ABSTRACT
Objectives To study the clinical profile and outcome in patients with epilepsy who developed psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) associated with levetiracetam (LEV) use. Methods In this prospective observational study, conducted over 1 year, 13 patients with epilepsy and PNES, documented by video electroencephalogram (VEEG) while on LEV, were included. Those with past history of psychiatric illnesses were excluded. VEEG, high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging, neuropsychological and psychiatric evaluation were performed. Patients in Group I (07) were treated with psychotherapy, psychiatric medications and immediate withdrawal of LEV while, those in Group II (06) received psychotherapy, anxiolytics and LEV for initial 2 months after which it was stopped. Follow-up period was six months. There was subsidence of PNES on discontinuation of LEV in these patients. Results Mean (±SD) age of patients was 25 ± 12.28 years; there were 11 (84.62%) females. All were on antiepileptic agents which included LEV >1000 mg/day, except one. Mean dose of LEV was 1269.23 ± 483.71 mg/day. Three patient's scores were suggestive of depression or anxiety; one had both depression and anxiety. Eight patients had mood disorders; three had a history of emotional abuse or neglect. PNES subsided within 1-3 months and did not recur after withdrawal of LEV in any patient. Conclusion LEV can induce PNES in susceptible populations. Awareness of this association is crucial for timely withdrawal of triggering factor and appropriate management. This will reduce inadvertent additional prescription of antiepileptic agents.
Subject(s)
Anticonvulsants/adverse effects , Epilepsy/drug therapy , Levetiracetam/adverse effects , Seizures/chemically induced , Adolescent , Adult , Anti-Anxiety Agents/administration & dosage , Anticonvulsants/administration & dosage , Anxiety/diagnosis , Anxiety/epidemiology , Child , Depression/diagnosis , Depression/epidemiology , Electroencephalography , Epilepsy/psychology , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Levetiracetam/administration & dosage , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Psychotherapy/methods , Risk Factors , Seizures/psychology , Young AdultABSTRACT
Leigh syndrome (LS) is a heterogeneous familial or sporadic neurodegenerative disorder. It is typically seen in infancy or childhood, although rare cases of adult onset have been described. The authors describe a 37-year-old woman who presented with protracted gastrointestinal symptoms followed by acute brain stem syndrome with severe metabolic acidosis and who subsequently showed dramatic clinical and neuroradiological improvement.