Chemotherapy versus Hypomethylating Agents for the Treatment of Relapsed Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant.

Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) is a potentially curative treatment for high-risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). For patients with relapsed disease after transplantation, intensive chemotherapy followed by donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) or a second allo-SCT may result in a durable response in some patients. High-intensity chemotherapy and less aggressive therapy with hypomethylating agents (HAs) with and without DLI are often used for relapse after allo-SCT. Here we compared the treatment outcomes of intensive chemotherapy with that of HAs in relapsed AML and MDS after allo-SCT. Patients who had received a second SCT within 90 days of the relapse date were excluded. The primary endpoints were overall response rate (ORR) and overall survival (OS). Secondary endpoints were complete remission (CR) rate and progression-free survival (PFS). One hundred patients were included: 73 patients received chemotherapy and 27 patients received an HA. Fifty-six percent of patients in the chemotherapy group and 33% of patients in the HA group received at least 1 DLI after treatment. Treatment with chemotherapy resulted in a higher ORR (51% versus 19%, P = .004) and a higher CR rate (40% versus 7%, P = .002). The median OS (6 versus 3.9 months, P = .01) and PFS (4.9 versus 3.8 months, P = .02) were longer in the chemotherapy group. Similar benefit of chemotherapy over HAs was maintained in all treatment outcomes after controlling for the use of DLI. The use of chemotherapy followed by DLI offered the greatest benefit (ORR, 68%; CR, 59%, 1-year OS, 44%; and median OS, 9.8 months). In conclusion, in our hands, with limited numbers, the use of more conventional salvage chemotherapy, with DLI when possible, for the treatment of relapsed AML and MDS after allo-SCT is associated with better outcomes than nonchemotherapy (HA) options.

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura - analysis of clinical features, laboratory characteristics and therapeutic outcome of 24 patients treated at a Tertiary Care Center in Saudi Arabia.

OBJECTIVE: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a life-threatening disease. The primary aim was overall response rate (ORR) assessment in the treated patients. METHODS: This retrospective study included 24 patients treated during 2006-2015. TTP patients with microangiopathic hemolysis (MAHA) and thrombocytopenia were included. We analyzed clinical features, laboratory characteristics and treatment outcomes of 24 TTP patients treated at our tertiary care center (KFMC). RESULTS: Twenty-four TTP patients (18 females; 6 males) had a mean age of 33.5±13.9 years; 22(91%) had neurologic features, 7(29%) fever, 10(42%) renal impairment; 4(20.83%) cardiac manifestations; 22(91.7%) had triad with additional neurologic abnormalities; only 2(8.2%) had pentad of TTP. Majority (54.16%) had idiopathic TTP. All patients received therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE); 23(95.8%) received adjunctive corticosteroids and 13(54.2%) received rituximab either due to refractoriness to TPE on ~day7, or earlier. Twenty-one out of 24 (87.5%) achieved complete remission (CR) without any subsequent relapse. At 22 months (median, range 1-113), 20 patients (83.3%) are alive at the time of report. Three patients died during acute episode because of sever disease or delayed treatment and one died in CR. CONCLUSION: TPE, steroids and or rituximab was very effective in preventing high risk of mortality and achieving durable CR in 87.5% of patients. More awareness is needed for early diagnosis and early referral to centers with appropriate tertiary care facilities..

A phase 1/2 study of chemosensitization with the CXCR4 antagonist plerixafor in relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia.

The interaction of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) blasts with the leukemic microenvironment is postulated to be an important mediator of resistance to chemotherapy and disease relapse. We hypothesized that inhibition of the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis by the small molecule inhibitor, plerixafor, would disrupt the interaction of leukemic blasts with the environment and increase the sensitivity of AML blasts to chemotherapy. In this phase 1/2 study, 52 patients with relapsed or refractory AML were treated with plerixafor in combination with mitoxantrone, etoposide, and cytarabine. In phase 1, plerixafor was escalated to a maximum of 0.24 mg/kg/d without any dose-limiting toxicities. In phase 2, 46 patients were treated with plerixafor 0.24 mg/kg/d in combination with chemotherapy with an overall complete remission and complete remission with incomplete blood count recovery rate (CR + CRi) of 46%. Correlative studies demonstrated a 2-fold mobilization in leukemic blasts into the peripheral circulation. No evidence of symptomatic hyperleukocytosis or delayed count recovery was observed with the addition of plerixafor. We conclude that the addition of plerixafor to cytotoxic chemotherapy is feasible in AML, and results in encouraging rates of remission with correlative studies demonstrating in vivo evidence of disruption of the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis.

Management of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries: A consensus report from the GCC Adult ALL Working Group.

Leukemia burden is growing in the Gulf Council Cooperation (GCC) countries. Nonetheless, there is no unified protocol for managing adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients in the GCC-countries. Therefore, the GCC Adult-ALL Treaters working group developed this consensus to address the adult-ALL treatment protocols in the GCC-countries and related toxicities' management. Besides, the consensus aimed to highlight the current unmet needs and treatment gaps and provide recommendations to optimize adult-ALL care and patient-centered communication. A three-step modified Delphi method to develop evidence-based recommendations through two-voting rounds and in-between virtual meetings are used in the manuscript development. A 12 experts' panel from five GCC-countries and two international experts were invited to participate in this consensus. This consensus consisted of 35-statements that highlighted the experts' recommendations to optimize ALL adults' care in the first line setting and manage pediatric or pediatric-inspired regimens-related toxicities. Besides, guidance was provided for future research direction and improve patient-centered communication. In conclusion, the adult-ALL management landscape is evolving, and the current evidence highlights better response and survival outcomes with pediatric or pediatric-inspired regiments. Therefore, protocols are needed to optimize the adult-ALL management in the GCC and tailored clinical-trials findings according to the GCC patients' characteristics and local-healthcare infrastructure.

The Successful Implementation of a Modified Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Protocol to Treat an Elderly Patient With T-cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Case Report.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a group of hematological malignancies most commonly seen in pediatrics. The disease process localizes in lymphoid organs, the central nervous system, the mediastinum, and bone marrow (BM). The clinical features of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) in adults include evidence of generalized lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, immunosuppression, and hypercalcemia. There is limited research on the efficacy of using modified pediatric treatment regimens in the elderly over the age of 60 with ALL; this case report aims to illustrate the successful treatment of a 67-year-old male patient diagnosed with T-ALL, using a modified Children's Oncology Group (COG) protocol. Through this, it has been shown to be an effective, safe, and efficacious treatment option for our patient.

Favorable outcome of PML-RARα short isoform and FLT3-ITD mutation in a patient with several adverse prognostic markers: A case report.

Key Clinical Message: Complete molecular remission in a "variant APL" patient with short isoform of PML-RARα and FLT3-ITD mutation was achieved in response to ATRA and ATO plus IDA instead of standard treatment protocol. The use of FLT3 inhibitor in APL induction management is implicated to prevent differentiation syndrome and coagulopathy experienced in in patients with FLT3-ITD. Abstract: FLT3-ITD mutations are the most common activating mutations in FLT3 gene, occurring in about 12 to 38% of acute promyelocytic leukemia cases, and are mainly associated with high white blood cell counts and poor clinical outcomes. Here, we present a case of APL variant with adverse prognostic features who showed short isoform [bcr3] of PML-RARα and FLT3-ITD mutation at diagnosis. The patient received all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO) plus idarubicin (IDA) instead of standard treatment protocol, and achieved a complete morphological, cytogenetic and molecular response. However, the patient experienced differentiation syndrome, and coagulopathy that was subsequently resolved by continuous oxygen therapy, dexamethasone, and enoxaparin. The use of FLT3 inhibitor in APL induction management is implicated to prevent differentiation syndrome and coagulopathy in patients with FLT3-ITD mutation.

Durable remission of a patient with primary cutaneous CD8+ aggressive epidermotropic cytotoxic T-cell lymphoma.

Primary cutaneous CD8+ aggressive epidermotropic cytotoxic T-cell lymphoma (CD8+ PCAETL) is a rare disease characterized by aggressive clinical course and short survival. All available data are extracted from case reports and case series. The outcome is dismal and only two reported cases were cured after several lines of therapies including stem cell transplant. We herein present the case of a patient with CD8+ PCAETL who presented with rapidly progressive skin lesions and systemic symptoms. He was treated with aggressive multiagent chemotherapy comprising cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone alternating with high-dose methotrexate and cytarabine (hyper-CVAD). The treatment resulted in durable complete remission with no evidence of disease recurrence after 58 months of follow-up. This is the first reported case of durable remission after first-line treatment.

Clinical course and outcomes of COVID-19 in hematopoietic cell transplant patients, a regional report from the Middle East.

The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a potentially lethal infection. Cancer patients, and specifically hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients are severely immunocompromised and may be at a higher risk of a complicated course with this infection. We aimed to study the COVID-19 outcomes and severity in post HCT patients. We retrospectively reviewed post-HCT patients diagnosed with COVID-19 between March 15, 2020, and December 1, 2020 at 10 transplant centers across the Middle East. We identified 91 patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection across 10 transplant centers. The median age upon presentation with COVID-19 was 35. Fifty two patients were post allo-HCT while the remaining 39 patients were post auto-HCT. The median time from transplant was 14.9 months. Mortality rate was 4.4%. Hospital admission rate was 53%. ICU admission rate was 14%. Mechanical ventilation rate was 10%. Oxygen supplementation rate was 18%. Time from HCT to COVID-19 >6 months was associated with lower admission rates and lower rates of the "severity" composite endpoint. Antibody responses was seen 67% of evaluable patients. In this series of HCT recipients, we report overall favorable clinical outcomes for patients with COVID-19 and provide preliminary insights into the clinical course of this disease in this specific population.

Prolonged Survival of a Patient with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in Accelerated Phase with Recurrent Isolated Central Nervous System Blast Crisis.

BACKGROUND Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is usually a tri-phasic myeloproliferative neoplasm, characterized by the presence of the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene, derived from a balanced translocation, t(9;22)(q34;q11). BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) are used to treat patients with CML. The addition of pegylated interferon-alpha2b to imatinib or dasatinib results in promising deep molecular responses. Because imatinib shows poor penetration into the central nervous system (CNS), the CNS may become a sanctuary site in patients on prolonged imatinib therapy for CML. It is extremely rare for the blast phase in patients with chronic phase CML to affect the CNS without concomitant bone marrow involvement. CASE REPORT This report describes a 57-year-old woman who was diagnosed with accelerated phase (AP) CML and failed high dose imatinib therapy. Despite achieving an excellent molecular response to dasatinib in 6 months, she developed recurrent isolated CNS blast crisis. Survival was prolonged after treatment with intrathecal chemotherapy and whole-brain radiation therapy combined with dasatinib. After achieving long and deep molecular remission with dasatinib and a few months of pegylated interferon-alpha2a, she lived for 18 months in treatment-free-remission (TFR). At age 65 years, she died of progressive rectal carcinoma with septic shock, cancer-related venous thromboembolism, and a possible autoimmune disorder. CONCLUSIONS This patient with accelerated phase CML and 2 isolated CNS blast crises died in TFR 8.5 years after her initial diagnosis and 7.5 years after her first isolated CNS blast crisis. Survival resulted from tailoring of therapies around her comorbidities.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Presenting as Hematoma of the Hand Due to Acquired Inhibitors to Factor VIII: Early and Prolonged Remission Achieved with Upfront Rituximab.

Acquired hemophilia is a rare autoimmune disorder that is a result of antibodies against clotting factor VIII and it presents with excessive or prolonged bleeding, often into the muscles. Thrombotic phenomena with lupus anticoagulant are common in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We report a rare case of a young female with no significant past medical history presenting with hematoma of the hand who was later on found to have acquired hemophilia, SLE with antiphospholipid antibodies (APLA). She was successfully treated with upfront rituximab and prednisolone leading to early and prolonged remission. No increased incidence of infections was noted. Upfront rituximab appears to be a safe and effective option in the management of such patients when compared to use of cytotoxic agents such as cyclophosphamide; however, further data from randomized studies is needed. Neutropenia and acquired hemophilia should also be considered to be listed under hematological manifestations of SLE diagnostic criteria, as they are not uncommon in such patients.

CD56 and RUNX1 isoforms in AML prognosis and their therapeutic potential.

Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM/CD56) expression in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has been associated with extramedullary leukemia, multidrug resistance, shorter remission and survival. Recently, Bloomfield et al. published a succinct review of issues surrounding the AML prognostication and current therapeutics. However, we want to reiterate the prognostic value and therapeutic potential of CD56 that is frequently expressed in AML as was also reported by their own group earlier. In addition, novel RUNX1 isoforms contribute in controlling CD56 expression in AML cells. Anti-CD56 antibody therapy deserves exploration as an arsenal against AML patients expressing CD56. Relevantly, targeting RNA splicing machinery or RUNX1 isoform-specific siRNA may also become part of future therapeutic strategies for AML with CD56 overexpression.

Advances in stem cell mobilization.

The use of mobilized peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) has largely replaced the use of bone marrow as a source of stem cells for both allogeneic and autologous stem cell transplantation. G-CSF with or without chemotherapy is the most commonly used regimen for stem cell mobilization. Some donors or patients, especially the heavily pretreated patients, fail to mobilize the targeted number of stem cells with this regimen. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) trafficking could lead to the development of newer mobilizing agents and therapeutic approaches. This review will cover the current methods for stem cell mobilization and recent developments in the understanding of the biology of stem cells and the bone marrow microenvironment.