Influence of anthopometric variables on the mechanical properties of human rib cortical bone.

Objective. The mechanical properties of ribs from a large number ofpost-mortemhuman subjects (PMHS) were analyzed to search for variation according to age, sex or BMI in the sample. A large sample of specimens from different donors (N= 64) with a very wide range of ages and anthropometric characteristics was tested.Methods. Uniaxial tensile tests were used for a sample of coupons machined from cortical bone tissue in order to isolate the purely mechanical properties from the geometrically influenced properties of the rib. Each coupon is about 25 mm long and has a thickness of about 0.5 mm. The mechanical properties measured for each specimen/coupon include YM, yield stress, ultimate stress (maximum failure stress), ultimate strain, and resilience (energy to fracture of SED). The study provides new methodological improvements in DIC techniques.Results. This study is notable for using an atypically large sample of number of PMHS. The size of the sample allowed the authors to determine that age has a significant effect on failure stress (p< 0.0001), yield stress (p= 0.0047), ultimate strain (p< 0.0001) and resilience (p< 0.0001) [numbers in parentheses represent the correspondingp- values]. Finally, there is a combined effect, so that for a given age, an increase of BMI leads to a decrease of the maximum strain (i.e. cortical bone is less stiff when both age and BMI are higher).

A predictive model for fracture in human ribs based on in vitro acoustic emission data.

PURPOSE: The aim of this paper is to propose a fracture model for human ribs based on acoustic emission (AE) data. The accumulation of microcracking until a macroscopic crack is produced can be monitored by AE. The macrocrack propagation causes the loss of the structural integrity of the rib. METHODS: The AE technique was used in in vitro bending tests of human ribs. The AE data obtained were used to construct a quantitative model that allows an estimation of the failure stress from the signals detected. The model predicts the ultimate stress with an error of less than 3.5% (even at stresses 15% lower than failure stress), which makes it possible to safely anticipate the failure of the rib. RESULTS: The percolation theory was used to model crack propagation. Moreover, a quantitative probability-based model for the expected number of AE signals has been constructed, incorporating some ideas of percolation theory. The model predicts that AE signals associated with micro-failures should exhibit a vertical asymptote when stress increases. The occurrence of this vertical asymptote was attested in our experimental observations. The total number of microfailures detected prior to the failure is N ≈ 100 and the ultimate stress is σ ∞ = 197 ± 62 MPa. A significant correlation (p < 0.0001) between σ ∞ and the predicted value is found, using only the first N = 30 micro-failures (correlation improves for N higher). CONCLUSIONS: The measurements and the shape of the curves predicted by the model fit well. In addition, the model parameters seem to explain quantitatively and qualitatively the distribution of the AE signals as the material approaches the macroscopic fracture. Moreover, some of these parameters correlate with anthropometric variables, such as age or Body Mass Index. The proposed model could be used to predict the structural failure of ribs subjected to bending.

Prediction of mechanical properties of human rib cortical bone using fractal dimension.

A large number of post mortem human subjects was used to investigate the relation between the micro-structure of rib cortical bone and the mechanical properties using Fractal Dimension. Uniaxial tensile tests were performed on coupons of rib cortical bone. Tensile strength, yield stress, Young's Modulus, maximum strain, and work to fracture were determined for each coupon. Fractal dimension was computed using CT images and Digital Image Correlation procedures. A highly significant effect of fractal dimension in the mechanical properties was found. In addition, the variation in mechanical properties was found to be adequately represented by Generalized Extreme Value type distributions.