An improved flow analysis-ion chromatography method for determination of cationic and anionic species at trace levels in Antarctic ice cores.

A method was developed for the quantitative determination of cations and anions in Antarctic ice cores at microgL(-1) and sub-microgL(-1) levels by ion chromatography (IC), after ultra-clean decontamination procedures. Strict manipulation and decontamination procedures were used in sub-sampling, in order to minimise sample contamination. Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ were determined by 12-min isocratic elution (H2SO4 eluent). Contemporaneously, in a parallel device, F-, MSA (methanesulfonic acid), Cl-, NO3- and SO4(2-) were analysed in a single 12-min run with multiple-step elution using Na2CO3/NaHCO3 as eluent. Melted ice samples were pumped from their still-closed containers (polystyrene accuvettes with polyethylene caps), shared between the two ion chromatographic systems, online filtered (0.45 microm Teflon membrane) and pre-concentrated (anions and cations pre-concentration columns) using a flow analysis system, thus avoiding uptake of contaminants from the laboratory atmosphere. Sensitivity, linear range, reproducibility and detection limit were evaluated for each chemical species. Anion or cation detection limits ranged from 0.01 to 0.15 microgL(-1) by using a relatively small sample volume (1.5 mL). Such values are significantly lower than those reported in literature for almost all the components. These methods were successfully applied to the analysis of cations and anions at trace levels in the Dome C ice core. The composition of the atmospheric aerosol for the last 850 kyr was reconstructed by high-resolution continuous chemical stratigraphies. Concentration trends in the last nine glacial-interglacial climatic cycles were shown and briefly discussed.

Compreensão de sentido em psicoterapia: o acontecimento no encontro / Understanding the sense in psychotherapy. The meeting as an event

A compreensão do cliente, considerando o cenário da psicoterapia, se dá não somente pelo que é enunciado em linguagem verbal, mas sim, por sua presença como um todo. Há uma atitude de cuidado que se dá especificamente na relação cliente-terapeuta que favorece essa compreensão. Defende-se que a compreensão sempre parte de uma compreensão prévia para interpretar o que se mostra articuladamente no discurso do cliente. Por isso, a teoria ou referencial clínico do terapeuta; a sua visão de homem e de mundo; e sua experiência são decisivos para tal compreensão. O objetivo é refletir e entender como se dá a compreensão do sentido do cliente por parte do terapeuta, admitindo que o terapeuta sempre parte de uma compreensão prévia. O desenvolvimento deste trabalho ocorreu com relatos de situações clínicas da pesquisadora, alinhavando o conhecimento aprendido pela experiência e, buscando em autores e principalmente em Heidegger, contribuições para ampliar a reflexão acerca do que se dá no acontecimento do encontro cliente-terapeuta. É trazido o conceito de téchne em oposição à técnica para apresentar o procedimento da psicoterapia. Noções básicas da fenomenologia existencial são apresentadas para situar o leitor de onde partem os pensamentos da autora e sua visão de homem e mundo. A apresentação dos existenciais de Heidegger disposição (Befindlichkeit), compreensão (Verstehen) e linguagem (Rede) fazem-se pertinente como abertura de mundo que oferecem a experiência na relação, fazendo assim, oposição à ideia de que o acesso ao conhecimento ao outro, e ao mundo, se dá via teórica. Dessa forma a linguagem verbal e não verbal como o corpo, o gesto, o tom de voz e tudo o que se apresenta são elementos fundamentais

The comprehension about the client, considering the psychotherapys scenario, is given not only by what is stated in verbal language but by his whole presence. There is a caring attitude that is given specifically in the client-therapist relationship that promotes such comprehension. It is argued that comprehension always came from a previous understanding to interpret what is present, articulately, on client's speech. For this reason, the theory or clinical therapist reference, their vision of men and world and their experience are crucial to this understanding. The purpose is to meditate and understand how occurs the comprehension of the client's meaning by the therapist, admitting that the therapist always comes from a previous comprehension. The development of this research took place with reports of clinical experiences lived by the researcher, adding knowledge learned by the experience and seeking to authors and particularly in Heidegger, contributions to increase the reflection about what happens in the event of the client-therapist encounter. I introduce the concept of téchne as opposed to the technique to present the psychotherapy procedure. Basic concepts of existential phenomenology are presented in order to situate the reader about from where my thoughts and ideas about men and world came from. The presentation of existential concepts as disposition (Befindlichkeit), comprehension (Verstehen) and language (Rede) are relevant as world's opening and offer the experience inside the relationship, thus, opposed to the idea that the access to the knowledge about the other and about the world is given theoretically. Therefore, the verbal and non-verbal language and body gesture, tone of voice and everything that is presented are crucial elements