 1.43 cm2 and follow-up 72.92 days), immunology and graft rejection (17 models, mean human skin graft size 1.34 cm2 and follow-up 86 days), carcinogenesis (9 models, mean human skin graft size 1.98 cm2 and follow-up 253 days), skin diseases (25 models, mean human skin graft size 1.55 cm2 and follow-up 86.48 days), and would healing/scars (15 models, mean human skin graft size 2.54 cm2 and follow-up 129 days). The follow-up period was longer in carcinogenesis models (253 ± 233.73 days), and the skin graft size was bigger in wound healing applications (2.54 ± 3.08 cm2). Depending on the research application, different models are suggested. Careful consideration regarding graft size, follow-up, immunosuppression, and costs should be analyzed and compared before choosing any of these mouse models. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review of mouse models with human skin transplantation.

Evaluation of the American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification System in Risk Assessment for Lower Extremity Reconstruction with Free Tissue Transfer.

BACKGROUND: The applicability of free flap reconstruction for lower extremity (LE) defects in high-risk patients continues to require ongoing review. The aim of this study was to analyze the risk factors, management, and outcome of LE free flap reconstruction in high-risk (American Society of Anesthesiologists [ASA] class 3 or 4) patients. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed for all patients who underwent LE reconstruction in our Institution (Level I Trauma Center) from 2013 to 2019. Medical records and the authors' prospectively maintained database were analyzed with respect to ASA class, comorbidities, and postoperative complications. All patients were treated using the same pre-, intra-, and postoperative multidisciplinary approach. RESULTS: A total of 199 patients were analyzed. Sixty-six flaps were transferred in 60 patients with an ASA class 3 or higher. High-risk patients did not present a higher rate of flap loss or LE amputation. The overall flap success rate was 92%. There were five flap losses in high-risk patients. Three of these five patients underwent a successful second free flap reconstruction. The overall success rate of LE reconstruction in high-risk patients was 90%. Four patients with successful free flap ended up in LE amputation due to bone infection and two patients underwent an amputation after the first free flap failure. CONCLUSION: Free flap reconstruction for LE defects in high-risk patients is a safe and reliable procedure for selected patients when an experienced multidisciplinary team is involved. Bone infection was the only variable associated with LE amputation.

Resting-state connectivity and network parameter analysis in alcohol-dependent males. A simultaneous EEG-MEG study.

There is supporting evidence of alcohol negative effects on the brain: neuroimaging and psychophysiological studies finding anatomical and functional connectivity (FC) changes associated with the dependence process. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate brain FC and network characteristics of alcohol-dependent individuals in resting state. For this study, we included males diagnosed with alcohol dependence (N = 25) and a group of healthy individuals (N = 23). Simultaneous EEG-MEG (electroencephalographic and magnetoencephalographic) activity was recorded in 5 min of eyes-closed resting state. EEG-MEG activity was preprocessed and FC was computed through the leakage-corrected version of phase locking value (ciPLV). Additionally, local (degree, efficiency, clustering) and global (efficiency, characteristic path length) network parameters were computed. Connectivity analysis showed an increase in phase-lagged synchronization, mainly between frontal and frontotemporal regions, in high beta band, and a decrease in interhemispheric gamma, for alcohol-dependent individuals. Network analysis revealed intergroup differences at the local level for high beta, indicating higher degree, clustering, and efficiency, mostly at frontal nodes, together with a decrease in these measures at more posterior sites for patients' group. The hyper-synchronization in beta, next to the hypo-synchronization in gamma, could indicate an alteration in communication between hemispheres, but also a possible functional compensation mechanism in neural circuits. This could be also supported by network characteristic data, where local alterations in communication are observed.

A whole-animal platform to advance a clinical kinase inhibitor into new disease space.

Synthetic tailoring of approved drugs for new indications is often difficult, as the most appropriate targets may not be readily apparent, and therefore few roadmaps exist to guide chemistry. Here, we report a multidisciplinary approach for accessing novel target and chemical space starting from an FDA-approved kinase inhibitor. By combining chemical and genetic modifier screening with computational modeling, we identify distinct kinases that strongly enhance ('pro-targets') or limit ('anti-targets') whole-animal activity of the clinical kinase inhibitor sorafenib in a Drosophila medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) model. We demonstrate that RAF-the original intended sorafenib target-and MKNK kinases function as pharmacological liabilities because of inhibitor-induced transactivation and negative feedback, respectively. Through progressive synthetic refinement, we report a new class of 'tumor calibrated inhibitors' with unique polypharmacology and strongly improved therapeutic index in fly and human MTC xenograft models. This platform provides a rational approach to creating new high-efficacy and low-toxicity drugs.

Neuromuscular choristoma-associated desmoid-type fibromatosis: Establishing a nerve territory concept.

INTRODUCTION: Desmoid-type fibromatosis (DTF) frequently arises in patients with neuromuscular choristoma (NMC). We hypothesize that NMC-associated DTF occurs in soft tissues innervated by the NMC-affected nerve, and arises from CTNNB1-mutated (myo) fibroblasts within or directly adjacent to the NMC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of patients treated at our institution was performed for patients with biopsy-confirmed diagnosis of NMC-DTF. Clinical presentation, physical examination, electrodiagnostic findings and radiological features (MR and FDG PET/CT images for each NMC-DTF) and pathologic re-review of available materials were analyzed. A literature review was also performed. RESULTS: Eight patients from our institution met the inclusion criteria. All patients presented with neuropathic symptoms and soft tissue or bone changes in the nerve territory innervated by the NMC. All MR images (N=8 cases) showed the characteristic features of NMC, and also showed direct contact between unifocal (N=5) or multifocal (N=3) DTF(s) and the NMC-affected nerve NMC. FDG PET/CT (N=2 cases) showed diffuse, increased FDG uptake along the entire affected nerve segment, contiguous with the FDG-avid DTF. In all cases, the DTFs arose in the soft tissues of the NMC-affected nerve's territory. No patient developed DTF at any other anatomic site. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that NMC-DTF arises solely within the NMC-affected nerve territory, and has direct contact with the NMC itself. Based on all these findings and the multifocality of NMC in several cases, we recommend imaging and surveillance of the entire NMC-affected nerve (from spine to distal extremity) to identify clinically-occult DTF in patients with NMC.

Proposed surgical technique to facilitate targeted reinnervation of the infraspinatus: A cadaveric feasibility study.

Restoration of shoulder lateral rotation remains a significant challenge following brachial plexus injury. Transfer of the accessory nerve to suprascapular nerve (SSN) has been widely performed, although with generally poor outcomes for lateral rotation. A recent report suggested a selective infraspinatus reinnervation technique using a radial nerve branch for SSN transfer. This cadaveric study was performed in 7 specimens (14 shoulders). We present technical modifications to achieve additional length to the recipient nerve (suprascapular) that would facilitate direct repair. Key elements of the technique are (1) isolation of the SSN immediately distal to its motor branch to supraspinatus near the superior transverse scapular ligament; and (2) delivery of the transected SSN through the spinoglenoid notch and deep to the infraspinatus for emergence in the infraspinatus-teres minor interval. Nerve overlap of at least 21 mm was observed in all 14 dissected shoulders between the harvested SSN and radial nerve branches. The mean nerve overlap between harvested branches was 26 mm (range 21-32 mm). The mean harvested SSN length was 59 mm (range 46-80 mm). The mean length of the harvested radial nerve branch was 72 mm (range 65-85 mm). No measurements were significantly different between left and right shoulders or between males and females (smallest P value = 0.1249). Nerve diameter of the two harvested branches was judged to be appropriately compatible for surgical coaptation in all 14 dissected shoulders. We present a variation on a described technique to increase recipient suprascapular nerve length. Additional length of the recipient nerve is achieved through utilization of a more proximal dissection of the suprascapular nerve near the level of the superior transverse scapular ligament and delivering the nerve through the teres minor-infraspinatus interval. These surgical modifications are of clinical interest when selective reinnervation of the infraspinatus muscle is considered. We believe such a targeted approach can potentially increase shoulder lateral rotation function. Clin. Anat. 32:131-136, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Local Growth Hormone Therapy for Pressure Ulcer Healing on a Human Skin Mouse Model.

The growth hormone is involved in skin homeostasis and wound healing. We hypothesize whether it is possible to improve pressure ulcer (PU) healing by locally applying the recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) in a human skin mouse model. Non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice (n = 10) were engrafted with a full-thickness human skin graft. After 60 days with stable grafts, human skin underwent three cycles of ischemia-reperfusion with a compression device to create a PU. Mice were classified into two groups: rhGH treatment group (n = 5) and control group (n = 5). In the rhGH group for local intradermal injections, each had 0.15 mg (0.5IU) applied to the PU edges, once per week for four weeks. Evaluation of the wound healing was conducted with photographic and visual assessments, and histological analysis was performed after complete wound healing. The results showed a healing rate twice as fast in the rhGH group compared to the control group (1.25 ± 0.33 mm2/day versus 0.61 ± 0.27 mm2/day; p-value < 0.05), with a faster healing rate during the first 30 days. The rhGH group showed thicker skin (1953 ± 457 µm versus 1060 ± 208 µm; p-value < 0.05) in the repaired area, with a significant decrease in collagen type I/III ratio at wound closure (62 days, range 60-70). Local administration of the rhGH accelerates PU healing in our model. The rhGH may have a clinical use in pressure ulcer treatment.

Cadaver Study of Combined Neurovascular Sensate Flaps to Create Vaginal Erogenous Sensation During Male-to-Female Genital Confirmation Surgery: The Pedicle "O" Flap.

PURPOSE: The lack of erogenous sensitivity in the neovagina is one of the major shortcomings for patients undergoing male-to-female genital confirmation surgery. Remnant fibers of the dorsal nerve of the penis (DNP) after clitroplasty can potentially be used for a second neurovascular pedicle flap for intravaginal erogenous sensation. METHODS: An anatomic dissection of the DNP was performed in 10 male frozen pelvises to identify major trunks and their branches. Lateral branches of DNP were preserved for a sensate "O" pedicle flap for the vagina. The number of main branches in the lateral dorsal aspect of the penis was calculated to ensure sufficient erogenous innervation to the vagina. Cross sections of the penis were used for histological analysis. Optimal width and length of the new sensate flap were described. RESULTS: There were 1, 2, and 3 main branches in the lateral compartment in 2 (20%), 6 (30.7%), and 2 (42.8%) cadavers, respectively. A sensate pedicle flap from the lateral aspect of the glans penis with a mean width of 1.14 cm (range, 0.9-1.28 cm) ensured at least one main branch of the DNP for erogenous sensitivity of the vagina. This sensate vaginal flap and its neurovascular pedicle had a mean length of 9.8 cm (range, 8.7-10.3 cm) allowing its inset into the anterior vaginal canal. CONCLUSION: Lateral branches of the DNP can be preserved for a pedicle sensate flap to the vagina, which can provide patients with an erogenous vaginal "spot" during male-to-female confirmation surgery.

Methodologies for producing amylose: A review.

Three main in vitro approaches can be distinguished for obtaining amylose (AM): enzymatic synthesis, AM leaching, and AM complexation following starch dispersion. The first uses α-d-glucose-1-phosphate (G1P), a glucosyl primer with a degree of polymerization (DP) of at least 4 and phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1), commonly from potatoes. Such approach provides AM chains with low polydispersity, the average DP of which can be manipulated by varying the reaction time and the ratio between G1P, primer, and enzyme dose. AM leaching is the result of heating a starch suspension above the gelatinization temperature. This approach allows isolating AM on large scale. The AM DP, yield, and purity depend on the heating rate, leaching temperature, shear forces and botanical origin. High leaching temperatures (80-85°C) result in mostly pure AM of DP >1000. At higher temperatures, lower purity AM is obtained due to amylopectin leaching. Annealing as pretreatment and ultracentrifugation or repetitive organic solvent-based precipitations after leaching are strategies, which improve the purity of AM extracts. When AM is separated by complex formation, complete dispersion of starch is followed by bringing AM into contact with, e.g., n-butanol or thymol. The resultant complex is separated from amylopectin as a precipitate. Complete starch dispersion without degradation is critical for obtaining AM of high purity. Finally, higher DP AM can be converted enzymatically into AM fractions of lower DP.

The use of supraclavicular free flap with vascularized lymph node transfer for treatment of lymphedema: A prospective study of 100 consecutive cases.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Vascularized lymph node transfer (VLNT) is gaining popularity for treatment of lymphedema. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the flap and the donor site morbidity of the supraclavicular (SC) VLNT. METHODS: A review of a prospective database was performed for patients who had undergone SC VLNT to treat upper or lower extremity lymphedema. Flap and donor site complications were registered for each patient. A detailed technical surgical approach is explained. RESULTS: One hundred consecutive patients with lower or upper extremity lymphedema underwent SC VLNT (84% from the right side) with a mean of 11-months follow-up (range 3-19 months). There were no flap loss but three flaps (3%) required re-exploration due to venous congestion of the skin paddle. Two patients had local infection and three patients developed chyle leak (3%) at the donor site but resolved spontaneously. No donor site secondary lymphedema was noted. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest prospective series of SC free flap VLNT for treatment of lymphedema. Low flap and donor site morbidity makes this flap an appealing source of lymph node transfer for lymphedema treatment. J. Surg. Oncol. 2017;115:68-71. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Free Functioning Gracilis Muscle Transfer With and Without Simultaneous Intercostal Nerve Transfer to Musculocutaneous Nerve for Restoration of Elbow Flexion After Traumatic Adult Brachial Pan-Plexus Injury.

PURPOSE: After complete 5-level root avulsion brachial plexus injury, the free-functioning muscle transfer (FFMT) and the intercostal nerve (ICN) to musculocutaneous nerve (MCN) transfer are 2 potential reconstructive options for restoration of elbow flexion. The aim of this study was to determine if the combination of the gracilis FFMT and the ICN to MCN transfer provides stronger elbow flexion compared with the gracilis FFMT alone. METHODS: Sixty-five patients who underwent the gracilis FFMT only (32 patients) or the gracilis FFMT in addition to the ICN to MCN transfer (33 patients) for elbow flexion after a pan-plexus injury were included. The 2 groups were compared with respect to postoperative elbow flexion strength according to the modified British Medical Research Council grading system as well as preoperative and postoperative Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand scores. Two subgroup analyses were performed for the British Medical Research Council elbow flexion strength grade: FFMT neurotization (spinal accessory nerve vs ICN) and the attachment of the distal gracilis tendon (biceps tendon vs flexor digitorum profundus/flexor pollicis longus tendon). RESULTS: The proportion of patients reaching the M3/M4 elbow flexion muscle grade were similar in both groups (FFMT vs FFMT + ICN to MCN transfer). Statistically significant improvement in postoperative Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score was found in the FFMT + ICN to MCN transfer group but not in the FFMT group. There was a significant difference between gracilis to biceps (M3/M4 = 52.6%) and gracilis to FDP/flexor pollicis longus (M3/M4 = 85.2%) tendon attachment. CONCLUSIONS: The use of the ICN to MCN transfer associated with the FFMT does not improve the elbow flexion modified British Medical Research Council grade, although better postoperative Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand scores were found in this group. The more distal attachment of the gracilis FFMT tendon may play an important role in elbow flexion strength. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic IV.