ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Osimertinib is a third-generation EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) that is approved for the use of EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. In this study, we investigated the acquired resistance mechanisms in NSCLC patients and patient-derived preclinical models. METHODS: Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor samples and plasma samples from 55 NSCLC patients who were treated with osimertinib were collected at baseline and at progressive disease (PD). Next-generation sequencing was performed in tumor and plasma samples using a 600-gene hybrid capture panel designed by AstraZeneca. Osimertinib-resistant cell lines and patient-derived xenografts and cells were generated and whole exome sequencing and RNA sequencing were performed. In vitro experiments were performed to functionally study the acquired mutations identified. RESULTS: A total of 55 patients and a total of 149 samples (57 tumor samples and 92 plasma samples) were analyzed, and among them 36 patients had matched pre- and post-treatment samples. EGFR C797S (14%) mutation was the most frequent EGFR-dependent mechanism identified in all available progression samples, followed by EGFR G824D (6%), V726M (3%), and V843I (3%). Matched pre- and post-treatment sample analysis revealed in-depth acquired mechanisms of resistance. EGFR C797S was still most frequent (11%) among EGFR-dependent mechanism, while among EGFR-independent mechanisms, PIK3CA, ALK, BRAF, EP300, KRAS, and RAF1 mutations were detected. Among Osimertinib-resistant cell lines and patient-derived models, we noted acquired mutations which were potentially targetable such as NRAS p.Q61K, in which resistance could be overcome with combination of osimertinib and trametinib. A patient-derived xenograft established from osimertinib-resistant patient revealed KRAS p.G12D mutation which could be overcome with combination of osimertinib, trametinib, and buparlisib. CONCLUSION: In this study, we explored the genetic profiles of osimertinib-resistant NSCLC patient samples using targeted deep sequencing. In vitro and in vivo models harboring osimertinib resistance revealed potential novel treatment strategies after osimertinib failure.