Observations Regarding the Detection of Abnormal Findings Following a Cancer Screening Whole-Body MRI in Asymptomatic Subjects: The Psychological Consequences and the Role of Personality Traits Over Time.

BACKGROUND: The use of whole-body MRI (WB-MRI) in oncology has uncovered frequent unexpected abnormal findings (AFs). However, the impact of AFs on the patients' mental well-being is still poorly examined. PURPOSE: To investigate the long-term psychological consequences of AF detection following WB-MRI for cancer screening in asymptomatic individuals. STUDY TYPE: Prospective, longitudinal. POPULATION: 121 consecutive subjects of the general population (mean age = 52.61 ± 11.39 years; 63% males) scheduled for cancer screening by WB-MRI. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE: 1.5-T and 3-T; protocol complied with Oncologically Relevant Findings Reporting and Data System (ONCO-RADS) guidelines. ASSESSMENT: Participants completed the first psychological investigation (T0) immediately after the WB-MRI. Subsequently, it was repeated after 1-year (T1), and 4-years (T2, subgroup of 61 participants) without an MRI exam, assessing personality traits, tumor risk perception, quality of life, depressive, and anxious symptoms. Radiologists directly reported WB-MRI findings to the participants, explaining the clinical implications and the location of the AFs. The number and severity of AFs were assessed. STATISTICAL TESTS: Pearson's correlations and analysis of variance with repeated measures assessed the psychological health variables' relationship and their changes over time. A P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: All participants presented AFs, with 101 individuals categorized as ONCO-RADS 2 and 19 as ONCO-RADS 3. The AFs were most prevalent in bones (31.5%). The overall participants showed only a slight increase in depressive symptoms at T1 [F(1,112) = 7.54]. The severity and the number of AFs were not significantly related to psychological changes [ranging from P = 0.503 to P = 0.997]. Depressive and anxious symptoms over time were significantly affected by the traits of conscientiousness [T1: F(1,112) = 7.87; T2: F(1.708,90.544) = 3.40] and openness [T1: F(1,112) = 4.41]. DATA CONCLUSION: Disclosing AFs by WB-MRI exams for cancer screening may not lead to long-term psychosocial consequences. Certain personality traits may, however, influence the psychological distress experienced by individuals with AFs after WB-MRI exams. TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 5.

The voices of breast cancer survivors with chronic pain: A qualitative thematic analysis of patients' challenges to pain management.

OBJECTIVES: Recognizing the limitations of the current pain therapies, the study aimed to explore the unique needs and obstacles related to pain management in Breast Cancer Survivors (BCs) with Chronic Pain (CP). METHODS: 4 focus groups were conducted involving 17 BCs with CP (Mage = 51, SD = 7.99) with varying pain intensities. Thematic analysis was applied to transcribed discussions. FINDINGS: Three key themes emerged: (1) Challenges to pain management, including "Doctor-patients communications barriers" and "Contextual and societal barriers"; (2) Self-management needs, encompassing "Psycho-social support," "Care-related needs," and "Shared decision-making"; (3) Treatment preferences and perceptions of pain management, with subthemes like "Treatment preferences," "Institution preference," and "Decision role perception." CONCLUSIONS: This study emphasizes tailored support systems targeting patient hesitancy, countering pain normalization, and addressing healthcare providers' attitudes. It underscores the importance of integrating caregiver and peer support. Findings advocate refining healthcare provider education, adopting a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach, and strategically incorporating eHealth tools into such care.

European Cohorts of patients and schools to Advance Response to Epidemics (EuCARE): a cluster randomised interventional and observational study protocol to investigate the relationship between schools and SARS-CoV-2 infection.

BACKGROUND: Contradictory results were reported on the role of school closure/reopening on the overall SARS-CoV-2 transmission rate, as well as on which kind and level of mitigation measures implemented in schools may be effective in limiting its diffusion. Some recent studies were reassuring, showing that opening did not increase the community spread, although teachers and families are worried about the high class density. On the other hand, distance learning was associated with a negative impact on learning, sociability and psychological health, especially in vulnerable children. As it becomes clear that the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic will last for a long time, there is a high need for studies and solutions to support safe schools opening based on scientific evidence of harms and benefits. The Lolli-Methode (LM) is a strategy for epidemiological surveillance and early intervention aiming at SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks' reduction in schools, relying on polymerase chain reaction analysis of saliva samples. METHODS: In this cluster randomised trial protocol, we aim to determine whether the LM is useful to support schools opening and to reduce clusters and attack rates in schools, compared with the standard of care (SoC) surveillance by public health departments. This multicenter study will enrol 440 classes (around 8800 students, teachers and other personnel) from two countries, cluster randomised to LM or SoC. The samples from the pools will be collected and tested using PCR-based techniques. Test results will be combined with questionnaires filled in by children, parents, schoolteachers, and principals, concerning ongoing mitigation measures, their perceived psychological impact and other health and socio-economic information. An ancillary observational study will be carried out to study the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in schools, frequencies and size of clusters and attack rates, to compare the effectiveness of the different preventive measures adopted and to evaluate psychological issues in students and teachers in relation to the pandemic's containment measures. DISCUSSION: By the end of this study, we will have defined and characterised the applicability of the LM for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance, as well as the impact of pandemic preventive measures on children and teachers. Trial registration International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number: NCT05396040, 27.05.2022.

Psychological characteristics and satisfaction for the whole-body MRI in cancer screening.

Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI) is an all-in-one non-invasive technique that can be used also in early cancer diagnosis in asymptomatic individuals. The aim of this work was to identify the personal characteristics predicting the satisfaction for the WB-MRI in a sample of healthy subjects. Before undergoing a WB-MRI examination, 154 participants completed a questionnaire covering sociodemographics (age, gender, education), personality traits (agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, extroversion, openness), and expectations about the procedure (expected usefulness, risks, noise, lack of air, duration). After the examination, participants reported their satisfaction with the WB-MRI. Results showed that agreeableness had a significant and positive effect on satisfaction. Expectations about its utility and the possible noise had a positive effect on satisfaction. Expectations of lack of air showed a negative significant effect on satisfaction. Sociodemographics showed no significant effects. Our study confirmed the important impact of individuals' personality and expectations on satisfaction with the procedure. Moreover, it provides useful insights for developing consultations aimed at increasing the acceptability of the procedure.

Shared decision-making and the lessons learned about decision regret in cancer patients.

The commentary presents reflections on the literature on post-treatment cancer patient regret. Even though a lot of effort has been made to increase patient satisfaction by engaging them in medical decisions, patient regret remains present in clinical settings. In our commentary, we identify three main aspects of shared decision-making that previously have been shown to predict patient regret. Based on these findings, we provide recommendations for physicians involved in the shared decision-making process. In addition, we make methodological suggestions for future research in the field.

Does being involved by doctors satisfy patients' fundamental psychological needs? A study on a large European sample.

The present work was aimed at investigating whether the patients' involvement by their healthcare providers may satisfy patients' fundamental psychological needs (i.e. self-esteem, belonging, control, meaningful existence), which in turn, can impact their psychological well-being. Based on the European Quality of Life Survey data, the sample included 10,427 European adults who, in the last 12 months, visited GP/family doctors and hospital/medical specialists. Among them, 51.3% declared to have a chronic disease. Results showed that the experience of being involved by GP/family doctors and hospital/medical specialists had a positive effect on psychological well-being and that this effect was mediated by the satisfaction of all four needs. Moreover, the results of the moderated mediation model showed that the indirect effect of the involvement by GP/family doctors and hospital/medical specialists on psychological well-being through belonging was moderated by the presence or absence of a chronic condition. The study provides a novel contribution in investigating the positive effects of the patient's involvement, emphasizing its importance for patient's needs satisfaction, and its role appears particularly beneficial for the ones living with a chronic condition.

Thinking of future as an older individual increases perceived risks for age-related diseases but not for COVID-19.

Actively thinking of one's future as an older individual could increase perceived risk and risk aversion. This could be particularly relevant for COVID-19, if we consider the common representation of the risk of being infected by COVID-19 as associated with being older. Increased perceived risk could bear consequences on the adoption of preventive behaviours. Thus, we investigated whether increasing the salience of individuals' future as an older adult would impact on their perceived risk for COVID-19 and medical conditions varying for age-relatedness. One hundred and forty-four Italian adults (Mage  = 27.72, range: 18-56) were randomly assigned to either a future as older adult thinking or control condition. Perceived risk for COVID-19 and other strongly, and weakly age-related medical conditions during the lifetime was measured. Results showed that thinking about the future as an older adult increased perceived risk for strongly and weakly age-related diseases, but not for COVID-19. The salience of the COVID-19 outbreak may have raised the perceived risks in both experimental conditions, making the manipulation ineffective. In conclusion, manipulating future-oriented thinking might be a successful communication strategy to increase people's perceived risk of common diseases, but it might not work for highly salient pathologies such as COVID-19.

Does hydroxychloroquine improve patient reported outcomes in patients with lupus?

BACKGROUND: Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) use is associated with less disease activity, flares, damage and improved survival in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). However, its effect on patient reported health outcomes (PROs) such as quality of life (QOL) is not known. METHODS: International data from Study on Outcomes of Lupus (SOUL) from 2,161 SLE patients were compared by HCQ use. Disease activity and damage were assessed using SELENA-SLEDAI and SLICC-ACR/SDI. QOL was evaluated using LupusPRO and Lupus Impact Tracker (LIT). Linear regression analyses were performed with LupusPRO summary scores health related HRQOL, non-health related NHRQOL and LIT as dependent and HCQ use as independent variable. Analyses were undertaken to test mediation of effects of HCQ use on QOL through disease activity. RESULTS: Mean age was 40.5 ± 12.8 years, 93% were women. Sixty-three (1363/2161) percent were on HCQ. On univariate analysis, HCQ use was associated with (a) better QOL (LupusPRO-HRQOL: ß 6.19, 95% CI 4.15, 8.24, P ≤ 0.001, LupusPRO NHRQOL: ß 5.83, 95% CI 4.02, 7.64, P ≤ 0.001) and less impact on daily life (LIT: ß -9.37, 95% CI -12.24, -6.50, P ≤ 0.001). On multivariate and mediational analyses, the effects of HCQ on QOL were indirectly and completely mediated through disease activity. CONCLUSIONS: HCQ use in SLE is associated with better patient reported health outcomes (LupusPRO-HRQOL and NHRQOL and impact on daily life), and the effects are mediated through disease activity. This information can facilitate patients and physician's communication with decision-making regarding the use of HCQ for SLE management.

Brief report - "Every little thing gonna be all right" (at least for me): Dispositional optimists display higher optimistic bias for infection during the Italian COVID-19 outbreak.

Dispositional optimism (DO) and optimistic bias (OB) in risk perception are two distinct phenomena and previous studies about their reciprocal relationship report contrasting results. In the present study, we focused on the relationship between DO and OB when reporting the personal and the other persons' risk about COVID-19. We hypothesized that, when facing a largely uncontrollable risky situation (like the recent pandemic), dispositional optimists would defensively increase their OB about the current risks. A convenience sample of 414 Italian participants aged 18 or older were recruited. They completed a questionnaire investigating past protective behaviors, DO, perceived personal and other persons' COVID-19-related risk. Results of the mixed regression model showed that more optimistic people were more likely to underestimate their COVID-19 personal risk over the other's person risk. These results shed light on the relationship between different forms of optimism and provide useful insight about the potential implications of risk communication approaches to face the current pandemic.

Evaluating the Persuasiveness of an HIV Mass Communication Campaign Using Gain-Framed Messages and Aimed at Creating a Superordinate Identity.

This research assesses the coverage and impact of "United Against AIDS," the 2012-2013 Italian National HIV/AIDS prevention campaign to promote safer sex behavior and voluntary HIV counseling and testing. The campaign used gain-framed messages and aimed at creating a superordinate identity. We conducted two studies. The first study employed a quasi-experimental design involving three groups of participants: general population (n = 858), men who have sex with men (MSM; n = 109), and migrants (n = 211). In the second study, we carried out a time-series design to analyze the archival data of the Italian National AIDS Help-Line. Exposure to the campaign was reported by 78.3%, 67.5%, and 57.8% of the general population, MSM, and migrant respondents, respectively. The probability of having unprotected sexual intercourse with multiple partners decreased significantly in the subsample of the general populations that was exposed to the campaign (compared to the nonexposed participants), but the same effect was not found among MSM and migrant participants. The probability of having unprotected sexual intercourse with someone of unknown HIV status decreased after the campaign in the exposed MSM subsample (compared to the nonexposed participants), but the same effect was not found among the general population and migrant participants. In addition, the probability of undertaking HIV testing increased significantly in the exposed participants belonging to the general population but not among MSM and migrant participants. Time-series analysis revealed that the number of calls at the Italian National AIDS Help-Line significantly increased during the campaign. This research provides evidence that the effect of the campaign was complex and varied across participants.

Health-related quality of life after solid organ transplantation: the role of sport activity.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of sport activity on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of solid organ transplant recipients participating in sports competitions. A group of 168 sportive transplanted patients (STP), a group of 97 nonsportive transplanted patients (NSTP), and a group of 152 sportive healthy controls (SHC) were compared on the eight scales of the SF-36 questionnaire. STP and NSTP reported significantly lower scores than SHC on the physical functioning scale. STP did not differ from SHC in the Role-Physical, General Health, and Vitality scales, while NSTP reported significantly lower scores. STP obtained higher scores than NSTP and SHC on Mental Health. Among STP, the effect of quantity of sport activity was significant on General Health and Role Emotional, with more sport activity associated with higher HRQoL. Organ failure and post-transplant therapies may have negative consequences on HRQoL. Sports activities and participation in sports competitions can reduce this impact, improving general and psychological functioning of solid organ transplant recipients.

The influence of knowing someone with HIV/AIDS on preventive behaviors in Italy.

The influence of knowing someone with HIV/AIDS on HIV preventive behaviors has become increasingly relevant in the literature, with controversial findings. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between knowing someone with HIV/AIDS and preventive behaviors in a representative sample of the Italian adult population. Drawing on two sociocognitive models, perceived threat and HIV/AIDS knowledge were proposed as mediators of this relationship. Results from 1969 telephone interviews were analyzed. Questions included sociodemographic information, knowing someone with HIV/AIDS, past sexual behaviors, HIV/AIDS knowledge, HIV/AIDS perceived threat (susceptibility and severity), and preventive behaviors (HIV testing and condom use). The results of mediation models showed that knowing someone with HIV/AIDS had an indirect effect on condom use through HIV-perceived susceptibility. Knowing someone with HIV/AIDS showed a direct and an indirect effect through HIV/AIDS knowledge on HIV testing.

Patients' direction, empowerment and quality of life in haemodialysis.

The maintenance of an adequate of quality of life (QoL) represents a critical issue in the management of patients in haemodialysis and is also used to assess the effectiveness of health care programmes. The Consumer Direction Theory of Empowerment (CDTE) implies that greater patient direction in policy formulation and services delivery, together with an increased community integration, endorses a process which leads to a better QOL. The aim of the study was to test a contextualized version of CDTE in an ambulatory for patients in haemodialysis. Sixty-nine patients completed a questionnaire measuring the following variables: Patient direction, family integration, self-efficacy in managing the disease, mental and physical health. The results showed that patient direction and family integration have an indirect effect on QoL, through self-efficacy in managing the disease. The hypotheses were thus confirmed, providing support for the potential of CDTE in the context of health services for haemodialysis patients. Implications for the implementation of health programmes aimed at improving QoL of patients in haemodialysis are discussed, including interventions focused on psychological and contextual factors.

Problematic social support from patients' perspective: the case of systemic lupus erythematosus.

Several studies demonstrated the importance of psychosocial factors, like social support, for understanding the experience of people with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Less information is available on "problematic support"; that is, instances of support that are perceived as non-supportive, even though the provider's actions may be well intended. Aim of this qualitative study was to explore the experiences of problematic support from SLE patients' perspective. Nine women with SLE were interviewed and transcripts were analyzed through qualitative content analysis. Three main types of problematic social support were indentified. Oppressive support describes social support offers characterized by excessive worries and unwanted advices. Support denying the illness is characterized by a neglect of the disease or of its consequences. Support based on divergent illness representations is perceived as not punctual and not in line with patients' actual clinical condition. This study confirms the complexity of providing useful support to SLE patients and suggest that also people living close to patients should represent a target of interventions.

Prognostic Awareness in Terminally Ill Cancer Patients: A Narrative Literature Review of the Processes Involved.

High prognostic awareness (PA) is seen by many as a threat to terminal patients' psychological well-being. Whether this concern is supported by evidence or not is still a matter of discussion, given the heterogeneity of existing findings. This ambiguity points to the importance of considering contextual processes involved in the relationship between high PA and psychological outcomes, as a possible mediator and moderator mechanism. Aiming to capture a holistic image of the relationship between PA and the psychological experiences of patients, we adapted a narrative method to synthesize and discusses patient-related (physical symptoms, coping strategy, spirituality) and external (family support, received medical care) processes as potential explaining mechanisms.

The emotional side of taking part in a cancer clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Taking part in a cancer clinical trial often represents a source of psychological distress and emotional activation among patients and their caregivers. Nowadays, social media platforms provide a space for these groups to freely express and share their emotional experiences. AIMS: We aimed to reveal the most prevalent basic and complex emotions and sentiments in the posts of the patients and caregivers contemplating clinical trials on Reddit. Additionally, we aimed to categorize the types of users and posts. METHODS: With the use of keywords referring to clinical trials, we searched for public posts on the subreddit 'cancer'. R studio v. 4.1.2 (2021-11-01) and NRC Emotion Lexicon was used for analysis. Following the theoretical framework of Plutchik's wheel of emotions, the analysis included: 8 basic emotions (anger, fear, anticipation, trust, surprise, sadness, joy, and disgust) and 4 types of complex emotions (primary, secondary, tertiary, and opposite dyads). We utilized the package 'PyPlutchik' to visualize the emotion wheels in Python 3.10.5. RESULTS: A total of 241 posts were included in the final database. User types (129 patients, 112 caregivers) and post types (142 expressed shared experience, 77 expressed advice, and 85 conveyed both) were identified. Both positive (N = 2557, M = .68) and negative (N = 2154, M = .57) sentiments were high. The most prevalent basic emotions were: fear (N = 1702, M = .45), sadness (N = 1494, M = .40), trust (N = 1470, M = .44), and anticipation (N = 1376, M = .37). The prevalence of complex/dyadic emotions and their interpretation is further discussed. CONCLUSION: In this contribution, we identified and discussed prevalent emotions such as fear, sadness, optimism, hope, despair, and outrage that mirror the psychological state of users and affect the medical choices they make. The insights gained in our study contribute to the understanding of the barriers and reinforcers to participation in trials and can improve the ability of healthcare professionals to assist patients when confronted with this choice.

Cancer Pain Experience Through the Lens of Patients and Caregivers: Mixed Methods Social Media Study.

BACKGROUND: Cancer pain represents a challenge for cancer patients and their family members. Despite progression in pain management, pain is still underreported and undertreated, and there is limited information on the related needs that patients and caregivers may have. Online platforms represent a fundamental tool for research to reveal the unmet needs of these users and their emotions outside the medical setting. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to (1) reveal the unmet needs of both patients and caregivers and (2) detect the emotional activation associated with cancer pain by analyzing the textual patterns of both users. METHODS: A descriptive and quantitative analysis of qualitative data was performed in RStudio v.2022.02.3 (RStudio Team). We analyzed 679 posts (161 from caregivers and 518 from patients) published over 10 years on the "cancer" subreddit of Reddit to identify unmet needs and emotions related to cancer pain. Hierarchical clustering, and emotion and sentiment analysis were conducted. RESULTS: The language used for describing experiences related to cancer pain and expressed needs differed between patients and caregivers. For patients (agglomerative coefficient=0.72), the large cluster labeled unmet needs included the following clusters: (1A) reported experiences, with the subclusters (a) relationship with doctors/spouse and (b) reflections on physical features; and (1B) changes observed over time, with the subclusters (a) regret and (b) progress. For caregivers (agglomerative coefficient=0.80), the main clusters were as follows: (1A) social support and (1B) reported experiences, with the subclusters (a) psychosocial challenges and (b) grief. Moreover, comparison between the 2 groups (entanglement coefficient=0.28) showed that they shared a common cluster labeled uncertainty. Regarding emotion and sentiment analysis, patients expressed a significantly higher negative sentiment than caregivers (z=-2.14; P<.001). On the contrary, caregivers expressed a higher positive sentiment compared with patients (z=-2.26; P<.001), with trust (z=-4.12; P<.001) and joy (z=-2.03; P<.001) being the most prevalent positive emotions. CONCLUSIONS: Our study emphasized different perceptions of cancer pain in patients and caregivers. We revealed different needs and emotional activations in the 2 groups. Moreover, our study findings highlight the importance of considering caregivers in medical care. Overall, this study increases knowledge about the unmet needs and emotions of patients and caregivers, which may have important clinical implications in pain management.

Medical Students and Professionals Facing the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study about Similarities and Differences.

This study aimed at exploring the emotional reaction that medical students (MS) and professionals have faced during the COVID-19 pandemic and investigating the differences between the two groups. A total of 362 MS and 330 professionals filled in an online survey during the second outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. The outcome measures were psychological distress with the General Health Questionnaire, stress, fear for themselves, fear for family members and cohabitants, perceived control, anger, loneliness, and feeling abandoned by institutions with Visual Analog Scales (VAS) and two open-ended questions about their perceived difficulties and the perceived consequences of the pandemic. The results showed that the level of distress among the two groups was above the threshold (MS mean: 21.85; professionals mean: 21.25). The means of the VAS of MS and professionals showed different results for the two groups, and we analyzed them with independent samples t-tests and linear regressions. MS reported higher levels of perceived loneliness (t(673.177) = −1.970, p < 0.05), while physicians reported more fear for themselves (t(655.183) = 4.799, p < 0.001), anger (t(690) = 2.096, p < 0.05), and feeling abandoned by the institutions (t(690) = 7.296, p < 0.001). The open questions were analyzed considering the most frequent words used to describe their perceived difficulties and consequences; the specificity analysis emphasizes the differences in the words used by the two groups. In conclusion, MS and physicians reported similar levels of psychological symptoms. Physicians were mostly worried about themselves, they were afraid of getting infected, while MS suffered from loneliness and the missed possibilities concerning their education.

The Body after Cancer: A Qualitative Study on Breast Cancer Survivors' Body Representation.

OBJECTIVE: The relationship with the body is a relevant issue for breast cancer survivors. Oncological treatments damage their bodies due to scars, weight gain, and other side effects. Starting from the efficacy of psychological interventions for breast cancer survivors, a tailored psychological support program was provided to promote overall well-being after illness dealing with bodily signals and related emotions and thoughts. This study presents changes in the description of the relationship with their bodies as well as participants' emotions and thoughts before and after a psychological intervention. METHODS AND MEASURES: Eighteen women answered questions related to their bodies before and after the psychological intervention. Results were analyzed in accordance with the procedure of the Word Association Analysis through the T-Lab software and the Qualitative Thematic Analysis. RESULTS: Participants reported a great awareness of their bodies and the desire to take care of them daily. In particular, the body is now perceived as a helper to sustain breast cancer survivors in their everyday activities. CONCLUSION: The words and the themes that characterized the participants' reports highlighted the impact of cancer diagnosis and oncological therapies on breast cancer survivors. The participation in the psychological intervention focused on self-compassion towards their body helps women to create an improved body perception.