Choroid plexus-derived miR-204 regulates the number of quiescent neural stem cells in the adult brain.

Regulation of adult neural stem cell (NSC) number is critical for lifelong neurogenesis. Here, we identified a post-transcriptional control mechanism, centered around the microRNA 204 (miR-204), to control the maintenance of quiescent (q)NSCs. miR-204 regulates a spectrum of transcripts involved in cell cycle regulation, neuronal migration, and differentiation in qNSCs. Importantly, inhibition of miR-204 function reduced the number of qNSCs in the subependymal zone (SEZ) by inducing pre-mature activation and differentiation of NSCs without changing their neurogenic potential. Strikingly, we identified the choroid plexus of the mouse lateral ventricle as the major source of miR-204 that is released into the cerebrospinal fluid to control number of NSCs within the SEZ. Taken together, our results describe a novel mechanism to maintain adult somatic stem cells by a niche-specific miRNA repressing activation and differentiation of stem cells.

Home Dialysis: A Majority Chooses It, a Minority Gets It.

INTRODUCTION: When choosing a modality for outpatient renal replacement therapy, patients and medical providers have 3 options to choose from in-center hemodialysis (HD), home HD (HHD), and peritoneal dialysis (PD). In 2017, just over 10% of incident ESKD patients were on a home dialysis modality. We set out to determine outcomes of dialysis modality education in both pre-dialysis and dialysis patients. Moreover, we examined barriers that preclude patients from choosing home dialysis. METHODS: This was a single-center, retrospective study looking at patients who were referred to the CKD educator for dialysis modality education between January 1, 2019, and March 31, 2020. Patient demographics, preferred language of communication, stage of renal disease, and reasons for patients' refusal to undertake a home dialysis modality were recorded. Patients' average household income and driving distance to our home dialysis unit were calculated using their home zip code. RESULTS: 167 patients were referred for CKD education. Mean age was 60 years, and 59% male, 42% African American, 22% White, 7% Asian, and 28% were Hispanic or Latino. Only 23% of the total cohort chose in-center HD, while 74% chose a home dialysis modality (59% PD and 15% HHD), and the remaining patients remained undecided. 56% of in-center HD patients chose a home dialysis modality. The most commonly cited barriers to home dialysis were lack of a care partner, lack of home space, and patient preference. LIMITATIONS: Over 90% of our patients reside in NY City where home space is limited. We require in our home HD program that patients have a trained care partner present during their treatments. We cannot assume that all CKD stage-4 patients or higher were either referred for CKD education or followed through on the referral. CONCLUSIONS: A large discrepancy between informed patients' choices and the reality of the current dialysis landscape. Absence of a care partner, lack of home space, and patients not deemed appropriate surgical candidates were the main driving forces in their not opting for a home modality.

Switching the manufacturer of antiepileptic drugs is associated with higher risk of seizures: A nationwide study of prescription data in Germany.

OBJECTIVE: Despite bioequivalence, the exchangeability of antiepileptic drugs in clinical settings is disputed. Therefore, we investigated the risk for recurrent seizures after switching the manufacturer of the same drug in a large German cohort. METHODS: Anonymous patient data from practice neurologists throughout Germany between 2011 and 2016 were collected using the IMS Disease Analyzer database (QuintilesIMS, Frankfurt, Germany). People with epilepsy were included if at least 2 prescriptions within 360 days and 1 within 180 days prior to the index date were available. The cohort was separated into a seizure group and seizure-free controls. Both groups were matched 1:1 according to age, gender, insurance status, and treating physician. The risk for breakthrough seizures after a manufacturer switch of the same antiepileptic drug was analyzed using multivariate regression models. RESULTS: A total of 3,530 people with epilepsy were included (each group, n = 1,765; age = 53.7 ± 19.8 years). Patients with seizures had switched the drug manufacturer more often than controls (26.8% vs 14.2%; odds ratio [OR] = 1.35, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.08-1.69, p = 0.009), both from branded to generic (5.5% vs 2.4%; OR = 1.85, 95% CI = 1.30-2.64, p < 0.001) and between generic drugs (14.7% vs 7.1%; OR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.13-1.87, p = 0.004). INTERPRETATION: In previously seizure-free patients, switching the manufacturer of antiepileptic medications was associated with a higher risk for seizure recurrence. Our retrospective approach does not allow us to determine whether other changes in medical care at the same time could contribute to the recurrence. However, it would be prudent to avoid switching the manufacturer of anticonvulsants in seizure-free patients. Ann Neurol 2018;84:918-925.

Afterdischarges elicited by cortical electric stimulation in humans: When do they occur and what do they mean?

INTRODUCTION: Afterdischarges (ADs) are a common and unwanted byproduct of direct cortical stimulation during invasive electroencephalography (EEG) recordings. Brief pulse stimulation (BPS) can sometimes terminate ADs. This study investigated AD characteristics and their relevance for emergence of stimulation seizures. In addition, AD response to BPS was analyzed. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Invasive EEG recordings including mapping with direct cortical stimulation in patients with refractory epilepsy at the Erlangen Epilepsy Center were retrospectively reviewed. Afterdischarge defined as stimulation-induced rhythmic epileptiform discharges of more than a two-second duration were analyzed regarding incidence, localization, duration, propagation pattern, morphology, and seizure emergence. In addition, the influence of AD characteristics and stimulation settings on BPS success rate was studied. RESULTS: A number of 4261 stimulation trials in 20 patients were investigated. Afterdischarge occurred in 518 trials (14.2%) and lasted 12.4 s (standard deviation [SD]: 8.6 s) on average. We elicited ADs in the seizure onset zone (SOZ) (n = 64; 19.4%), the irritative zone (n = 105, 20.0%), and outside the irritative area (n = 222, 12.5%). Rhythmic spikes (30.5%) and spike-wave complexes (30.3%) represented predominant morphologies. Afterdischarge morphology in the SOZ and hippocampus differed from other areas with polyspikes and sequential spikes being the most common types there (p = 0.0005; p < 0.0001 respectively). Hippocampal ADs were particularly frequent (n = 50, 38.2%) and long-lasting (mean: 16.6, SD: 8.3 s). Brief pulse stimulation was applied in 18.1% of the AD trials (n = 94) and was successful in 37.4% (n = 40). Success rates were highest when BPS was delivered within 9.5 s (p = 0.0048) and in ADs of spike-wave morphology (p = 0.0004). Fifteen clinical seizures emerged from ADs (3.55%), mostly evolving from sequential spikes. Afterdischarges in patients with stimulation seizures appeared more widespread (p < 0.0001) and lasted longer (mean duration 7.0 s) than in those without (mean duration 21.0 s, p = 0.0054). CONCLUSION: Afterdischarges appear in the epileptogenic and nonepileptogenic cortex. Duration and propagation patterns can help to quantify the risk of stimulation seizures, with sequential spikes being most susceptible to seizure elucidation. The hippocampus is highly sensitive to AD release. Brief pulse stimulation is a safe and efficacious way to terminate ADs, especially when delivered quickly after AD onset.

A Real-World Precision Medicine Program Including the KidneyIntelX Test Effectively Changes Management Decisions and Outcomes for Patients With Early-Stage Diabetic Kidney Disease.

INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVE: The KidneyIntelX is a multiplex, bioprognostic, immunoassay consisting of 3 plasma biomarkers and clinical variables that uses machine learning to predict a patient's risk for a progressive decline in kidney function over 5 years. We report the 1-year pre- and post-test clinical impact on care management, eGFR slope, and A1C along with engagement of population health clinical pharmacists and patient coordinators to promote a program of sustainable kidney, metabolic, and cardiac health. METHODS: The KidneyIntelX in vitro prognostic test was previously validated for patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) to predict kidney function decline within 5 years was introduced into the RWE study (NCT04802395) across the Health System as part of a population health chronic disease management program from [November 2020 to April 2023]. Pre- and post-test patients with a minimum of 12 months of follow-up post KidneyIntelX were assessed across all aspects of the program. RESULTS: A total of 5348 patients with DKD had a KidneyIntelX assay. The median age was 68 years old, 52% were female, 27% self-identified as Black, and 89% had hypertension. The median baseline eGFR was 62 ml/min/1.73 m2, urine albumin-creatinine ratio was 54 mg/g, and A1C was 7.3%. The KidneyIntelX risk level was low in 49%, intermediate in 40%, and high in 11% of cases. New prescriptions for SGLT2i, GLP-1 RA, or referral to a specialist were noted in 19%, 33%, and 43% among low-, intermediate-, and high-risk patients, respectively. The median A1C decreased from 8.2% pre-test to 7.5% post-test in the high-risk group (P < .001). UACR levels in the intermediate-risk patients with albuminuria were reduced by 20%, and in a subgroup treated with new scripts for SGLT2i, UACR levels were lowered by approximately 50%. The median eGFR slope improved from -7.08 ml/min/1.73 m2/year to -4.27 ml/min/1.73 m2/year in high-risk patients (P = .0003), -2.65 to -1.04 in intermediate risk, and -3.26 ml/min/1.73 m2/year to +0.45 ml/min/1.73 m2/year in patients with low-risk (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Deployment and risk stratification by KidneyIntelX was associated with an escalation in action taken to optimize cardio-kidney-metabolic health including medications and specialist referrals. Glycemic control and kidney function trajectories improved post-KidneyIntelX testing, with the greatest improvements observed in those scored as high-risk.

Continuous monitoring with wearables in multiple sclerosis reveals an association of cardiac autonomic dysfunction with disease severity.

Background: Dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system is common in multiple sclerosis patients, and probably present years before diagnosis, but its role in the disease is poorly understood. Objectives: To study the autonomic nervous system in patients with multiple sclerosis using cardiac autonomic regulation measured with a wearable. Methods: In a two-week study, we present a method to standardize the measurement of heart rate variability using a wearable sensor that allows the investigation of circadian trends. Using this method, we investigate the relationship of cardiac autonomic dysfunction with clinical hallmarks and subjective burden of fatigue and autonomic symptoms. Results: In 55 patients with multiple sclerosis and 24 healthy age- and gender-matched controls, we assessed the cumulative circadian heart-rate variability trend of two weeks. The trend analysis revealed an effect of inflammation (P = 0.0490, SMD = -0.5466) and progressive neurodegeneration (P = 0.0016, SMD = 1.1491) on cardiac autonomic function. No association with subjective symptoms could be found. Conclusions: Trend-based heart rate variability measured with a wearable provides the opportunity for unobtrusive long-term assessment of autonomic functions in patients with multiple sclerosis. It revealed a general dysregulation in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Transcriptional cooperation of PBX1 and PAX6 in adult neural progenitor cells.

PAX6 is a highly conserved transcription factor and key regulator of several neurogenic processes, including the continuous generation of dopaminergic/GABAergic interneurons in the adult ventricular-subventricular (V-SVZ) neurogenic system in mice. Here we report that PAX6 cooperates with the TALE-homeodomain transcription factor PBX1 in this context. Chromatin-immunoprecipitation showed that PBX1 and PAX6 co-occupy shared genomic binding sites in adult V-SVZ stem- and progenitor cell cultures and mouse embryonic stem cells, while depletion of Pbx1 revealed that association of PAX6 with these sites requires the presence of PBX1. Expression profiling together with viral overexpression or knockdown of Pax6 or Pbx1 identified novel PBX1-PAX6 co-regulated genes, including several transcription factors. Computational modeling of genome wide expression identified novel cross-regulatory networks among these very transcription factors. Taken together, the results presented here highlight the intimate link that exists between PAX6 and TALE-HD family proteins and contribute novel insights into how the orchestrated activity of transcription factors shapes adult V-SVZ neurogenesis.

Duplicate Detection of Spike Events: A Relevant Problem in Human Single-Unit Recordings.

Single-unit recordings in the brain of behaving human subjects provide a unique opportunity to advance our understanding of neural mechanisms of cognition. These recordings are exclusively performed in medical centers during diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. The presence of medical instruments along with other aspects of the hospital environment limit the control of electrical noise compared to animal laboratory environments. Here, we highlight the problem of an increased occurrence of simultaneous spike events on different recording channels in human single-unit recordings. Most of these simultaneous events were detected in clusters previously labeled as artifacts and showed similar waveforms. These events may result from common external noise sources or from different micro-electrodes recording activity from the same neuron. To address the problem of duplicate recorded events, we introduce an open-source algorithm to identify these artificial spike events based on their synchronicity and waveform similarity. Applying our method to a comprehensive dataset of human single-unit recordings, we demonstrate that our algorithm can substantially increase the data quality of these recordings. Given our findings, we argue that future studies of single-unit activity recorded under noisy conditions should employ algorithms of this kind to improve data quality.

Age-dependent clinical outcomes in primary versus oral anticoagulation-related intracerebral hemorrhage.

AIMS: This study determined the influence of age on bleeding characteristics and clinical outcomes in primary spontaneous (non-OAC), vitamin K antagonist-related (VKA-) and non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant-related (NOAC-) ICH. METHODS: Pooled individual patient data of multicenter cohort studies were analyzed by logistic regression modelling and propensity-score-matching (PSM) to explore the influence of advanced age on clinical outcomes among non-OAC-, VKA-, and NOAC-ICH. Primary outcome measure was functional outcome at three months assessed by the modified Rankin Scale, dichotomized into favorable (mRS = 0-3) and unfavorable (mRS = 4-6) functional outcome. Secondary outcome measures included mortality, hematoma characteristics, and frequency of invasive interventions. RESULTS: In VKA-ICH 33.5% (670/2001), in NOAC-ICH 44.2% (69/156) and in non-OAC-ICH 25.2% (254/1009) of the patients were ≥80 years. After adjustment for treatment interventions and relevant parameters, elderly ICH patients comprised worse functional outcome at three months (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) in VKA-ICH: 1.49 (1.21-1.84); p < 0.001; NOAC-ICH: 2.01 (0.95-4.26); p = 0.069; non-OAC-ICH: 3.54 (2.50-5.03); p < 0.001). Anticoagulation was significantly associated with worse functional outcome below the age of 70 years, (aOR: 2.38 (1.78-3.16); p < 0.001), but not in patients of ≥70 years (aOR: 1.21 (0.89-1.65); p = 0.217). The differences in initial ICH volume and extent of ICH enlargement between OAC-ICH and non-OAC-ICH gradually decreased with increasing patient age. CONCLUSIONS: As compared to elderly ICH-patients, in patients <70 years OAC-ICH showed worse clinical outcomes compared to non-OAC-ICH because of larger baseline ICH-volumes and extent of hematoma enlargement. Treatment strategies aiming at neutralizing altered coagulation should be aware of these findings.

Two distinct application habits for propofol: an observational study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In total intravenous anaesthesia, two different application modes for propofol are widely used: infusion by means of manually controlled infusion pumps, and infusion by means of microprocessor-controlled infusion pumps operating according to pharmacokinetic algorithms (target controlled infusion, TCI). The parallel use of these two methods in our department by various anaesthetists offered the opportunity to retrospectively compare both application patterns regarding clinical effects and drug consumption. METHODS: Ninety-six anaesthesia records from general anaesthesias with propofol and opioids from gynaecological laparoscopic operations were retrospectively evaluated. Forty-eight records were derived from six anaesthetists using manual propofol infusion (retrospective allocation to group C) and 48 other records from six anaesthetists using TCI infusion (retrospective allocation to group M). We assessed the intraoperative haemodynamic course, drug consumption, awakening time and postoperative side effects. RESULTS: The awakening time after TCI was significantly shorter than after manual propofol infusion (M: 4.9 +/- 3.1 min vs. C: 9.9 +/- 5.7 min). We observed a nonsignificantly rarer occurrence of postoperative side effects such as postoperative nausea and vomiting and pain. Only insignificant differences in drug consumption could be found. CONCLUSION: Both observed application patterns for propofol showed similar clinical profiles. Using TCI, awakening time was 5 min earlier than with manual infusion mode, thus showing a potential pharmaco-economical advantage in anaesthesias for gynaecological laparoscopy. The detected differences did not have a statistically significant influence on the early postoperative outcome.

PECLIDES Neuro: A Personalisable Clinical Decision Support System for Neurological Diseases.

Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's impact millions of people worldwide. Early diagnosis has proven to greatly increase the chances of slowing down the diseases' progression. Correct diagnosis often relies on the analysis of large amounts of patient data, and thus lends itself well to support from machine learning algorithms, which are able to learn from past diagnosis and see clearly through the complex interactions of a patient's symptoms and data. Unfortunately, many contemporary machine learning techniques fail to reveal details about how they reach their conclusions, a property considered fundamental when providing a diagnosis. Here we introduce our Personalisable Clinical Decision Support System (PECLIDES), an algorithmic process formulated to address this specific fault in diagnosis detection. PECLIDES provides a clear insight into the decision-making process leading to a diagnosis, making it a gray box model. Our algorithm enriches the fundamental work of Masheyekhi and Gras in data integration, personal medicine, usability, visualization, and interactivity. Our decision support system is an operation of translational medicine. It is based on random forests, is personalisable and allows a clear insight into the decision-making process. A well-structured rule set is created and every rule of the decision-making process can be observed by the user (physician). Furthermore, the user has an impact on the creation of the final rule set and the algorithm allows the comparison of different diseases as well as regional differences in the same disease. The algorithm is applicable to various decision problems. In this paper we will evaluate it on diagnosing neurological diseases and therefore refer to the algorithm as PECLIDES Neuro.

Deep Convolutional Neural Network-Assisted Feature Extraction for Diagnostic Discrimination and Feature Visualization in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) versus Autoimmune Pancreatitis (AIP).

The differentiation of autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) poses a relevant diagnostic challenge and can lead to misdiagnosis and consequently poor patient outcome. Recent studies have shown that radiomics-based models can achieve high sensitivity and specificity in predicting both entities. However, radiomic features can only capture low level representations of the input image. In contrast, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) can learn and extract more complex representations which have been used for image classification to great success. In our retrospective observational study, we performed a deep learning-based feature extraction using CT-scans of both entities and compared the predictive value against traditional radiomic features. In total, 86 patients, 44 with AIP and 42 with PDACs, were analyzed. Whole pancreas segmentation was automatically performed on CT-scans during the portal venous phase. The segmentation masks were manually checked and corrected if necessary. In total, 1411 radiomic features were extracted using PyRadiomics and 256 features (deep features) were extracted using an intermediate layer of a convolutional neural network (CNN). After feature selection and normalization, an extremely randomized trees algorithm was trained and tested using a two-fold shuffle-split cross-validation with a test sample of 20% (n = 18) to discriminate between AIP or PDAC. Feature maps were plotted and visual difference was noted. The machine learning (ML) model achieved a sensitivity, specificity, and ROC-AUC of 0.89 ± 0.11, 0.83 ± 0.06, and 0.90 ± 0.02 for the deep features and 0.72 ± 0.11, 0.78 ± 0.06, and 0.80 ± 0.01 for the radiomic features. Visualization of feature maps indicated different activation patterns for AIP and PDAC. We successfully trained a machine learning model using deep feature extraction from CT-images to differentiate between AIP and PDAC. In comparison to traditional radiomic features, deep features achieved a higher sensitivity, specificity, and ROC-AUC. Visualization of deep features could further improve the diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive differentiation of AIP and PDAC.

Quantitative EEG After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Predicts Long-Term Functional Outcome.

PURPOSE: Delayed cerebral ischemia is a major complication after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Our previous study showed that alpha power reduction in continuous quantitative EEG predicts delayed cerebral ischemia. In this prospective cohort, we aimed to determine the prognostic value of alpha power in quantitative EEG for the long-term outcome of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. METHODS: Adult patients with nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage were included if admitted early enough for EEG to start within 72 hours after symptom onset. Continuous six-channel EEG was applied. Unselected EEG signals underwent automated artifact rejection, power spectral analysis, and detrending. Alpha power decline of ≥40% for ≥5 hours was defined as critical EEG event based on previous findings. Six-month outcome was obtained using the modified Rankin scale. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients were included (14 male; mean age, 59 years; Hunt and Hess grade I-IV; duration of EEG monitoring, median 14 days). Poor outcome (modified Rankin scale, 2-5) was noted in 11 of 16 patients (69%) with critical EEG events. All six patients (100%) without EEG events achieved an excellent outcome (modified Rankin scale 0, 1) (P = 0.0062; sensitivity 100%, specificity 54.5%). Vasospasm detected with transcranial Doppler/Duplex sonography appeared 1.5 days after EEG events and showed weaker association with outcome (P = 0.035; sensitivity 100%, specificity 45.5%). There was no significant association between EEG events and ischemic lesions on imaging (P = 0.1). Also, no association between ischemic lesions and outcome was seen (P = 0.64). CONCLUSIONS: Stable alpha power in quantitative EEG reflects successful therapy and predicts good functional outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Critical alpha power reduction indicates an increased risk of poor functional outcome.

Relationships Between Childhood Experiences and Adulthood Outcomes in Women with PKU: A Qualitative Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The enduring impact of the childhood experiences of people with phenylketonuria (PKU) on their adulthood outcomes is equivocal. As the effect of childhood experiences on adulthood is well documented amongst the general population, the aim of this study was to explore childhood experiences considered significant by women with PKU as they relate to adult experiences and management of PKU, and psychological wellbeing. METHOD: Eight women with PKU in South Australia underwent semi-structured interviews. The audio-recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Interviews revealed that feeling different to peers as a child, challenges with management of the condition during adolescence, parental and extended family support, and the perception of PKU as a burden during childhood were associated with adulthood experiences. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, it is proposed that these childhood factors have a combined, long-term impact. These findings have significant clinical implications, suggesting that early psychosocial intervention relating to these identified childhood experiences has the potential to enhance positive outcomes for adults with PKU.

MEIS homeodomain proteins facilitate PARP1/ARTD1-mediated eviction of histone H1.

Pre-B-cell leukemia homeobox (PBX) and myeloid ecotropic viral integration site (MEIS) proteins control cell fate decisions in many physiological and pathophysiological contexts, but how these proteins function mechanistically remains poorly defined. Focusing on the first hours of neuronal differentiation of adult subventricular zone-derived stem/progenitor cells, we describe a sequence of events by which PBX-MEIS facilitates chromatin accessibility of transcriptionally inactive genes: In undifferentiated cells, PBX1 is bound to the H1-compacted promoter/proximal enhancer of the neuron-specific gene doublecortin (Dcx) Once differentiation is induced, MEIS associates with chromatin-bound PBX1, recruits PARP1/ARTD1, and initiates PARP1-mediated eviction of H1 from the chromatin fiber. These results for the first time link MEIS proteins to PARP-regulated chromatin dynamics and provide a mechanistic basis to explain the profound cellular changes elicited by these proteins.

Promoting psychological well-being in women with phenylketonuria: Pregnancy-related stresses, coping strategies and supports.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the pregnancy-related stresses anticipated and experienced by women with phenylketonuria (PKU) and the coping strategies and supports utilised or anticipated to be beneficial during pregnancy. METHODS: Thematic analysis of interview data from eight women with PKU in a cross-sectional, qualitative study. Five of the participants had never had a pregnancy but were planning to in the future, two participants had children, and one participant was pregnant. RESULTS: The central concern regarding pregnancy was achieving and maintaining the essential low Phe levels, in the context of the devastating effects of high levels. The Transactional Model of Stress and Coping was utilised to understand the coping strategies and supports utilised or anticipated to be beneficial during pregnancy. Similarities and differences between the women who had experienced pregnancy, and those who were planning a pregnancy in the future were evident in key coping strategies, with knowledge seeking, positive reappraisal, and reassurance seeking reported. Support from health professionals and other mothers with PKU was key for all women. Psychological support was identified as a resource perceived to be beneficial to promote psychological well-being during pregnancy but not yet provided. CONCLUSION: Pregnancy is associated with significant stresses for women with PKU. Clinical implications of the findings include provision of psychological support.