ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To describe the prevalent clinical, laboratory, and radiological features of otogenic lateral sinus thrombosis (OLST) in children; to identify clinical predictors of outcome; to propose a management algorithm derived from experience. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted of the clinical records of patients with OLST, treated in a single tertiary care referral center for pediatric disease from 2006 to 2017. The inclusion criteria were pediatric age (0-16 years) and OLST diagnosis confirmed by a pre- and post-contrast CT or venography-MRI scan. Primary outcome measures were early (1-2 months) and late (6 months) sinus recanalization assessed by means of neuroimaging. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients (8 females and 17 males; mean age = 6 ± 3 years) were included. A genetic abnormality associated with thrombophilia was found in 24 (96%) patients. At diagnosis, anticoagulant treatment with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) was started in all subjects, while surgical treatment (mastoidectomy and tympanostomy tube insertion) was performed in 16/25 (64%) patients. Follow-up neuroimaging showed lateral sinus recanalization in 12/25 (48%) patients after 1-2 months and in 17/25 (68%) after 6 months. At multivariate logistic regression analysis, no significant predictors of the early and late neuroradiological outcome were found. CONCLUSIONS: All children with OLST should be screened for thrombophilia to decide on treatment duration and to assess the need for future antithrombotic prophylaxis. Immediately after diagnosis, anticoagulant treatment with LMWH should be started according to the international guidelines. Instead, our experience suggests that surgical treatment should not be indicated in all patients, but decided on a case-to-case basis.
Subject(s)
Decision Support Techniques , Lateral Sinus Thrombosis/diagnosis , Lateral Sinus Thrombosis/therapy , Adolescent , Anticoagulants , Child , Child, Preschool , Consciousness Disorders/etiology , Cranial Nerve Diseases/etiology , Factor V/genetics , Female , Headache/etiology , Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight , Humans , Infant , Male , Mastoidectomy , Mastoiditis/complications , Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2)/genetics , Middle Ear Ventilation , Mutation , Otitis Media/complications , Protein S Deficiency/genetics , Retrospective Studies , Thrombophilia/diagnosis , Thrombophilia/geneticsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Our goal was to evaluate the possible correspondence between antitissue transglutaminase of immunoglobulin A class levels and stage of mucosal damage in patients affected by celiac disease. In addition, we assessed clinical use of antitissue transglutaminase values to predict biopsy results. METHODS: One thousand eight hundred eighty-six consecutive patients with symptoms suggestive of celiac disease and 305 healthy controls underwent determination of serum levels of immunoglobulin A and antitissue transglutaminase. An intestinal biopsy was performed in subjects with antitissue transglutaminase levels > or = 4 IU/mL and in subjects with negative antitissue transglutaminase levels but with clinical suspicion of celiac disease. Histologic grading of celiac disease was consistent with the Marsh classification. RESULTS: One hundred eighty-six subjects with positive antitissue transglutaminase levels and 91 patients with negative antitissue transglutaminase levels were submitted to biopsy. In all healthy subjects, antitissue transglutaminase results were negative. Histologic evaluations in patients with positive antitissue transglutaminase levels gave the following results: type 0 in 25 patients, type 1 in 3 patients, type 2 in 4 patients, type 3a in 22 patients, type 3b in 74 patients, and type 3c in 58 patients. None of the patients with negative antitissue transglutaminase levels showed histologic findings suggestive of celiac disease. The mean antitissue transglutaminase values in patients without mucosal atrophy were significantly lower than in patients with mucosal atrophy. Antitissue transglutaminase values > or = 20 IU/mL were found in only 1 patient without mucosal atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Our study found a strong correspondence between antitissue transglutaminase levels and stage of mucosal injury; antitissue transglutaminase values > 20 IU/mL seemed to be strongly predictive of mucosal atrophy.