Utilizing near infra-red spectroscopy to identify physiologic variations during digital retinal imaging in preterm infants.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate physiologic changes during digital retinal imaging (DRI) using near infra-red spectroscopy (NIRS). STUDY DESIGN: Prospective observational study of preterm infants undergoing retinopathy of prematurity screening via DRI using wide-field retinal camera. Cardiorespiratory (CR) and NIRS data were collected, trends correlated for changes and coefficient representing "slopes" of outcomes were plotted over time. The p value associated with each slope coefficient was tested to assess for slope differences from time of intervention (time = 0/or no slope). RESULTS: Thirty-one preterm infants were included in the study. There were no significant changes in pre- and post-slopes for cerebral or mesenteric oxygenation, or CR indices with eye drop administration compared to baseline. DRI resulted in significant increase in post exam slope in cerebral oxygenation, mesenteric oxygenation and respiratory rate. CONCLUSION: ROP examination using DRI was well tolerated with slight improvements in cerebral and mesenteric perfusion without significant safety concerns.

Intracervical Foley catheter with and without oxytocin for labor induction with Bishop score ≤3: a secondary analysis.

BACKGROUND: The combination method for cervical ripening with a Foley catheter and concurrent oxytocin administration has been shown to reduce the total time from induction to delivery when compared with a Foley catheter only in patients with an unfavorable cervix (Bishop score of <6). It is unclear if this is still effective for patients with a less favorable cervix as indicated by a Bishop score of ≤3. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine if inducing labor with a Foley catheter and concurrent oxytocin administration reduced the total time from induction to delivery in subjects with a Bishop score of ≤3 compared with those who only received a Foley catheter without oxytocin for cervical ripening. STUDY DESIGN: This was a secondary analysis of a randomized, multicenter trial of patients with a live singleton pregnancy at ≥24 weeks' gestation undergoing labor induction with a Foley catheter and a Bishop score of <6. This analysis included patients with a Bishop score of ≤3. Exclusions included >1 cesarean delivery, unexplained bleeding, nonreassuring fetal tracing, major fetal anomalies, or other contraindications for vaginal delivery. The subjects were randomized to receive an intracervical Foley catheter only or with concurrent oxytocin infusion. The primary outcome for this analysis was the time from induction to delivery. Secondary outcomes included delivery at ≤12 hours, time to delivery ≤24 hours, cesarean delivery, total time of oxytocin infusion, need for additional ripening agents, postpartum hemorrhage, chorioamnionitis, and neonatal intensive care unit admission. RESULTS: A total of 322 patients were enrolled in the primary trial; 151 subjects had an initial Bishop score of ≤3 and were included in the secondary analysis (n=77 for Foley catheter with oxytocin and n=74 for the Foley catheter only). The demographics were similar in both groups. Those with a Bishop score of ≤3 who received a Foley catheter with concurrent oxytocin administration had a shorter time from induction to delivery than those patients who received a Foley catheter only for cervical ripening (21.3 vs 27 hours; P=.005). The group with a Foley catheter and oxytocin administered concurrently also had a shorter time from induction to delivery after adjusting for body mass index, parity status, and first Bishop score (21.5 vs 26.7 hours; P=.007). They also were more likely to deliver within 24 hours (74% vs 46%; P=.001) and not to require additional ripening agents (4% vs 15%; P=.04). Patients with the Foley catheter only method were more likely to receive additional ripening agents, but had fewer hours of oxytocin infusion (19.1 vs 12.4 hours; P<.001). There was no difference in the rate of delivery at ≤12 hours, cesarean delivery, postpartum hemorrhage, chorioamnionitis, and neonatal intensive care unit admission. CONCLUSION: Concurrent Foley catheter and oxytocin infusion significantly reduced the time from induction to delivery in patients with a Bishop score of ≤3 when compared with a Foley catheter only, particularly in multiparous patients.

Safety Assessment of a Noninvasive Respiratory Protocol for Adults With COVID-19.

As evidence emerged supporting noninvasive strategies for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related respiratory distress, we implemented a noninvasive COVID-19 respiratory protocol (NCRP) that encouraged high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) and self-proning across our healthcare system. To assess safety, we conducted a retrospective chart review evaluating mortality and other patient safety outcomes after implementation of the NCRP protocol (April 3, 2020, to April 15, 2020) for adult patients hospitalized with COVID-19, compared with preimplementation outcomes (March 15, 2020, to April 2, 2020). During the study, there were 469 COVID-19 admissions. Fewer patients underwent intubation after implementation (10.7% [23 of 215]), compared with before implementation (25.2% [64 of 254]) (P < .01). Overall, 26.2% of patients died (24% before implementation vs 28.8% after implementation; P = .14). In patients without a do not resuscitate/do not intubate order prior to admission, mortality was 21.8% before implementation vs 21.9% after implementation. Overall, we found no significant increase in mortality following implementation of a noninvasive respiratory protocol that decreased intubations in patients with COVID-19.

The association of cognitive impairment as screened by the Mini-Cog with long term post-hospitalization outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Prior studies have suggested that patients with cognitive impairment are at increased risk for adverse post-hospitalization outcomes. We aimed to determine if cognitive status assessed by the Mini-Cog, a quick bedside screening test, is associated with long-term outcomes. METHODS: In this secondary analysis of data from a prospective cohort study, 668 patients >65 years of age admitted to a tertiary care academic hospital over a two-year period were screened for cognitive impairment with the Mini-Cog within 24 h of admission. We performed multivariable regression adjusting for demographics, comorbidities, principal diagnoses and functional status to determine association between cognitive impairment and discharge to post-acute care, 90-day readmission and one-year mortality. RESULTS: Overall 35% screened positive for cognitive impairment. Those with impairment were older (median age 83 versus 78), less likely to be admitted from home and had lower functional independence and self-reported performance scores (p < 0.001 for all). Patients with cognitive impairment were more likely to be discharged to post-acute care facilities (54% versus 39%, p < 0.001). 90-day readmission rate of patients with and without cognitive impairment was 35% versus 27%; one-year survival 77% versus 84% and median length-of-stay was 4 days for both groups. Differences in readmission and mortality were not statistically significant after adjusting for covariates. CONCLUSION: Cognitive impairment as screened for by the Mini-Cog was not associated with readmission, length-of-stay, or 1-year mortality but was associated with discharge to post-acute care. Other tools such as frailty assessment may be more useful in predicting these outcomes in hospitalized older adults.

Patient Preferences Regarding Shared Decision Making in the Emergency Department: Findings From a Multisite Survey.

OBJECTIVES: As shared decision making (SDM) has received increased attention as a method to improve the patient-centeredness of emergency department (ED) care, we sought to determine patients' desired level of involvement in medical decisions and their perceptions of potential barriers and facilitators to SDM in the ED. METHODS: We surveyed a cross-sectional sample of adult ED patients at three academic medical centers across the United States. The survey included 32 items regarding patient involvement in medical decisions including a modified Control Preference Scale and questions about barriers and facilitators to SDM in the ED. Items were developed and refined based on prior literature and qualitative interviews with ED patients. Research assistants administered the survey in person. RESULTS: Of 797 patients approached, 661 (83%) agreed to participate. Participants were 52% female, 45% white, and 30% Hispanic. The majority of respondents (85%-92%, depending on decision type) expressed a desire for some degree of involvement in decision making in the ED, while 8% to 15% preferred to leave decision making to their physician alone. Ninety-eight percent wanted to be involved with decisions when "something serious is going on." The majority of patients (94%) indicated that self-efficacy was not a barrier to SDM in the ED. However, most patients (55%) reported a tendency to defer to the physician's decision making during an ED visit, with about half reporting they would wait for a physician to ask them to be involved. CONCLUSION: We found that the majority of ED patients in our large, diverse sample wanted to be involved in medical decisions, especially in the case of a "serious" medical problem, and felt that they had the ability to do so. Nevertheless, many patients were unlikely to actively seek involvement and defaulted to allowing the physician to make decisions during the ED visit. After fully explaining the consequences of a decision, clinicians should make an effort to explicitly ascertain patients' desired level of involvement in decision making.