The role of clinical and demographic predictors for understanding the cognitive impairment in Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) patients.

STUDY DESIGN: Using a cross-sectional design, we extracted sociodemographic and clinical data from 488 Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) patients during their initial assessment before receiving intensive rehabilitation treatment. OBJECTIVES: The primary objectives of this study were to ascertain the prevalence of cognitive impairment in the study sample and specify the key clinical and demographic predictors of cognitive functioning in SCI patients. SETTING: Lucy Montoro Rehabilitation Institute (LMRI), University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: We utilized independent univariate and multivariate regression models with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scale, adapted for individuals with visual impairment. Moreover, we consider scores from the execution tasks (visuospatial/executive) as the dependent variable. RESULTS: Our findings demonstrate that approximately 80% of the evaluated study sample exhibited cognitive impairment. Through the multivariate regression models, we show that several factors, including age, education, depression levels, and the use of analgesics and/or opioids, are significant predictors of total cognitive scores. These factors are independent of the clinical features associated with SCI, such as age, sex, education, and time since the injury. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate a high prevalence of significant cognitive impairment within the sample, with age, education, depression levels, and the use of analgesics and/or opioids emerging as the primary predictors of total cognitive scores, independent of the clinical features correlated to SCI. These findings hold significant implications for both clinical research and practice, offering valuable guidance for comprehensive management throughout hospitalization and rehabilitation.

Seizure Induced by Single-Pulse TMS Delivered to Lesioned Hemisphere in Stroke.

ABSTRACT: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is used for therapeutic and research purposes, but it is still important to establish safety guidelines and recommendations mainly related to serious adverse effect (SAE). As part of this, safety reports need to be published. Our report highlights a case of a male patient who was a 30-year-old with a history of hemorrhagic stroke following an accidental seizure episode during a single-pulse TMS.

Neuroplasticity changes in knee osteoarthritis (KOA) indexed by event-related desynchronization/synchronization during a motor inhibition task.

PURPOSE: Event-related desynchronisation (ERD) and event-related synchronisation (ERS) reflect pain perception and integration of the nociceptive sensory inputs. This may contribute to the understanding of how neurophysiological markers of Knee Osteoarthritis (KOA) patients can differ from control individuals, which would improve aspects such as prediction and prognosis. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of our cohort study (DEFINE cohort), KOA arm, with 71 patients, compared with 65 control participants. The study aimed to examine possible differences between ERD and ERS in control participants compared to Knee Osteoarthritis (KOA) patients when adjusting for important covariates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed independent multivariate regression models considering as dependent variables the power value related to ERD and ERS for four different sensorimotor tasks (Motor Execution, Motor Imagery, Active Observation and Passive Observation) and four sensorimotor oscillations (Alpha, Beta, Low Beta, and High Beta), each model, controlled by age and sex. RESULTS: We demonstrate that the differences between KOA and healthy subjects are frequency specific, as most differences are in the beta bandwidth range. Also, we observed that subjects in the KOA group had significantly higher ERD and ERS. This may be correlated to the amount of lack of brain organisation and a subsequent attempt at compensation induced by KOA. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings strengthen the notion that subjects with KOA have a higher degree of brain plasticity changes that are also likely correlated to the degree of compensation and behavioural dysfunction.

Clinical and demographic predictors of symptoms of depression and anxiety in patients with spinal cord injury.

Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is a condition whose consequences can impact the physical, emotional, and social aspects of patient's life, including Depression and Anxiety disorders. STUDY DESIGN: Using a cross-sectional design, sociodemographic and clinical data were extracted from 556 SCI patients at the time of initial assessment, prior to intensive rehabilitation treatment at the local rehabilitation institute. OBJECTIVES: Identify the predictive and multivariate relationship between different sociodemographic and clinical variables of Depression and Anxiety symptoms in SCI patients. SETTING: Lucy Montoro Rehabilitation Institute (LMRI), University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: We performed independent univariate and multivariate regression models using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) as dependent variable. RESULTS: Symptoms of depression and anxiety present in SCI patients negatively correlate with the level of independence for locomotion, personal hygiene, bowel control, social interaction measured by the Functional Independence Scale (FIM), type of medication in use and the Language subtest of the MoCA Scale. Unlike previous studies, we did not find a relationship with the use of alcohol and illicit drugs, injury levels, etiological diagnosis or duration of injury. For the anxiety models, the main predictor was Depression symptoms, with SCI-related aspects not being significant. It was found that characteristics of the FIM Scale and cognitive aspects of the MoCA Scale were the main predictors of symptoms of Depression. Characteristics of the injury and motor deficit were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: These findings can potentially be used to guide clinical practices to identify patients at higher risk of experiencing symptoms of Depression and Anxiety.

Ureaplasma diversum clearance in lung mice infection is mediated by neutrophils.

Pneumonia in cattle is one of the causes of morbidity rates and economic loss. The host response to lung infections caused by Ureaplasma diversum in bovines is virtually unknown. Here in the immune response was evaluated in a murine model for an experimental pulmonary infection by U. diversum. Therefore, AJ, BALB/C and C57BL/6 mice received intratracheal inoculation of U. diversum and were evaluated after 1, 2, 3, 7 and 14 days and the clinical specimens were collected. In bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) an increase of inflammatory cells was observed. Neutrophils were the main cells recruited to the site of infection and the infiltration was coincided with the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. We found a large amount of neutrophil in this initial period, followed by a decrease 7 and 14 days post infection, accompanied by bacterial clearance. Our results evidenced the presence of U. diversum within the neutrophil that suggests a phagocytic role of this cell in the elimination of the infection. The immune response features reported here are the initial evidence that healthy immune systems may control these microorganisms. This may be the first step to design new strategies immune based to control the infections in naturally infected hosts.

Multilocus sequence typing characterizes diversity of Ureaplasma diversum strains, and intra-species variability induces different immune response profiles.

BACKGROUND: Ureaplasma diversum is a pathogen found in the genital tract of cattle and associated with genital disorders such as infertility, placentitis, abortion, birth of weak calves, low sperm motility, seminal vesiculitis and epididymitis. There are few studies evaluating the genetic diversity of U. diversum strains and their influence on the immune response in cattle. Therefore, to better understand genetic relationships of the pathogenicity of U. diversum, a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme was performed to characterize the ATCC 49782 strain and another 40 isolates recovered from different Brazilian states. RESULTS: Primers were designed for housekeeping genes ftsH, polC, rpL22, rpoB, valS and ureA and for virulence genes, phospholipase D (pld), triacylglycerol lipase (tgl), hemolysin (hlyA), MIB-MIP system (mib,mip), MBA (mba), VsA (VsA) and ribose transporter (tABC). PCRs were performed and the targeted gene products were purified and sequenced. Sequence types (STs), and clonal complexes (CCs) were assigned and the phylogenetic relationship was also evaluated. Thus, a total of 19 STs and 4 CCs were studied. Following the molecular analysis, six isolates of U. diversum were selected, inoculated into bovine monocyte/macrophage culture and evaluated for gene expression of the cytokines TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-17. Differences were detected in the induction of cytokines, especially between isolates 198 and BA78, promoted inflammatory and anti-inflammatory profiles, respectively, and they also differed in virulence factors. CONCLUSION: It was observed that intra-species variability between isolates of U. diversum can induce variations of virulent determinants and, consequently, modulate the expression of the triggered immune response.

Genome Sequence of a Highly Virulent pvl-positive Vancomycin-intermediate-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Sequence Type 30.

BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus isolates expressing the Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) have been related to a wide range of diseases. Recently, pvl-positive community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus belonging to USA1100 (ST30/CC30/SCCmec IV) lineage has emerged in Brazilian hospitals. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work was to sequence the genome of a pvl-positive USA1100 Vancomycin-Intermediate-Resistant S. aureus (VISA) isolate from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS: The 13420 genome was sequenced using the HiSeq 2500 platform. The draft genome, plasmids annotation, and genome analysis were performed using RAST. Comparison of the relative pvl gene expression of six S. aureus isolates was performed by qRT-PCR. RESULTS: The isolate presented the ϕPVL phage codifying for the H2b PVL protein isoform, and another prophage carrying a PVL variant named lukF and lukS-PV.2. The 13420 genome presented a high number of virulence determinants, such as genes codifying for serine-protease proteins, enterotoxins (egc), the immune evasion cluster (IEC), adhesion proteins, spermine/spermidine acetyltransferase gene (blt), superantigen-like proteins, as well as the ica operon. Point mutations at vraS, tcaA, and tcaB genes were detected. Moreover, the PVL mRNA relative expression of the 13420 isolate was five times higher than mRNA PVL levels of the USA300/ST8 reference strain. CONCLUSION: We described for the first time the genome sequence of a VISA isolate harboring two pvl-associated genes and other virulence factors that may improve the USA1100/ST30 lineage fitness and impact its pathogenicity and spreading at Brazilian hospitals.

DMH-CBD, a cannabidiol analog with reduced cytotoxicity, inhibits TNF production by targeting NF-kB activity dependent on A2A receptor.

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a natural compound with psychoactive therapeutic properties well described. Conversely, the immunological effects of CBD are still poorly explored. In this study, the potential anti-inflammatory effects and underlying mechanisms of CBD and its analog Dimethyl-Heptyl-Cannabidiol (DMH-CBD) were investigated using RAW 264.7 macrophages. CBD and DMH-CBD suppressed LPS-induced TNF production and NF-kB activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Both compounds reduced the NF-kB activity in a µM concentration range: CBD (IC50 = 15 µM) and DMH-CBD (IC50 = 38 µM). However, the concentrations of CBD that mediated NF-kB inhibition were similar to those that cause cytotoxicity (LC50 = 58 µM). Differently, DMH-CBD inhibited the NF-kB activation without cytotoxic effects at the same concentrations, although it provokes cytotoxicity at long-term exposure. The inhibitory action of the DMH-CBD on NF-kB activity was not related to the reduction in IkBα degradation or either p65 (NF-kB) translocation to the nucleus, although it decreased p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation. Additionally, 8-(3-Chlorostyryl) caffeine (CSC), an A2A antagonist, reversed the effect of DMH-CBD on NF-kB activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Collectively, our results demonstrated that CBD reduces NF-kB activity at concentrations intimately associated with those that cause cell death, whereas DMH-CBD decreases NF-kB activity at non-toxic concentrations in an A2A receptor dependent-manner.

RNA-Seq based transcriptome of whole blood from immunocompetent pigs (Sus scrofa) experimentally infected with Mycoplasma suis strain Illinois.

Pigs are popular animal models in biomedical research. RNA-Seq is becoming the predominant tool to investigate transcriptional changes of the pig's response to infection. The high sensitivity of this tool requires a strict control of the study design beginning with the selection of healthy animals to provide accurate interpretation of research data. Pigs chronically infected with Mycoplasma suis often show no obvious clinical signs, however the infection may affect the validity of animal research. The goal of this study was to investigate whether or not this silent infection is also silent at the host transcriptional level. Therefore, immunocompetent pigs were experimentally infected with M. suis and transcriptional profiles of whole blood, generated by RNA-Seq, were analyzed and compared to non-infected animals. RNA-Seq showed 55 differentially expressed (DE) genes in the M. suis infected pigs. Down-regulation of genes related to innate immunity (tlr8, chemokines, chemokines receptors) and genes containing IFN gamma-activated sequence (gbp1, gbp2, il15, cxcl10, casp1, cd274) suggests a general suppression of the immune response in the infected animals. Sixteen (29.09%) of the DE genes were involved in two protein interaction networks: one involving chemokines, chemokine receptors and interleukin-15 and another involving the complement cascade. Genes related to vascular permeability, blood coagulation, and endothelium integrity were also DE in infected pigs. These findings suggest that M. suis subclinical infection causes significant alterations in blood mRNA levels, which could impact data interpretation of research using pigs. Screening of pigs for M. suis infection before initiating animal studies is strongly recommended.

tDCS in Addiction and Impulse Control Disorders.

The study of addiction and impulsion control disorders has shown that behaviors of seeking and consumption of addictive substances are subserved by neurobiological alterations specifically related to brain networks for reward, stress, and executive control, representing the brain's adaptation to the continued use of an addictive substance. In parallel, studies using neuromodulation techniques such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have demonstrated promising effects in modulating cognitive and motor functions. This review aims to describe the neurobiology of addiction and some of the most relevant cognitive models of addictive behavior and to clarify how tDCS application modulates the intake and craving for several addictive substances, such as food, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, crack, methamphetamine, and cannabis. We also discuss the positive and null outcomes of the use of this neuromodulatory technique in the treatment of addiction disorders resulting from the use of these substances. The reviewed findings lead us to conclude that tDCS interventions hold several promising clinical avenues in addiction and impulsive control. However, methodological investigations are necessary for undercover optimal parameters before implementing its clinical application.

Intra-uterine experimental infection by Ureaplasma diversum induces TNF-α mediated womb inflammation in mice.

Ureaplasma diversum is an opportunistic pathogen associated with uterine inflammation, impaired embryo implantation, infertility, abortions, premature birth of calves and neonatal pneumonia in cattle. It has been suggested that the intra-uterine infection by Ureaplasma diversum can cause vascular changes that hinder the success of pregnancy. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the changes of intrauterine site of A/J mice in estrus or proestrus phase inoculated with Ureaplasma diversum. The infection was monitored at 24, 48 and 72 hours by the PCR methodology to detect the Ureaplasma in the inoculation site and the profile of circulating blood cells. Morphological changes, intensity of inflammation and the production of cytokines were compared. The infected mice showed local inflammation through the production of IFN-γ and TNF-α. Ureaplasma diversum infections in the reproductive tract of studied mice seemed to be associated with the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in uterine parenchyma. The levels of TNF-α of infected mice were dependent on the bacterial load of inoculated Ureaplasma. Uterine experimental infections by Ureaplasma diversum have not been mentioned yet and herein we presented the first report of an intrauterine infection model in mice.

Leishmanicidal evaluation of tetrahydroprotoberberine and spirocyclic erythrina-alkaloids.

Leishmaniasis is one of the World's most problematic diseases in developing countries. Traditional medicines to treat leishmaniasis have serious side effects, as well as significant parasite resistance problems. In this work, two alkaloids 1 and 2 were obtained from Corydalis govaniana Wall and seven alkaloids 3-9, were obtained from Erythrina verna. The structures of the compounds were confirmed by mass spectrometry and 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopy. The leishmanicidal activity of compounds 1-9 against Leishmania amazonensis was tested on promastigote forms and cytotoxicity against J774 (macrophage cell line) was assessed in vitro. Compound 1 showed potent activity (IC50 = 0.18 µg/mL), compared with the standard amphotericin B (IC50 = 0.20 µg/mL). The spirocyclic erythrina-alkaloids showed lower leishmanicidal activity than dibenzoquinolizine type alkaloids.

Adaptive and Compensatory Neural Signatures in Fibromyalgia: An Analysis of Resting-State and Stimulus-Evoked EEG Oscillations.

This study aimed to investigate clinical and physiological predictors of brain oscillatory activity in patients with fibromyalgia (FM), assessing resting-state power, event-related desynchronization (ERD), and event-related synchronization (ERS) during tasks. We performed a cross-sectional analysis, including clinical and neurophysiological data from 78 subjects with FM. Multivariate regression models were built to explore predictors of electroencephalography bands. Our findings show a negative correlation between beta oscillations and pain intensity; fibromyalgia duration is positively associated with increased oscillatory power at low frequencies and in the beta band; ERS oscillations in the theta and alpha bands seem to be correlated with better symptoms of FM; fatigue has a signature in the alpha band-a positive relationship in resting-state and a negative relationship in ERS oscillations. Specific neural signatures lead to potential clusters of neural adaptation, in which beta oscillatory activity in the resting state represents a more adaptive activity when pain levels are low and stimulus-evoked oscillations at lower frequencies are likely brain compensatory mechanisms. These neurophysiological changes may help to understand the impact of long-term chronic pain in the central nervous system and the descending inhibitory system in fibromyalgia subjects.

A neural signature for brain compensation in stroke with EEG and TMS: Insights from the DEFINE cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the relationships between potential neurophysiological biomarkers and upper limb motor function recovery in stroke patients, specifically focusing on combining two neurophysiological markers: electroencephalography (EEG) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). METHODS: This cross-sectional study analyzed neurophysiological, clinical, and demographical data from 102 stroke patients from the DEFINE cohort. We searched for correlations of EEG and TMS measurements combined to build a prediction model for upper limb motor functionality, assessed by five outcomes, across five assessments: Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), Handgrip Strength Test (HST), Finger Tapping Test (FTT), Nine-Hole Peg Test (9HPT), and Pinch Strength Test (PST). RESULTS: Our multivariate models agreed on a specific neural signature: higher EEG Theta/Alpha ratio in the frontal region of the lesioned hemisphere is associated with poorer motor outcomes, while increased MEP amplitude in the non-lesioned hemisphere correlates with improved motor function. These relationships are held across all five motor assessments, suggesting the potential of these neurophysiological measures as recovery biomarkers. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate a potential neural signature of brain compensation in which lower frequencies of EEG power are increased in the lesioned hemisphere, and lower corticospinal excitability is also increased in the non-lesioned hemisphere. We discuss the meaning of these findings in the context of motor recovery in stroke.

Resting-state EEG as Biomarker of Maladaptive Motor Function and Depressive Profile in Stroke Patients.

Objective: Investigate the relationship between resting-state EEG-measured brain oscillations and clinical and demographic measures in Stroke patients. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of a cohort study (DEFINE cohort), Stroke arm, with 85 patients, considering demographic, clinical, and stroke characteristics. Resting-state EEG relative power from delta, theta, alpha, and beta oscillations were measured from the central region. Multivariate regression models were used for both affected and non-affected hemispheres. Results: Motor function was negatively associated with Delta and Theta oscillations, while positively associated with Alpha oscillations (both hemispheres). Similarly, cognition levels measured were negatively associated with Delta activity. Depression levels were negatively associated with Alpha activity specifically in the affected hemisphere, while positively associated with Beta activity in both hemispheres. Regarding pain measures, no significant association was observed, while CPM measure showed a positive association with Alpha activity in the non-affected hemisphere. Finally, we found that theta/alpha ratio was negatively associated with motor function and CPM scores. Conclusion: The results lead us to propose a framework for brain oscillations in stroke, whereas Delta and Beta would represent disrupted mal-adaptive brain plasticity and Theta and Alpha would represent compensatory and functional brain oscillations for motor and sensory deficits in stroke, respectively.

Frequency of different human mollicutes species in the mucosa of the oropharynx, conjunctiva, and genitalia of free-ranging and captive capuchin monkeys (Cebus spp.).

This study is the first to evaluate the occurrence of several Mollicutes species in Brazilian capuchin monkeys (Cebus spp.). Mollicutes were detected by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in samples of the oropharyngeal, conjuctiva, and genital mucosae of 58 monkeys. In the oropharynx, Mollicutes in general (generic PCR to the Class), and those of the genus Ureaplasma (genus PCR), were detected in 72.4% and 43.0% of the samples, respectively. The identified species in this site included: Mycoplasma arginini (43.1%), M. salivarium (41.4%), and M. pneumoniae (19.0%). Both Ureaplasma and Mycoplasma are genera of the order Mycoplasmatales. In the preputial/vaginal mucosa, PCR detected Mollicutes in general in 27.58% of the samples, the genus Ureaplasma in 32.7%, the species M. arginini in 8.6%, and Acholeplasma laidlawii of the order Acholeplasmatales in 1.7% In the conjunctiva, Mollicutes in general were detected in 29.3% of the samples, with 1.7% being identified as A. laidlawii. Culturing was difficult due to contamination, but two isolates were successfully obtained. The Mollicutes species of this study provided new insights into these bacteria in Brazilian Cebus. Studies are lacking of the actual risk of Mollicutes infection or the frequency at which primates serve as permanent or temporary reservoirs for Mollicutes. In the present study, the samples were collected from monkeys without clinical signs of infection. The mere presence of Mollicutes, particularly those also found in humans, nevertheless signals a need for studies to evaluate the impact of these microorganisms on the health of non-human primates (NHPs) and the possibility of cross-species transmission between NHPs and humans.

Escaping through virtual gaming-what is the association with emotional, social, and mental health? A systematic review.

Background: The realm of virtual games, video games, and e-sports has witnessed remarkable and substantial growth, captivating a diverse and global audience. However, some studies indicate that this surge is often linked to a desire to escape from real life, a phenomenon known as escapism. Much like substance abuse, escapism has been identified as a significant motivator, leading to adverse outcomes, including addiction. Therefore, it is crucial to comprehend the existing research on the connection between escapism and engagement in virtual gaming. This understanding can shed light on the reasons behind such practices and their potential impact on mental and public health. Purpose: The objective of this systematic review is investigate the findings pertaining to association between escapism and the practice of virtual games, such as video-games and e-sport. Methods: PUBMED and SCOPUS database were systematically searched. Six independent researchers screened articles for relevance. We extracted data regarding escapism-related measures, emotional/mental health-related measures and demographic information relevant to the review purpose. Results: The search yielded 357 articles, 36 were included. Results showed that: (i) Escapist motivation (EM) is one of the main motives for playing virtual games; (ii) EM is related to negative clinical traits; (iii) EM predicts negative psychological/emotional/mental health outcomes; (iv) EM is associated with impaired/negative perception of the real-world life; (v) EM predicts non-adaptive real social life; and (vi) EM is associated with dysfunctional gaming practices in some cases. However, EM can have beneficial effects, fostering confidence, determination, a sense of belonging in virtual communities, and representation through avatars. Furthermore, the reviewed findings suggest that EM was positively linked to mitigating loneliness in anxious individuals and promoting social activities that preserved mental health among typical individuals during the pandemic. Conclusion: Our review reinforces the evidence linking EM in the context of virtual games to poor mental health and non-adaptive social behavior. The ensuing discussion explores the intricate connection between escapism and mental health, alongside examining the broad implications of virtual gaming practices on underlying motivations for escapism in the realms of social cognition, health promotion, and public health.

Understanding racial bias through electroencephalography.

Research on racial bias in social and cognitive psychology has focused on automatic cognitive processes such as categorisation or stereotyping. Neuroimaging has revealed differences in the neural circuit when processing social information about one's own or another's ethnicity. This review investigates the influence of racial bias on human behaviour by reviewing studies that examined changes in neural circuitry (i.e. ERP responses) during automatic and controlled processes elicited by specific tasks. This systematic analysis of specific ERP components across different studies provides a greater understanding of how social contexts are perceived and become associated with specific stereotypes and behavioural predictions. Therefore, investigating these related cognitive and neurobiological functions can further our understanding of how racial bias affects our cognition more generally and guide more effective programs and policies aimed at its mitigation.

Isolation, molecular characteristics and disinfection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from ICU units in Brazil.

The aim of the present study was to isolate S. aureus strains resistant to antibiotics, characterize the genotype profiles of resistance staphylococci, and evaluate the efficacy of antiseptic agents and disinfectants used in two public hospitals of Vitoria da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil. Clinical samples were obtained from ICU environments and equipment surfaces in two public hospitals in Vitoria da Conquista. Broth cultures were plated onto mannitol salt agar, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the broth microdilution method according to CLSI. MRSA strains were submitted to PCR for detecting the mecA gene. PCR products were purified and sequenced for SCCmec type identification. Moreover, the strains were tested for efficacy of different disinfectant solutions. S. aureus were isolated from 31 and 67 sites in each hospital, respectively. Among the isolates from hospital 1, 07 (22.6%) were resistant to oxacillin while 28 (41.8%) were resistant in hospital 2. Thirty-one were positive for the mecA gene. All isolates showed SCCmec type III genotype characteristics of the Brazilian epidemic clone. In disinfectant tests, sodium hypochlorite (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%), 2% chlorhexidine gluconate, quaternary ammonium, peracetic acid and formaldehyde were effective against the isolates tested. The strains showed higher resistance to vinegar (4% acetic acid), alcohol and glutaraldehyde. The findings of this study should assist in reducing the occurrence of nosocomial infections and therefore the morbidity, mortality and socio-economic burden caused by prolonged hospitalization.

When humor is a matter of heart: Effects on emotional state and interbeat interval.

Previous studies demonstrated that exposure to humor has beneficial effects on psychological well-being. In the present work, we investigated the behavioral and psychophysiological effects of different types of humor on psychological well-being and on the performance during the execution of a stressful cognitive task. To this aim, we examined the behavioral and psychophysiological effects of ToM humorous and Slapstick humorous comic strips before and after executing a stressful cognitive task. We hypothesized that only slapstick humor could reduce the level of anxiety, increase positive affect and improve performance on the cognitive task. Our findings revealed that, at a specific point in time, exposure to ToM Humor and No Humor strips were associated with lower IBI (higher HR, increase in cardiac recruitment) than slapstick humor. This result suggests that humor involving ToM abilities and No Humor strips elicited a greater cognitive engagement level than slapstick humor. Moreover, in an exploratory analysis we found a positive correlation between cardiac deactivation during the exposure to slapstick Humor and individual empathy scores, suggesting that the empathy skills might influence cardiac recruitment and the level of cognitive engagement during the exposure to humorous material.