ABSTRACT
Patients with high-risk renal cell carcinoma (RCC) experience high rates of recurrence despite definitive surgical resection. Recent trials of adjuvant tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy have provided conflicting efficacy results at the cost of significant adverse events. PD-1 blockade via monoclonal antibodies has emerged as an effective disease-modifying treatment for metastatic RCC. There is emerging data across other solid tumors of the potential efficacy of neoadjuvant PD-1 blockade, and preclinical evidence supporting a neoadjuvant over adjuvant approach. PROSPER RCC is a Phase III, randomized trial evaluating whether perioperative nivolumab increases recurrence-free survival in patients with high-risk RCC undergoing nephrectomy. The neoadjuvant component, intended to prime the immune system for enhanced efficacy, distinguishes PROSPER from other purely adjuvant studies and permits highly clinically relevant translational studies.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Renal Cell/therapy , Clinical Protocols , Kidney Neoplasms/therapy , Perioperative Care , Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/administration & dosage , Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/adverse effects , Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use , Biomarkers, Tumor , Carcinoma, Renal Cell/etiology , Carcinoma, Renal Cell/pathology , Combined Modality Therapy/methods , Combined Modality Therapy/trends , Disease Susceptibility , Humans , Kidney Neoplasms/etiology , Kidney Neoplasms/pathology , Molecular Targeted Therapy , Neoadjuvant Therapy , Neoplasm Staging , Nephrectomy , Perioperative Care/methods , Perioperative Care/trends , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Oral cavity metastasis of malignant tumors is extremely rare and accounts for only 1% of all malignant oral tumors. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) can metastasize to any part of the body, with a 15% risk of metastasis to the head and neck region when the disease is disseminated and a 1% risk when it is not. RCC also is the third most common infraclavicular neoplasm that metastasizes to the oral cavity, after lung carcinoma in men and breast carcinoma in women. In the maxillofacial region, the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are the most commonly affected sites, followed by the oral cavity. This report describes the case of a 51-year-old man with a history of clear RCC presenting with 3 synchronous atypical metastases of this tumor to the maxillary gingiva, scalp, and distal phalanx of the fifth digit. Clinical findings, diagnosis, pathology, and treatment of these lesions are discussed. Metastasis of RCC should always be included in the differential diagnosis when a new oral and maxillofacial lesion appears in a patient with a history of RCC because the metastatic lesions can often present in a broad spectrum of forms. The rapid growth of these lesions should alert clinicians to avoid any delays in biopsy examination and subsequent treatment, which is usually palliative, because prognosis is usually poor.