Comprehensive analysis of alternative splicing across multiple transcriptomic cohorts reveals prognostic signatures in prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: Alternative splicing (AS) plays a crucial role in transcriptomic diversity and is a hallmark of cancer that profoundly influences the development and progression of prostate cancer (PCa), a prevalent and potentially life-limiting cancer among men. Accumulating evidence has highlighted the association between AS dysregulation and the onset and progression of PCa. However, a comprehensive and integrative analysis of AS profiles at the event level, utilising data from multiple high-throughput cohorts and evaluating the prognosis of PCa progression, remains lacking and calls for thorough exploration. RESULTS: We identified a differentially expressed retained intron event in ZWINT across three distinct cohorts, encompassing an original array-based dataset profiled by us previously and two RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) datasets. Subsequent in-depth analyses of these RNA-seq datasets revealed  141 altered events, of which 21 demonstrated a significant association with patients' biochemical recurrence-free survival (BCRFS). We formulated an AS event-based prognostic signature, capturing six pivotal events in genes CYP4F12, NFATC4, PIGO, CYP3A5, ALS2CL, and FXYD3. This signature effectively differentiated  high-risk patients diagnosed with PCa, who experienced shorter BCRFS, from their low-risk counterparts. Notably, the signature's predictive power surpassed traditional clinicopathological markers in forecasting 5-year BCRFS, demonstrating robust performance in both internal and external validation sets. Lastly, we constructed a novel nomogram that integrates patients' Gleason scores with pathological tumour stages, demonstrating improved prognostication of BCRFS. CONCLUSIONS: Prediction of clinical progression remains elusive in PCa. This research uncovers novel splicing events associated with BCRFS, augmenting existing prognostic tools, thus potentially refining clinical decision-making.

Trends in day-case bladder outflow obstruction surgery: a study using Hospital Episode Statistics.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the contemporary evolution of day-case bladder outflow obstruction (BOO) surgery in England and to profile day-case BOO surgery practices across England in terms of the types of operation performed and their safety profiles. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective observational analysis of Hospital Episode Statistics and UK Office for National Statistics data. All 111 043 recorded operations across 117 hospital trusts over 66 months, from 1 January 2017 to 30 June 2022, were obtained. Operations were identified as one of: transurethral resection of prostate (TURP); laser ablation or enucleation; vapour therapy; prostatic urethral lift (PUL); or bladder neck incision. Monthly day-case rate trends were plotted across the study period. Descriptive data, day-case rates and 30-day hospital readmissions were analysed for each operation type. Multilevel regression modelling with mixed effects was performed to determine whether day-case surgery was associated with higher 30-day hospital readmissions. RESULTS: Day-case patients were younger, with fewer comorbidities. Time series analysis showed a linear day-case rate increase from 8.3% (January 2017) to 21.0% (June 2022). Day-case rates improved for 92/117 trusts in 2021/2022 compared with 2017. Three of the six trusts with the highest day-case rates performed predominantly day-case TURP, and the other three laser surgery. Nationally, PUL and vapour surgery had the highest day-case rates (80.9% and 38.1%). Most inpatient operations were TURP. Multilevel regression modelling found reduced odds of 30-day readmission after day-case BOO surgery (all operations pooled), no difference for day-case vs inpatient TURP, and reduced odds following day-case LASER operations. CONCLUSIONS: The day-case rates for BOO surgery have linearly increased. Minimally invasive surgical technologies are commonly performed as day cases, whereas high day-case rates for TURP and for laser ablation operations are seen in a minority of hospitals. Day-case pathways to treat BOO can be safely developed irrespective of operative modality.

The Getting It right First Time (GIRFT) programme in urology; rationale and methodology.

The Getting It Right First Time (GIRFT) programme is a quality improvement initiative covering the National Health Service in England. The programme aims to standardise clinical practices and improve patient and system level outcomes by utilising data-driven insights and clinically-led recommendations. There are GIRFT workstreams for every medical and surgical specialty, including urology. Defining features of the GIRFT methodology are that it is clinically led by experienced clinicians, data-driven, and specialty specific. Each specialty workstream conducts deep-dive visits to every hospital, analysing performance data and engaging with clinicians and management to identify and share improvement priorities. For urology, GIRFT has completed deep-dive visits and published reports outlining priority areas for development. Reports include recommendations pertaining to streamlining care pathways, reducing the acuity of care environments, enhancing emergency services, optimising utilisation of outpatient services, and workforce training and utilisation. The GIRFT academy provides guides for implementing best practices specific to priority areas of care. These include important disease pathways, and GIRFT-advocated innovations such as urology investigation units and urology area networks. GIRFT offers clinical transformation, cost reduction, equity in access to care, and leaner models of care that are often more environmentally sustainable. Evaluation efforts of the programme have focussed on assessing the adoption of GIRFT recommendations, understanding barriers to change, and modelling the climate impact of advocated practices.

The carbon footprint of the perioperative transurethral resection of bladder tumour pathway.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the carbon footprint of the perioperative transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) pathway from decision to treat to postoperative discharge, and model potential greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction strategies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This process-based attributional cradle-to-grave life-cycle assessment (LCA) of GHG emissions modelled the perioperative TURBT pathway at a hospital in Southwest England. We included travel, energy and water use, all reusable and consumable items, and laundry and equipment sterilisation. Resource use for 30 patients undergoing surgery was recorded to understand average GHG emissions and the inter-case variability. Sensitivity analysis was performed for manufacturing location, pharmaceutical manufacturing carbon-intensity, and theatre list utilisation. RESULTS: The median (interquartile range) perioperative TURBT carbon footprint was 131.8 (119.8-153.6) kg of carbon dioxide equivalent. Major pathway categories contributing to GHG emissions were surgical equipment (22.2%), travel (18.6%), gas and electricity (13.3%), and anaesthesia/drugs and associated adjuncts (27.0%), primarily due to consumable items and processes. Readily modifiable GHG emissions hotspots included patient travel for preoperative assessment, glove use, catheter use, irrigation delivery and extraction, and mitomycin C disposal. GHG emissions were higher for those admitted as inpatients after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: This cradle-to-grave LCA found multiple modifiable GHG emissions hotspots. Key mitigation themes include minimising avoidable patient travel, rationalising equipment use, optimally filling operating theatre lists, and safely avoiding postoperative catheterisation and hospital admission where possible. A crucial next step is to design and deliver an implementation strategy for the environmentally sustainable changes demonstrated herein.

Identifying the Optimal Number of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Cycles in Patients with Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer.

PURPOSE: We investigated the pathological response rates and survival associated with 3 vs 4 cycles of cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in patients with cT2-4N0M0 muscle invasive bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cohort study we analyzed clinical data of 828 patients treated with NAC and radical cystectomy between 2000 and 2020. A total of 384 and 444 patients were treated with 3 and 4 cycles of NAC, respectively. Pathological objective response (pOR; ypT0-Ta-Tis-T1 N0), pathological complete response (pCR; ypT0 N0), cancer-specific survival and overall survival were investigated. RESULTS: pOR and pCR were achieved in 378 (45%; 95% CI 42, 49) and 207 (25%; 95% CI 22, 28) patients, respectively. Patients treated with 4 cycles of NAC had higher pOR (49% vs 42%, p=0.03) and pCR (28% vs 21%, p=0.02) rates compared to those treated with 3 cycles. This effect was confirmed on multivariable logistic regression analysis (pOR OR 1.46 p=0.008, pCR OR 1.57, p=0.007). On multivariable Cox regression analysis, 4 cycles of NAC were significantly associated with overall survival (HR 0.68; 95% CI 0.49, 0.94; p=0.02) but not with cancer-specific survival (HR 0.72; 95% CI 0.50, 1.04; p=0.08). CONCLUSIONS: Four cycles of NAC achieved better pathological response and survival compared to 3 cycles. These findings may aid clinicians in counseling patients and serve as a benchmark for prospective trials. Prospective validation of these findings and assessment of cumulative toxicity derived from an increased number of cycles are needed.

UK national bladder outlet obstruction surgery snapshot audit.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the preoperative assessment and perioperative outcomes of men undergoing bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) surgery in the UK. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted of all men undergoing BOO surgery in 105 UK hospitals over a 1-month period. The study included 1456 men, of whom 42% were catheter dependent prior to undergoing surgery. RESULTS: There was no evidence that a frequency-volume chart or urinary symptom questionnaire had been completed in 73% or 50% of men, respectively in the non-catheter-dependent group. Bipolar transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) was the most common BOO surgical procedure performed (38%). Monopolar TURP was the next most prevalent modality (23%); however, minimally invasive BOO surgical procedures combined accounted for 17% of all procedures performed. Of the cohort 5% of men had complications within 30 days of surgery, only 1% had Clavien-Dindo Grade ≥III complications. Less than 1% of the cohort received a blood transfusion after BOO surgery and 2% were re-admitted to hospital after their BOO surgery. In total only 4% of the whole cohort were catheter dependent after BOO surgery. Pre- and postoperative paired International Prostate Symptom Score scores reviewed suggest that minimally invasive surgical procedures achieved comparable levels of improvement in both symptoms and bother at 3 months postoperatively in men who were not catheter dependent preoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: There has been a substantial shift in the available choice of procedure for BOO surgery around the UK in recent years. However, men can be reassured that overall BOO surgery treatments are safe and effective. Evidence of adherence to guidelines in the preoperative assessment of men with lower urinary tract symptoms undergoing surgery was poorly documented and must be improved.

Critical analysis of quality of life and cost-effectiveness of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) for patient's undergoing urologic oncology surgery: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols have been implemented across a variety of disciplines to improve outcomes. Herein we describe the impact of ERAS on quality of life (QOL) and cost for patients undergoing urologic oncology surgery. METHODS: A systematic literature search using the MEDLINE, Scopus, Clinictrials.gov, and Cochrane Review databases for studies published between 1946 and 2020 was conducted. Articles were reviewed and assigned a risk of bias by two authors and were included if they addressed ERAS and either QOL or cost-effectiveness for patients undergoing urologic oncology surgery. RESULTS: The literature search yielded a total of 682 studies after removing duplicates, of which 10 (1.5%) were included in the review. Nine articles addressed radical cystectomy, while one addressed ERAS and QOL for laparoscopic nephrectomy. Six publications assessed the impact of ERAS on QOL domains. Questionnaires used for assessment of QOL varied across studies, and timing of administration was heterogeneous. Overall, ERAS improved patient QOL during early phases of recovery within the realms of bowel function, physical/social/cognitive functioning, sleep and pain control. Costs were assessed in 4 retrospective studies including 3 conducted in the United States and one from China all addressing radical cystectomy. Studies demonstrated either decreased costs associated with ERAS as a result of decreased length of stay or no change in cost based on ERAS implementation. CONCLUSION: While limited studies are published on the subject, ERAS implementation for radical cystectomy and laparoscopic nephrectomy improved patient-reported QOL during early phases of recovery. For radical cystectomy, there was a decreased or neutral overall financial cost associated with ERAS. Further studies assessing QOL and cost-effectiveness over the entire global period of care in a variety of urologic oncology surgeries are warranted.

How reliable are surgeon-reported data? A comparison of the British Association of Urological Surgeons radical prostatectomy audit with the National Prostate Cancer Audit Hospital Episode Statistics-linked database.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the accuracy and completeness of surgeon-reported radical prostatectomy outcome data across a national health system by comparison with a national dataset gathered independently from clinicians directly involved in patient care. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data submitted by surgeons to the British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) radical prostatectomy audit for all men undergoing radical prostatectomy between 2015 and 2016 were assessed by cross linkage to the National Prostate Cancer Audit (NPCA) database. Specific data items collected in both databases were selected for comparison analysis. Data completeness and agreement were assessed by percentages and Cohen's kappa statistic. RESULTS: Data from 4707 men in the BAUS and NPCA databases were matched for comparison. Compared with the NPCA, dataset completeness was higher in the BAUS dataset for type of nerve-sparing procedure (92% vs 42%) and postoperative margin status (89% vs 48%) but lower for readmission (87% vs 100%) and Charlson score (80% vs 100%). For all other variables assessed completeness was comparable. Agreement and data reliability were high for most variables. However, despite good agreement, the inter-cohort reliability was poor for readmission, M stage and Charlson score (κ < 0.30). CONCLUSIONS: For the first time in urology we show that surgeon-reported data from the BAUS radical prostatectomy audit can reliably be used to benchmark peri-operative radical prostatectomy outcomes. For comorbidity data, to assist with risk analysis, and longer-term outcomes, NPCA routinely collected data provide a more comprehensive source.

The IDENTIFY study: the investigation and detection of urological neoplasia in patients referred with suspected urinary tract cancer - a multicentre observational study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the contemporary prevalence of urinary tract cancer (bladder cancer, upper tract urothelial cancer [UTUC] and renal cancer) in patients referred to secondary care with haematuria, adjusted for established patient risk markers and geographical variation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was an international multicentre prospective observational study. We included patients aged ≥16 years, referred to secondary care with suspected urinary tract cancer. Patients with a known or previous urological malignancy were excluded. We estimated the prevalence of bladder cancer, UTUC, renal cancer and prostate cancer; stratified by age, type of haematuria, sex, and smoking. We used a multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression to adjust cancer prevalence for age, type of haematuria, sex, smoking, hospitals, and countries. RESULTS: Of the 11 059 patients assessed for eligibility, 10 896 were included from 110 hospitals across 26 countries. The overall adjusted cancer prevalence (n = 2257) was 28.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 22.3-34.1), bladder cancer (n = 1951) 24.7% (95% CI 19.1-30.2), UTUC (n = 128) 1.14% (95% CI 0.77-1.52), renal cancer (n = 107) 1.05% (95% CI 0.80-1.29), and prostate cancer (n = 124) 1.75% (95% CI 1.32-2.18). The odds ratios for patient risk markers in the model for all cancers were: age 1.04 (95% CI 1.03-1.05; P < 0.001), visible haematuria 3.47 (95% CI 2.90-4.15; P < 0.001), male sex 1.30 (95% CI 1.14-1.50; P < 0.001), and smoking 2.70 (95% CI 2.30-3.18; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A better understanding of cancer prevalence across an international population is required to inform clinical guidelines. We are the first to report urinary tract cancer prevalence across an international population in patients referred to secondary care, adjusted for patient risk markers and geographical variation. Bladder cancer was the most prevalent disease. Visible haematuria was the strongest predictor for urinary tract cancer.

Comparative effectiveness of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in bladder and upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the differential response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) compared to upper tract urothelial carcioma (UTUC) treated with radical surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data from 1299 patients with UCB and 276 with UTUC were obtained from multicentric collaborations. The association of disease location (UCB vs UTUC) with pathological complete response (pCR, defined as a post-treatment pathological stage ypT0N0) and pathological objective response (pOR, defined as ypT0-Ta-Tis-T1N0) after NAC was evaluated using logistic regression analyses. The association with overall (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) was evaluated using Cox regression analyses. RESULTS: A pCR was found in 250 (19.2%) patients with UCB and in 23 (8.3%) with UTUC (P < 0.01). A pOR was found in 523 (40.3%) patients with UCB and in 133 (48.2%) with UTUC (P = 0.02). On multivariable logistic regression analysis, patients with UTUC were less likely to have a pCR (odds ratio [OR] 0.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.27-0.70; P < 0.01) and more likely to have a pOR (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.89-2.08; P < 0.01). On univariable Cox regression analyses, UTUC was associated with better OS (hazard ratio [HR] 0.80, 95% CI 0.64-0.99, P = 0.04) and CSS (HR 0.63, 95% CI 0.49-0.83; P < 0.01). On multivariable Cox regression analyses, UTUC remained associated with CSS (HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.45-0.82; P < 0.01), but not with OS. CONCLUSIONS: Our present findings suggest that the benefit of NAC in UTUC is similar to that found in UCB. These data can be used as a benchmark to contextualise survival outcomes and plan future trial design with NAC in urothelial cancer.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus radical cystectomy versus radical cystectomy alone in clinical T2 bladder cancer without hydronephrosis.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) before radical cystectomy (RC) in a retrospective multicentre cohort of patients with cT2N0M0 bladder cancer (BCa) without preoperative hydronephrosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a propensity-based analysis of 619 patients. Of these, 316 were treated with NAC followed by RC and 303 with upfront RC. After multiple imputations, inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) was used to account for potential selection bias. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the impact of NAC on pathological complete response and downstaging at RC, while IPTW-adjusted Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression models were built to evaluate the impact of NAC on overall survival (OS). RESULTS: After IPTW-adjusted analysis, standardised differences between groups were <15%. A complete response (pT0N0) at final pathology was achieved in 94 (30%) patients receiving NAC and nine (3%) undergoing upfront RC. Downstaging to non-muscle-invasive disease (

Association of age with response to preoperative chemotherapy in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

PURPOSE: To assess the association of patient age with response to preoperative chemotherapy in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed data from 1105 patients with MIBC. Patients age was evaluated as continuous variable and stratified in quartiles. Pathologic objective response (pOR; ypT0-Ta-Tis-T1N0) and pathologic complete response (pCR; ypT0N0), as well survival outcomes were assessed. We used data of 395 patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to investigate the prevalence of TCGA molecular subtypes and DNA damage repair (DDR) gene alterations according to patient age. RESULTS: pOR was achieved in 40% of patients. There was no difference in distribution of pOR or pCR between age quartiles. On univariable logistic regression analysis, patient age was not associated with pOR or pCR when evaluated as continuous variables or stratified in quartiles (all p > 0.3). Median follow-up was 18 months (IQR 6-37). On Cox regression and competing risk regression analyses, age was not associated with survival outcomes (all p > 0.05). In the TCGA cohort, patient with age ≤ 60 years has 7% less DDR gene mutations (p = 0.59). We found higher age distribution in patients with luminal (p < 0.001) and luminal infiltrated (p = 0.002) compared to those with luminal papillary subtype. CONCLUSIONS: While younger patients may have less mutational tumor burden, our analysis failed to show an association of age with response to preoperative chemotherapy or survival outcomes. Therefore, the use of preoperative chemotherapy should be considered regardless of patient age.

CALIBER: a phase II randomized feasibility trial of chemoablation with mitomycin-C vs surgical management in low-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the activity of intravesical mitomycin-C (MMC) to ablate recurrent low-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and assess whether it may enable patients to avoid surgical intervention for treatment of recurrence. PATIENTS AND METHODS: CALIBER is a phase II feasibility study. Participants were randomized (2:1) to treatment with four once-weekly MMC 40-mg intravesical instillations (chemoablation arm) or to surgical management. The surgical group was included to assess the feasibility of randomization. The primary endpoint was complete response to intravesical MMC in the chemoablation arm at 3 months, reported with exact 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Secondary endpoints included time to subsequent recurrence, summarized by Kaplan-Meier methods. RESULTS: Between February 2015 and August 2017, 82 patients with visual diagnosis of recurrent low-risk NMIBC were enrolled from 24 UK hospitals (chemoablation, n = 54; surgical management, n =28). The median follow-up was 24 months. Complete response at 3 months was 37.0% (20/54; 95% CI 24.3-51.3) with chemoablation and 80.8% (21/26; 95% CI 60.6-93.4) with surgical management. Amongst patients with complete response at 3 months, a similar proportion was recurrence-free by 12 months in both groups (84%). Amongst those with residual disease at 3 months, the 12-month recurrence-free proportion was lower in the surgical management group (40.0%) than in the chemoablation group (84%). Recruitment stopped early as chemoablation did not meet the prespecified threshold of 45% complete responses at 3 months. CONCLUSION: Intravesical chemoablation in low-risk NMIBC is feasible and safe, but did not demonstrate sufficient response in the present trial. After chemoablation there may be a reduction in recurrence rate, even in non-responders, that is greater than with surgery alone. Further research is required to investigate the role and optimal schedule of neoadjuvant intravesical chemotherapy prior to surgery for NMIBC.

A neural network approach for real-time particle/cell characterization in microfluidic impedance cytometry.

Microfluidic applications such as active particle sorting or selective enrichment require particle classification techniques that are capable of working in real time. In this paper, we explore the use of neural networks for fast label-free particle characterization during microfluidic impedance cytometry. A recurrent neural network is designed to process data from a novel impedance chip layout for enabling real-time multiparametric analysis of the measured impedance data streams. As demonstrated with both synthetic and experimental datasets, the trained network is able to characterize with good accuracy size, velocity, and cross-sectional position of beads, red blood cells, and yeasts, with a unitary prediction time of 0.4 ms. The proposed approach can be extended to other device designs and cell types for electrical parameter extraction. This combination of microfluidic impedance cytometry and machine learning can serve as a stepping stone to real-time single-cell analysis and sorting. Graphical Abstract.

Minimum Bactericidal Concentration of Ciprofloxacin to Pseudomonas aeruginosa Determined Rapidly Based on Pyocyanin Secretion.

Infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) often exhibit broad-spectrum resistance and persistence to common antibiotics. Persistence is especially problematic with immune-compromised subjects who are unable to eliminate the inhibited bacteria. Hence, antibiotics must be used at the appropriate minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) rather than at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) levels. However, MBC determination by conventional methods requires a 24 h culture step in the antibiotic media to confirm inhibition, followed by a 24 h sub-culture step in antibiotic-free media to confirm the lack of bacterial growth. We show that electrochemical detection of pyocyanin (PYO), which is a redox-active bacterial metabolite secreted by P. aeruginosa, can be used to rapidly assess the critical ciprofloxacin level required for bactericidal deactivation of P. aeruginosa within just 2 hours in antibiotic-treated growth media. The detection sensitivity for PYO can be enhanced by using nanoporous gold that is modified with a self-assembled monolayer to lower interference from oxygen reduction, while maintaining a low charge transfer resistance level and preventing electrode fouling within biological sample matrices. In this manner, bactericidal efficacy of ciprofloxacin towards P. aeruginosa at the MBC level and bacterial persistence at the MIC level can be determined rapidly, as validated at later timepoints using bacterial subculture in antibiotic-free media.

The diagnostic accuracy of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging before biopsy in the detection of prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the extent to which clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) can be detected in a routine National Health Service setting in men with no previous biopsy, when multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) is introduced into the diagnostic pathway. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In all, 1 090 mpMRIs were performed between July 2013 and April 2016 in biopsy-naïve men with an abnormal prostate-specific antigen level and/or digital rectal examination. Data were collected from patient records at the Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust. mpMRI Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) scores were compared to transperineal or transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)-guided biopsy findings as the reference standard. csPCa was defined as Gleason score of ≥3+4. The diagnostic accuracy of mpMRI was also assessed. RESULTS: The mpMRI was interpretable in 1 023 men and 792 underwent biopsy, of which 106 were transperineal. The median number of cores taken in transperineal and TRUS-guided biopsy were 10 and 6, respectively. The detection rate of csPCa was 37%; csPCa rose from 15% of PI-RADS 1 and 2 to 86% of PI-RADS 5. The sensitivity, negative predictive value, specificity, and positive predictive value were 82%, 85%, 59% and 54%, respectively. The study is limited by its retrospective nature and lack of reporting of follow-up for 'missed cancers'. Men with low mpMRI PI-RADS were also less likely to undergo biopsy. Whilst this selection bias may overestimate the detection rate of csPCa, this reflects the shared decisions patients and clinicians make in day-to-day practice outside of research centres. CONCLUSION: In a routine clinical setting, the higher the mpMRI PI-RADS, the greater the detection rate of csPCa in biopsy-naïve men. A normal mpMRI does not exclude csPCa; however, mpMRI may have utility in informing shared-decision making on whether to proceed to biopsy and subsequent treatment.

Perioperative and oncological outcomes of radical prostatectomy for high-risk prostate cancer in the UK: an analysis of surgeon-reported data.

OBJECTIVES: To analyse the perioperative and oncological outcomes of all radical prostatectomies (RPs) performed for high-risk prostate cancer in the British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) national registry from 2014 to 2015. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We identified and analysed outcomes of all RPs performed for high-risk prostate cancer (clinical stage >T2 and/or biopsy Gleason grade >7 and/or preoperative prostate-specific antigen level ≥20 ng/mL) in the national registry for 2014 and 2015. Surgeon reporting of data was mandated during this period. Institution and individual surgeon volume-outcome relationships were assessed. RESULTS: In total, 3671/13 947 (26.3%) patients underwent RP for high-risk prostate cancer over the 2-year period. Robot-assisted RP was the most prevalent approach (60.7%). In all, 39% of men received an extended pelvic lymph node dissection (LND), but over one-third (33.8%) had no LND. Minimally invasive techniques were associated with a significantly shorter length of stay. The reported rates of Clavien-Dindo ≥III complications within the dataset were low (2.0%), regardless of surgical modality or surgeon volume. No statistically significant surgeon volume-outcome relationships were identified when surgeon volume was stratified into tertiles. CONCLUSION: RP for high-risk prostate cancer in the UK appears safe, regardless of modality used or surgeon volume. No clear evidence that surgeon volume impacts on early perioperative outcomes was seen. Quality assurance of the surgeon-reported BAUS dataset is now required to drive quality improvement in national practice.

Use of laparoscopic videos amongst surgical trainees in the United Kingdom.

BACKGROUND: Surgical trainers consider laparoscopic videos as a useful teaching aid to maximize trainees' learning and skill development given the backdrop of time constraints and productivity demands. Aim of this study is to assess the current use of laparoscopic videos amongst surgical trainees in the United Kingdom. METHODS: A steering committee of 15 experienced laparoscopic trainers from 8 countries developed a survey on the use of laparoscopic videos by surgical trainees. The survey items were finalized by discussion through e-mails, teleconferences, and face-to-face meetings and a finalised questionnaire was distributed amongst surgical trainees in the United Kingdom. RESULTS: 92 trainees were invited and 75 returned the questionnaire (81.5%). 86.7% of the trainees routinely watched online surgical videos and the more frequently used websites were Youtube.com and Websurg.com. Trainees require laparoscopic videos to have supplementary educational content such as English commentary (90.7%) and use of snapshots (93.3%) and diagrams (86.7%). Position of the patient and trocars, indication for surgery, preoperative data and postoperative outcomes are required characteristics of laparoscopic videos. 29 trainees (38.7%) do not record the laparoscopic procedures they perform, despite the majority of them recognising the usefulness of routine video-recording for training purposes (78.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Surgical trainees consider videos a useful adjunct in laparoscopic surgery training, with preference for open access sources. Trainees value highly informative videos with supplementary educational content.

The British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) radical prostatectomy audit 2014/2015 - an update on current practice and outcomes by centre and surgeon case-volume.

OBJECTIVES: To describe contemporary radical prostatectomy (RP) practice using the British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) data and audit project and to observe differences in practice in relation to surgeon or centre case-volume. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data on 13 920 RP procedures performed by 179 surgeons across 86 centres were recorded on the BAUS data and audit platform between 1 January 2014 and 31 December 2015. This equates to ~95% of total RPs performed over this period when compared to Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) data. Centre case-volumes were categorised as 'high' (>200), 'medium' (100-200) and 'low' (<100); surgeon case-volumes were categorised as 'high' (>100) and 'low' (<100). Differences in surgical practice and selected outcome measures were observed between groups. All data and volume categories were for the combined 2-year period. RESULTS: The median number of RPs performed over the 2-year period was 63.5 per surgeon and 164 per centre. Overall, surgical approach was robot-assisted laparoscopic RP (RALP) in 65%, laparoscopic RP (LRP) in 23%, and open RP (ORP) in 12%. The dominant approach in high-case-volume centres and by high-case-volume surgeons was RALP (74.3% and 69.2%, respectively). There was a greater percentage of ORPs reported by low-volume surgeons and centres when compared to higher volume equivalents. In all, 51.6% of all patients in this series underwent RP in high-case-volume centres using robot-assisted surgery (RAS). High-case-volume surgeons performed nerve-sparing (NS) procedures on 57.3% of their cases; low-volume surgeons performing NS on 48.2%. Overall, lymph node dissection (LND) rates were very similar across the groups. An 'extended' LND was more commonly performed in high-volume centres (22.1%). The median length of stay (LOS) was lowest in patients undergoing RALP at high-volume centres (1 day) and highest in ORP across all volume categories (3-4 days). Reported pT2 positive surgical margin (PSM) rate varied by technique, centre volume, and surgeon volume. In general, observed PSM rates were lower when RALP was the surgical approach (14.4%) and when high-volume surgeons were compared to low-volume surgeons (13.6% vs 17.7%). Transfusion rates were highest in ORP across all centres and surgeons (2.96-4.49%) compared to techniques using a minimally-invasive approach (0.25-2.41%). Training cases ranged from 0.5% in low-volume centres to 6.0% in high-volume centres. CONCLUSIONS: Compliance with data registration for centres and surgeons performing RP is high in the present series. Most RPs were performed in high-case-volume centres and by high-case-volume surgeons, with the most common approaches being minimally invasive and specifically RAS. High-case-volume centres and surgeons reported higher rates of extended LND and training cases. Higher-case-volume surgeons reported lower pT2 PSM rates, whilst the most marked differences in transfusion rates and LOS were seen when ORP was compared to minimally invasive approaches. Caution must be applied when interpreting these differences on the basis of this being registry data - causality cannot be assumed.

Open radical cystectomy in England: the current standard of care - an analysis of the British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) cystectomy audit and Hospital Episodes Statistics (HES) data.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the current standard for open radical cystectomy (ORC) in England, as data entry by surgeons performing RC to the British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) database was mandated in 2013 and combining this with Hospital Episodes Statistics (HES) data has allowed comprehensive outcome analysis for the first time. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients were included in this analysis if they were uploaded to the BAUS data registry and reported to have been performed in the 2 years between 1 January 2014 and 31 December 2015 in England (from mandate onwards) and had been documented as being performed in an open fashion (not laparoscopic, robot assisted or the technique field left blank). The HES data were accessed via the HES website. Office of Population Censuses and Surveys Classification of Surgical Operations and Procedures version 4 (OPCS-4) Code M34 was searched during the same 2-year time frame (not including M34.4 for simple cystectomy or with additional minimal access codes Y75.1-9 documenting a laparoscopic or robotic approach was used) to assess data capture. RESULTS: A total of 2 537 ORCs were recorded in the BAUS registry and 3 043 in the HES data. This indicates a capture rate of 83.4% of all cases. The median operative time was 5 h, harvesting a median of 11-20 lymph nodes, with a median blood loss of 500-1 000 mL, and a transfusion rate of 21.8%. The median length of stay was 11 days, with a 30-day mortality rate of 1.58%. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest, contemporary cohort of ORCs in England, encompassing >80% of all performed operations. We now know the current standard for ORC in England. This provides the basis for individual surgeons and units to compare their outcomes and a standard with which future techniques and modifications can be compared.