Detection of significant vision conditions in children using QuickSee wavefront autorefractor.

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the ability of QuickSee to detect children at risk for significant vision conditions (significant refractive error [RE], amblyopia and strabismus). METHODS: Non-cycloplegic refraction (using QuickSee without and with +2 dioptre (D) fogging lenses) and unaided binocular near visual acuity (VA) were measured in 4- to 12-year-old children. Eye examination findings (VA, cover testing and cycloplegic retinoscopy) were used to determine the presence of vision conditions. QuickSee performance was summarised by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity and specificity for various levels of RE. QuickSee referral criteria for each vision condition were chosen to maximise sensitivity at a specificity of approximately 85%-90%. Sensitivity and specificity to detect vision conditions were calculated using multiple criteria. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the benefit of adding near VA (6/12 or worse) for detecting hyperopia. A paired t-test compared QuickSee without and with fogging lenses. RESULTS: The mean age was 8.2 (±2.5) years (n = 174). RE ranged up to 9.25 D myopia, 8 D hyperopia, 5.25 D astigmatism and 3.5 D anisometropia. The testability of the QuickSee was 94.3%. AUC was ≥0.92 (excellent) for each level of RE. For the detection of any RE, sensitivity and specificity were 84.2% and 87.3%, respectively, using modified Orinda criteria and 94.5% and 78.2%, respectively, using the American Academy for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (AAPOS) guidelines. For the detection of any significant vision condition, the sensitivity and specificity of QuickSee were 81.1% and 87.9%, respectively, using modified Orinda criteria and 93% and 78.6%, respectively, using AAPOS criteria. There was no significant benefit of adding near VA to QuickSee for the detection of hyperopia ≥+2.00 (p = 0.34). There was no significant difference between QuickSee measurements of hyperopic refractive error with and without fogging lenses (difference = -0.09 D; p = 0.51). CONCLUSIONS: QuickSee had high discriminatory power for detecting children with hyperopia, myopia, astigmatism, anisometropia, any significant refractive error or any significant vision condition.

Defining Daily Disposable Contact Lens Wear in a Clinical Study.

SIGNIFICANCE: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulates contact lenses as prescription medical devices and defines daily disposable lenses for single use; however, safety comparisons between daily disposable and reusable lenses rely on the lens-wearing regimen. When inappropriately discerned, studies may erroneously report replacement regimen, resulting in inaccurate risk rates. PURPOSE: This study aimed to explore different measures for defining daily disposable wearers in the context of a clinical study. METHODS: A secondary analysis of data from five multisite fieldings (n = 1059) from the Contact Lens Risk Survey was performed. Descriptive statistics were used to examine self-reported lens replacement, use of lens case, and manufacturer's recommended replacement frequency as defined by the participants' selection of their habitual lenses using a photographic aide. Daily disposable wearers were identified as reporting daily replacement (by self-report and lens identification) and not using a lens case. If there was a discrepancy among these three factors, the lens assignment was assessed as a majority response (two of three) or as missing if conflicting information was reported. RESULTS: The cohort was approximately two-thirds (68.7%) female and ranged from 12 to 33 years of age. A total of 154 participants (14.5%) were classified as daily disposable wearers and 896 (84.6%) as reusable wearers. Congruence was observed among all three daily disposable assignment factors for only 106 wearers (68.8%). The greatest discrepancy among daily disposable wearers was the report of using a lens case (n = 32 [20.8%]). In contrast, reusable lens wearers were more likely to report agreement across all three factors (n = 798 [89.1%], P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: This analysis suggests that the report of not using a lens case is a more conservative surrogate for true single-use lens wear, as one in five may be storing and reusing their daily disposable lenses.

Impact of accommodative insufficiency and accommodative/vergence therapy on ciliary muscle thickness in the eye.

PURPOSE: Recent evidence suggests that the ciliary muscle apical fibres are most responsive to accommodative load; however, the structure of the ciliary muscle in individuals with accommodative insufficiency is unknown. This study examined ciliary muscle structure in individuals with accommodative insufficiency (AI). We also determined the response of the ciliary muscle to accommodative/vergence therapy and increasing accommodative demands to investigate the muscle's responsiveness to workload. METHODS: Subjects with AI were enrolled and matched by age and refractive error with subjects enrolled in another ciliary muscle study as controls. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography was used to measure the ciliary muscle thickness (CMT) at rest (0D), maximum thickness (CMTMAX) and over the area from 0.75 mm (CMT0.75) to 3 mm (CMT3) posterior to the scleral spur of the right eye. For those with AI, the ciliary muscle was also measured at increasing levels of accommodative demand (2D, 4D and 6D), both before and after accommodative/vergence therapy. RESULTS: Sixteen subjects with AI (mean age = 17.4 years, SD = 8.0) were matched with 48 controls (mean age = 17.8 years, SD = 8.2). On average, the controls had 52-72 µm thicker ciliary muscles in the apical region at 0D than those with AI (p = 0.03 for both CMTMAX and CMT 0.75). Differences in thickness between the groups in other regions of the muscle were not statistically significant. After 8 weeks of accommodative/vergence therapy, the CMT increased by an average of 22-42 µm (p ≤ 0.04 for all), while AA increased by 7D (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated significantly thinner apical ciliary muscle thickness in those with AI and that the ciliary muscle can thicken in response to increased workload. This may explain the mechanism for improvement in signs and symptoms with accommodative/vergence therapy.

Vergence/accommodative therapy for symptomatic convergence insufficiency in children: Time course of improvements in convergence function.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the time course of improvements in clinical convergence measures for children with symptomatic convergence insufficiency treated with office-based vergence/accommodative therapy. METHODS: We evaluated convergence measures from 205, 9- to 14-year-old children with symptomatic convergence insufficiency randomised to office-based vergence/accommodative therapy in the Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial - Attention and Reading Trial (CITT-ART). Near-point of convergence (NPC) and near-positive fusional vergence (PFV) were measured at baseline and after 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks of therapy; mean change in NPC and PFV between these time points were compared using repeated measures analysis of variance. Rates of change in NPC and PFV from: (1) baseline to 4 weeks and (2) 4-16 weeks were calculated. For each time point, the proportion of participants to first meet the normal criterion for NPC (<6 cm), PFV blur (break if no blur; >15Δ and >2 times the exodeviation) and convergence composite (NPC and PFV both normal) were calculated. RESULTS: The greatest change in NPC and PFV (7.6 cm and 12.7 Δ) and the fastest rate of improvement in NPC and PFV (1.9 cm/week and 3.2 Δ/week, respectively) were both found during the first 4 weeks of therapy, with both slowing over the subsequent 12 weeks. After 12 weeks of therapy, the NPC, PFV and convergence composite were normal in 93.2%, 91.7% and 87.8% of participants, respectively, and normalised with another 4 weeks of therapy in 4.4%, 2.0% and 4.4% of participants, respectively. CONCLUSION: Although the greatest improvements in NPC and PFV occurred in the first 4 weeks of therapy, most participants had weekly improvements over the subsequent 12 weeks of treatment. While most children with convergence insufficiency obtained normal convergence following 12 weeks of therapy, an additional 4 weeks of vergence/accommodative therapy may be beneficial for some participants.

Prescribing patterns for paediatric hyperopia among paediatric eye care providers.

PURPOSE: To survey paediatric eye care providers to identify current patterns of prescribing for hyperopia. METHODS: Paediatric eye care providers were invited, via email, to participate in a survey to evaluate current age-based refractive error prescribing practices. Questions were designed to determine which factors may influence the survey participant's prescribing pattern (e.g., patient's age, magnitude of hyperopia, patient's symptoms, heterophoria and stereopsis) and if the providers were to prescribe, how much hyperopic correction would they prescribe (e.g., full or partial prescription). The response distributions by profession (optometry and ophthalmology) were compared using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov cumulative distribution function test. RESULTS: Responses were submitted by 738 participants regarding how they prescribe for their hyperopic patients. Most providers within each profession considered similar clinical factors when prescribing. The percentages of optometrists and ophthalmologists who reported considering the factor often differed significantly. Factors considered similarly by both optometrists and ophthalmologists were the presence of symptoms (98.0%, p = 0.14), presence of astigmatism and/or anisometropia (97.5%, p = 0.06) and the possibility of teasing (8.3%, p = 0.49). A wide range of prescribing was observed within each profession, with some providers reporting that they would prescribe for low levels of hyperopia while others reported that they would never prescribe. When prescribing for bilateral hyperopia in children with age-normal visual acuity and no manifest deviation or symptoms, the threshold for prescribing decreased with age for both professions, with ophthalmologists typically prescribing 1.5-2 D less than optometrists. The threshold for prescribing also decreased for both optometrists and ophthalmologists when children had associated clinical factors (e.g., esophoria or reduced near visual function). Optometrists and ophthalmologists most commonly prescribed based on cycloplegic refraction, although optometrists most commonly prescribed based on both the manifest and cycloplegic refraction for children ≥7 years. CONCLUSION: Prescribing patterns for paediatric hyperopia vary significantly among eye care providers.

Does coexisting accommodative dysfunction impact clinical convergence measures, symptoms and treatment success for symptomatic convergence insufficiency in children?

PURPOSE: To determine whether coexisting accommodative dysfunction in children with symptomatic convergence insufficiency (CI) impacts presenting clinical convergence measures, symptoms and treatment success for CI. METHODS: Secondary data analyses of monocular accommodative amplitude (AA; push-up method), monocular accommodative facility (AF; ±2.00 D lens flippers) and symptoms (CI Symptom Survey [CISS]) in children with symptomatic CI from the Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial (N = 218) and CITT-Attention and Reading Trial (N = 302) were conducted. Decreased AA was defined as more than 2D below the minimum expected amplitude for age (15 - » age); those with AA < 5 D were excluded. Decreased AF was defined as <6 cycles per minute. Mean near point of convergence (NPC), near positive fusional vergence (PFV) and symptoms (CISS) were compared between those with and without accommodative dysfunction using analysis of variance and independent samples t-testing. Logistic regression was used to compare the effect of baseline accommodative function on treatment success [defined using a composite of improvements in: (1) clinical convergence measures and symptoms (NPC, PFV and CISS scores) or (2) solely convergence measures (NPC and PFV)]. RESULTS: Accommodative dysfunction was common in children with symptomatic CI (55% had decreased AA; 34% had decreased AF). NPC was significantly worse in those with decreased AA (mean difference = 6.1 cm; p < 0.001). Mean baseline CISS scores were slightly worse in children with coexisting accommodative dysfunction (decreased AA or AF) (30.2 points) than those with normal accommodation (26.9 points) (mean difference = 3.3 points; p < 0.001). Neither baseline accommodative function (p ≥ 0.12 for all) nor interaction of baseline accommodative function and treatment (p ≥ 0.50) were related to treatment success based on the two composite outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: A coexisting accommodative dysfunction in children with symptomatic CI is associated with worse NPC, but it does not impact the severity of symptoms in a clinically meaningful way. Concurrent accommodative dysfunction does not impact treatment response for CI.

Change in Risk Score and Behaviors of Soft Contact Lens Wearers After Targeted Patient Education.

OBJECTIVES: To determine if targeted education can influence the behaviors and scores of soft contact lens (SCL) wearers via the Contact Lens Risk Survey (CLRS). METHODS: This was a multicenter, prospective, case-control study. Cases were symptomatic red eye SCL wearers (age, 18-39 years), and controls were age , sex, and site matched. Participants completed the CLRS and were provided targeted patient education at three time points: baseline, one, and six months. Change in scores and behaviors were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. RESULTS: Forty-one cases and 71 controls were analyzed. The mean risk score (mean±SE) from baseline to follow-up improved (reduced) for all participants (-1.96±0.73; P =0.01), mostly driven by the improvement among cases (-2.55±1.32; P =0.05). Case subjects reported a decrease in frequency of wearing lenses while showering (-0.32±0.07; P <0.0001), discarding lens solution (-0.13±0.06; P =0.03), and rinsing lenses with tap water (-0.19±0.08; P =0.02) after targeted education. CONCLUSIONS: Targeted patient education can influence some behaviors of SCL wearers, especially those who experienced a red eye event. Further study is needed to determine how to improve other risk behaviors and whether these changes are sustained long term.

Visual Performance with Spherical and Multifocal Contact Lenses in a Pediatric Population.

SIGNIFICANCE: This pilot study compared subjective and objective vision of children wearing single-vision and +2.00, +3.00, and +4.00 D add power soft multifocal contact lenses to determine whether the higher add power-thought to provide better myopia control-resulted in visual compromise. PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the maximum add power children wearing center-distance soft multifocal contact lenses could accept objectively and subjectively. METHODS: Myopic children were assigned in random order to wear omafilcon A single-vision or multifocal "D" contact lenses with +2.00, +3.00, or +4.00 D add power for 1 week each. High-contrast distance and near visual acuity, low-contrast distance visual acuity, and contrast sensitivity were measured at each visit along with a quality of vision questionnaire to assess their vision. The Friedman test was performed to evaluate the impact of add power on all outcome measures. RESULTS: Eleven subjects were enrolled, and nine subjects completed the study. The median age of completed subjects was 11 years. Median logMAR low-contrast distance visual acuity was reduced in the +3.00 (+0.20) and +4.00 (+0.28) D add lenses compared with the +2.00 (+0.16) D add and single-vision lenses (+0.10, P < .001). All three multifocal lenses resulted in reduced contrast sensitivity (+1.35 to +1.40) compared with single-vision lenses (+1.60, P < .001). In general, +3.00 and +4.00 D add lenses resulted in worse glare/starbursts, ghost images, computer vision, changing fixation distance, and overall vision, but results varied. There were no differences among the lenses with respect to subjective assessments of distance vision, near vision, strain or tiredness, contact lens comfort, or sporting activities. CONCLUSIONS: The +3.00 D and higher add powers result in more objective and subjective vision-related issues than single-vision lenses, but the +2.00 D add multifocal lenses were well tolerated.

Near-point Findings in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and in Typical Peers.

SIGNIFICANCE: Clinicians can better diagnose and manage vision problems of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children by establishing a standard of care for this population. Results also reinforce the importance of a comprehensive binocular vision evaluation in all patients with ASD. PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to compare near-point and ocular motility test findings in ASD children and typically developing (TD) peers and to compare findings among ASD children by level of verbal communication. METHODS: Sixty-one children and adolescents (ASD, 34; TD, 27) aged 9 to 17 years completed an eye examination protocol including tests of distance and near phoria, near point of convergence, near fusional convergence and divergence, accommodative response, and Northeastern State University College of Optometry oculomotor testing. Testing was completed through refractive correction. Parents of ASD children provided information regarding subjects' verbal communication level (nonverbal, uses short words, verbal). RESULTS: Distance phoria did not differ significantly between groups. Near phoria of ASD subjects was more exophoric (difference, 2.8 prism diopters). Mean near point of convergence break and recovery were 7.0 and 8.02 cm, respectively, in ASD subjects and 2.19 and 3.99 cm in TD subjects. Near fusional divergence and convergence showed no significant difference. Autism spectrum disorder subjects had significantly poorer stereoacuity (P < .0001) and, on Northeastern State University College of Optometry Oculomotor Testing, reduced fixation, poorer accuracy and stamina/ability, and increased head and body movement. Monocular estimation method retinoscopy results did not differ significantly between ASD and TD subjects. No significant differences in phoria, near point of convergence, and near fusional divergence or convergence were observed between ASD subgroups (nonverbal, uses short words, verbal). CONCLUSIONS: Autism spectrum disorder children are more likely to show receded near point of convergence, poor fixation, inaccurate saccades, erratic pursuits, and exophoric posture. These differences occur, regardless of reported verbal communication level.

Effectiveness of vergence/accommodative therapy for accommodative dysfunction in children with convergence insufficiency.

PURPOSE: To determine the effectiveness of office-based vergence/accommodative therapy for improving accommodative amplitude and accommodative facility in children with symptomatic convergence insufficiency and accommodative dysfunction. METHODS: We report changes in accommodative function following therapy among participants in the Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial - Attention and Reading Trial with decreased accommodative amplitude (115 participants in vergence/accommodative therapy; 65 in placebo therapy) or decreased accommodative facility (71 participants in vergence/accommodative therapy; 37 in placebo therapy) at baseline. The primary analysis compared mean change in amplitude and facility between the vergence/accommodative and placebo therapy groups using analyses of variance models after 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks of treatment. The proportions of participants with normal amplitude and facility at each time point were calculated. The average rate of change in amplitude and facility from baseline to week 4, and from weeks 4 to 16, were determined in the vergence/accommodative therapy group. RESULTS: From baseline to 16 weeks, the mean improvement in amplitude was 8.6 dioptres (D) and 5.2 D in the vergence/accommodative and placebo therapy groups, respectively (mean difference = 3.5 D, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.5 to 5.5 D; p = 0.01). The mean improvement in facility was 13.5 cycles per minute (cpm) and 7.6 cpm in the vergence/accommodative and placebo therapy groups, respectively (mean difference = 5.8 cpm, 95% CI: 3.8 to 7.9 cpm; p < 0.0001). Significantly greater proportions of participants treated with vergence/accommodative therapy achieved a normal amplitude (69% vs. 32%, difference = 37%, 95% CI: 22 to 51%; p < 0.0001) and facility (85% vs. 49%, difference = 36%, 95% CI: 18 to 55%; p < 0.0001) than those who received placebo therapy. In the vergence/accommodative therapy group, amplitude increased at an average rate of 1.5 D per week during the first 4 weeks (p < 0.0001), then slowed to 0.2 D per week (p = 0.002) from weeks 4 to 16. Similarly, facility increased at an average rate of 1.5 cpm per week during the first 4 weeks (p < 0.0001), then slowed to 0.6 cpm per week from weeks 4 to 16 (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Office-based vergence/accommodative therapy is effective for improving accommodative function in children with symptomatic convergence insufficiency and coexisting accommodative dysfunction.

Multicenter Testing of a Risk Assessment Survey for Soft Contact Lens Wearers With Adverse Events: A Contact Lens Assessment in Youth Study.

PURPOSE: To test the ability of responses to the Contact Lens Assessment in Youth (CLAY) Contact Lens Risk Survey (CLRS) to differentiate behaviors among participants with serious and significant (S&S) contact lens-related corneal inflammatory events, those with other events (non-S&S), and healthy controls matched for age, gender, and soft contact lens (SCL) wear frequency. METHODS: The CLRS was self-administered electronically to SCL wearers presenting for acute clinical care at 11 clinical sites. Each participant completed the CLRS before their examination. The clinician, masked to CLRS responses, submitted a diagnosis for each participant that was used to classify the event as S&S or non-S&S. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to compare responses. RESULTS: Comparison of responses from 96 participants with S&S, 68 with non-S&S, and 207 controls showed that patients with S&S were more likely (always or fairly often) to report overnight wear versus patients with non-S&S (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 5.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-18.7) and versus controls (aOR, 5.8; CI, 2.2-15.2). Patients with S&S were more likely to purchase SCLs on the internet versus non-S&S (aOR, 4.9; CI, 1.6-15.1) and versus controls (aOR, 2.8; CI, 1.4-5.9). The use of two-week replacement lenses compared with daily disposables was significantly higher among patients with S&S than those with non-S&S (aOR, 4.3; CI, 1.5-12.0). Patients with S&S were less likely to regularly discard leftover solution compared with controls (aOR, 2.5; CI, 1.1-5.6). CONCLUSIONS: The CLRS is a clinical survey tool that can be used to identify risky behaviors and exposures directly associated with an increased risk of S&S events.

Vision Therapy for Post-Concussion Vision Disorders.

PURPOSE: To determine the frequency and types of vision disorders associated with concussion, and to determine the success rate of vision therapy for these conditions in two private practice settings. METHODS: All records over an 18-month period of patients referred for post-concussion vision problems were reviewed from two private practices. Diagnoses of vergence, accommodative, or eye movement disorders were based on pre-established, clinical criteria. Vision therapy was recommended based on clinical findings and symptoms. RESULTS: Two hundred eighteen patient records were found with a diagnosis of concussion. Fifty-six percent of the concussions were related to sports, 20% to automobile accidents, and 24% to school, work, or home-related incidents. The mean age was 20.5 years and 58% were female. Eighty-two percent of the patients had a diagnosis of an oculomotor problem [binocular problems (62%), accommodative problems (54%), eye movement problems (21%)]. The most prevalent diagnoses were convergence insufficiency (CI, 47%) and accommodative insufficiency (AI, 42%). Vision therapy was recommended for 80% of the patients. Forty-six per cent (80/175) either did not pursue treatment or did not complete treatment. Of the 54% (95/175) who completed therapy, 85% of patients with CI were successful and 15% were improved, and with AI, 33% were successful and 67% improved. Clinically and statistically significant changes were measured in symptoms, near point of convergence, positive fusional vergence, and accommodative amplitude. CONCLUSIONS: In this case series, post-concussion vision problems were prevalent and CI and AI were the most common diagnoses. Vision therapy had a successful or improved outcome in the vast majority of cases that completed treatment. Evaluation of patients with a history of concussion should include testing of vergence, accommodative, and eye movement function. Prospective clinical trials are necessary to assess the natural history of concussion-related vision disorders and treatment effectiveness.

Vision Therapy for Binocular Dysfunction Post Brain Injury.

PURPOSE: To prospectively evaluate the effectiveness of home-based computer vergence therapy for the treatment of binocular vision disorders in adults at least 3 months after an acquired brain injury. METHODS: Eligibility criteria included presence of binocular dysfunction characterized by receded near point of convergence (≥6 cm break), insufficient positive fusional vergence at near (failing Sheard's criterion or <15△ blur or break), insufficient negative fusional vergence at near (<12△ blur or break), and/or reduced vergence facility at near (<15 cycles per minute with 12△BO/3△BI). Participants were prescribed 12 weeks of home-based computer vergence therapy. Phoria (cover test), negative fusional vergence, positive fusional vergence, near point of convergence, vergence facility, and symptoms (convergence insufficiency symptom survey [CISS]) were assessed at baseline and after 4, 8, and 12 weeks of prescribed therapy. ANOVA was used to evaluate change in each measure. Percentage successful was also determined. RESULTS: Nineteen participants were enrolled (mean age 45.4 ± 12.9 years); six participants were lost to follow-up. Baseline findings were orthophoria at distance, 7.2△ exophoria at near, near point of convergence break = 17.5 cm, near point of convergence recovery = 21.8 cm, negative fusional vergence = 12.3△, positive fusional vergence blur = 8.4△, vergence facility = 3.9 cycles per minute, and CISS = 32.1. ANOVA showed a statistically significant improvement for near point of convergence break (p = 0.002) and recovery (p < 0.001), positive fusional vergence blur (p < 0.0001), break (p < 0.0001), and recovery (p < 0.0001), negative fusional vergence blur (p = 0.037), break (p = 0.003), and recovery (p = 0.006), vergence facility (p < 0.0001), and CISS (p = 0.0001). The percentage of patients who were classified as "successful" or "improved" was 69% for near point of convergence (<6 cm or decrease of ≥4 cm), 77% for positive fusional vergence (>15△ and passing Sheard's criterion or increase of ≥10△), 77% for negative fusional vergence (≥12△ or increase of ≥6△), 62% for positive fusional vergence and near point of convergence composite, and 92% for vergence facility (15 cycles per minute or increase of 3 cycles per minute). CONCLUSIONS: The majority of participants who completed the study experienced meaningful improvements in signs and symptoms.

Objective Assessment of Vergence after Treatment of Concussion-Related CI: A Pilot Study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate changes in objective measures of disparity vergence after office-based vision therapy (OBVT) for concussion-related convergence insufficiency (CI) and determine the feasibility of using this objective assessment as an outcome measure in a clinical trial. METHODS: This was a prospective, observational trial. All participants were treated with weekly OBVT with home reinforcement. Participants included two adolescents and three young adults with concussion-related, symptomatic CI. The primary outcome measure was average peak velocity for 4° symmetrical convergence steps. Other objective outcome measures of disparity vergence included time to peak velocity, latency, accuracy, settling time, and main sequence. We also evaluated saccadic eye movements using the same outcome measures. Changes in clinical measures (near point of convergence, positive fusional vergence at near, Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey [CISS] score) were evaluated. RESULTS: There were statistically significant and clinically meaningful changes in all clinical measures for convergence. Four of the five subjects met clinical success criteria. For the objective measures, we found a statistically significant increase in peak velocity, response accuracy to 4° symmetrical convergence and divergence step stimuli, and the main sequence ratio for convergence step stimuli. Objective saccadic eye movements (5 and 10°) appeared normal pre-OBVT and did not show any significant change after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of the use of objective measures of disparity vergence as outcome measures for concussion-related convergence insufficiency. These measures provide additional information that is not accessible with clinical tests about underlying physiological mechanisms leading to changes in clinical findings and symptoms. The study results also demonstrate that patients with concussion can tolerate the visual demands (over 200 vergence and versional eye movements) during the 25-minute testing time and suggest that these measures could be used in a large-scale randomized clinical trial of concussion-related CI as outcome measures.

Influence of Optic Disc Size on Identifying Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to use a large group of observers to test prior research findings that suggest optic disc size, clinical evaluation of the neuroretinal rim (ISNT rule), and practitioner characteristics influence the accuracy of differentiating normal from glaucomatous optic nerves. METHODS: Participant observers were optometrists, optometry students, and vision scientists/researchers attending the 2013 American Academy of Optometry Annual Meeting. Each observer viewed and judged six sets of stereoscopic photographs of normal and clinically confirmed glaucomatous optic nerves of different sizes presented in random order. Observers were queried on whether each nerve was glaucomatous or normal, whether the nerve followed the ISNT rule, and whether further evaluation with advanced imaging techniques was indicated. RESULTS: Of the 261 observers who participated, 59% were practicing optometrists, 7% were vision scientists, and 34% were residents or students. Of practicing optometrists and vision scientists, half (49%) had more than 15 years of experience, whereas 11% had less than 2 years of experience. Diagnostic accuracy differed based on optic nerve size: average-sized nerves were correctly identified by 90% of subjects, whereas small nerves and large nerves were correctly identified by 42% and 62%, respectively. Notably, only 9% of subjects correctly identified the small glaucomatous nerve, and only 34% correctly identified the large normal nerve. No practitioner characteristics were associated with diagnostic accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: Accurate identification of glaucomatous optic neuropathy was significantly influenced by optic disc size. This was particularly evident for the large normal nerve and the small glaucomatous nerve. The ISNT rule provided value for differentiating normal from glaucomatous nerves, but its subjective interpretation resulted in considerable intergrader variability. These findings agree with other studies utilizing smaller numbers of observers but larger numbers of optic nerve presentations that disc size and the ISNT rule have value for enhancing accuracy of optic nerve assessment.

Contact Lens Corneal Inflammatory Events in a University Population.

PURPOSE: To identify the contact lens-related modifiable and nonmodifiable factors associated with corneal inflammatory events (CIEs) in a university eye care center. METHODS: Contact lens-wearing undergraduate and graduate/professional students (age range, 18 to 36 years) with CIEs and contact lens wearers without complications (non-CIEs) were surveyed about their age, education level, overnight wear, brand of lens, brand of care solution, storage case age, topping-off, and lens replacement. Logistic regression was used to assess the impact of participant characteristics (demographic and behavior) and contact lens factors on the risk of a CIE. RESULTS: There were 160 participants enrolled, with 76 presenting with a CIE. Age was significant in the multivariate model (p < 0.001) as was an interaction between disinfectant and wearing schedule (p = 0.027). When daily wear (DW) and disinfectant were compared, polyquaternium-1/myristamidopropyl dimethylamine (PQ-1/MAPD) was associated with a greater risk of CIE versus peroxide (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 18.4; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.9-173.9) and versus polyhexamethylene biguanide or polyaminopropyl biguanide (PHMB) (aOR, 15.0; 95% CI, 4.5-50.0). For PHMB users only, extended wear (EW) compared with DW increased CIE risk (aOR, 10.0; 95% CI, 2.0-51.2). There was no difference in risk between EW and DW for PQ-1/MAPD (aOR, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.2, 2.6). CONCLUSIONS: The multivariate analysis suggests that younger age and the use of PQ-1/MAPD, particularly in DW, increase the risk of acquiring a CIE with soft contact lens wear in college-aged students. For PHMB users, EW compared with DW increases the risk of a CIE; but for PQ-1/MAPD users, there is no difference between EW and DW.

Contact Lens Wearer Demographics and Risk Behaviors for Contact Lens-Related Eye Infections--United States, 2014.

Contact lenses provide safe and effective vision correction for many Americans. However, contact lens wearers risk infection if they fail to wear, clean, disinfect, and store their contact lenses as directed. Over the past decade, CDC has investigated several multistate outbreaks of serious eye infections among contact lens wearers, including Acanthamoeba keratitis. Each investigation identified frequent contact lens hygiene-related risk behaviors among patients. To guide prevention efforts, a population-based survey was used to estimate the number of contact lens wearers aged ≥18 years in the United States. A separate online survey of contact lens wearers assessed the prevalence of contact lens hygiene-related risk behaviors. Approximately 99% of wearers reported at least one contact lens hygiene risk behavior. Nearly one third of contact lens wearers reported having experienced a previous contact lens-related red or painful eye requiring a doctor's visit. An estimated 40.9 million U.S. adults wear contact lenses, and many could be at risk for serious eye infections because of poor contact lens wear and care behaviors. These findings have informed the creation of targeted prevention messages aimed at contact lens wearers such as keeping all water away from contact lenses, discarding used disinfecting solution from the case and cleaning with fresh solution each day, and replacing their contact lens case every 3 months.

Eye examination testability in children with autism and in typical peers.

PURPOSE: To compare testability of vision and eye tests in an examination protocol of 9- to 17-year-old patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to typically developing (TD) peers. METHODS: In a prospective pilot study, 61 children and adolescents (34 with ASD and 27 who were TD) aged 9 to 17 years completed an eye examination protocol including tests of visual acuity, refraction, convergence (eye teaming), stereoacuity (depth perception), ocular motility, and ocular health. Patients who required new refractive correction were retested after wearing their updated spectacle prescription for 1 month. The specialized protocol incorporated visual, sensory, and communication supports. A psychologist determined group status/eligibility using DSM-IV-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision) criteria by review of previous evaluations and parent responses on the Social Communication Questionnaire. Before the examination, parents provided information regarding patients' sex, race, ethnicity, and, for ASD patients, verbal communication level (nonverbal, uses short words, verbal). Parents indicated whether the patient wore a refractive correction, whether the patient had ever had an eye examination, and the age at the last examination. Chi-square tests compared testability results for TD and ASD groups. RESULTS: Typically developing and ASD groups did not differ by age (p = 0.54), sex (p = 0.53), or ethnicity (p = 0.22). Testability was high on most tests (TD, 100%; ASD, 88 to 100%), except for intraocular pressure (IOP), which was reduced for both the ASD (71%) and the TD (89%) patients. Among ASD patients, IOP testability varied greatly with verbal communication level (p < 0.001). Although IOP measurements were completed on all verbal patients, only 37.5% of nonverbal and 44.4% of ASD patients who used short words were successful. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with ASD can complete most vision and eye tests within an examination protocol. Testability of IOPs is reduced, particularly for nonverbal patients and patients who use short words to communicate.

Correlation of tear osmolarity and dry eye symptoms in convention attendees.

PURPOSE: To assess the correlation between tear osmolarity readings and symptoms of dry eye in a nonclinical convenience sample and to determine how well symptoms and osmolarity correlate with the self-assessment of dry eye. METHODS: Two hundred forty-nine attendees in the exhibit hall at an optometric educational meeting agreed to participate in a dry eye study. Contact lens wearers were excluded. Volunteers supplied demographic information and completed a 5-item Dry Eye Questionnaire (DEQ-5) and answered the question "Do you think you have dry eye" with a yes or no response. Osmolarity testing was done using the TearLab instrument on the right eye, then on the left eye. Pearson correlation analyses were performed to determine the relationship between variables. RESULTS: There was no correlation between DEQ-5 scores and average tear osmolarity (correlation coefficient, 0.02) and highest osmolarity (correlation coefficient, 0.03). The mean DEQ-5 score was significantly higher among subjects who self-reported dry eye (mean, 11.3; p < 0.0001) compared with those who did not (mean, 5.4; p < 0.0001). No differences were observed between the yes and no self-reported dry eye groups and average osmolarity (p = 0.23) and highest osmolarity (p = 0.14). CONCLUSIONS: In this nonclinical population, there was no significant correlation between tear osmolarity and ocular symptoms as reported or between tear osmolarity and the self-assessment of dry eye.

Age, behavior, environment, and health factors in the soft contact lens risk survey.

PURPOSE: Previous studies have reported that the risk of corneal infectious and inflammatory events (CIEs) with soft contact lens (SCL) wear is highest in late adolescence and early adulthood. This study assesses the associations between patient age and other factors that may contribute to CIEs in young SCL wearers. METHODS: After ethics approvals and informed consent, a nonclinical population of young SCL wearers was surveyed in five US cities. Data from 542 SCL wearers aged 12-33 years were collected electronically. Responses were analyzed by age bins (12-14, 15-17, 18-21, 22-25, 26-29, and 30-33 years) using chi-square test. RESULTS: The cohort was 34% male and balanced across age bins. There were several significant associations between survey response and age (in bins). Wearers aged 18-21 years reported more recent nights with less than 6 hours of sleep (p < 0.001), more colds/flu (p = 0.049), and higher stress levels (p < 0.001). Wearers 18-21 and those 22-25 years were more likely to wear SCLs when showering (p < 0.001) and also reported more frequent naps with SCLs (p < 0.001). They reported sleeping in SCLs after alcohol use (p = 0.031), when traveling (p = 0.001), and when away from home (p = 0.024). Lower rates of regular hand washing before lens application (p = 0.054) was also associated with these groups. In addition, the relationship between reactive replacement and recommended replacement was dependent on age (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Patient age influences lens wearing behaviors, environmental exposures, and other determinants of health that may contribute to increased CIEs in younger wearers. Targeted, age-specific education should be considered for both new and established SCL wearers.