[Social reputation and relational violence in adolescents: the role of loneliness, self-esteem and life satisfaction]. / Reputación social y violencia relacional en adolescentes: el rol de la soledad, la autoestima y la satisfacción vital.

The aim of the current study was to analyse the relationship among adolescents' social reputation--perceived and ideal--, relational violence at the school context and their specific psychosocial adjustment variables such as loneliness, self-esteem and life satisfaction. The sample comprised 1319 adolescents aged 11 to 16 years old. Results suggested that adolescents who wish for and seek a non-conforming social reputation (ideal) report more loneliness, have lower self-esteem and feel more dissatisfied with their lives, factors all linked to higher participation in behaviours involving relational violence. Conversely, adolescents who already have a non-conforming social reputation (perceived) report less feelings of loneliness and higher levels of self-esteem and life satisfaction, thus having less involvement in acts of relational violence. Associations among the variables included in the structural model were also analysed as a function of sex.

[Nutritional status regarding the quality of life and sleep pattern in community-dwelling older adults with cognitive dysfunction]. / Predicción del estado nutricional a través de la calidad de vida y el patrón del sueño en ancianos con deterioro cognitivo.

INTRODUCTION: Aim: to establish and to analyze a possible relationship between nutritional status, sleep pattern and quality of life in a sample of patients with cognitive dysfunction. Participants and method: an observational, descriptive study of a group of cases with a sample constituted of 48 elderly individuals (aged 65 or over) who agreed to participate in the study and lived in Valencia (Spain). EuroQol (EQ-5D), Oviedo Sleep Questionnaire (OSQ), Mini Mental State de Folsteisn (MMSE) and Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) were used in evaluating each individual's case. The association of variables was assessed by correlation between all three variables. Finally, to check the role and predictive capacity of two variables together, a regression model with nutritional status as the dependent variable, sleep pattern as an independent variable and HRQOL as a mediating or suppressing variable was calculated (values of p < 0.05 were considered significant). Results: the average profile of the subjects was that of an 81.5 ± 7.6 year-old widowed woman, with primary education, with 2.40 ± 1.09 children and diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease as principal dementia in 16.7% of the cases. The score of nutritional status (MNA) was 29.95 ± 5.74, for sleep/rest a score of 17.53 ± 11.13 was obtained and for the VAS of the Euro-Qol, 73.70 ± 26.95. Statistically significant Pearson correlations were obtained between the different variables (p < 0.01). Linear regression analysis was applied, with the nutritional status as dependent variable, in relation to the OSQ and the VAS of the Euro-Qol as predictors (independent variables): MNA p < 0.000, OSQ p < 0.014 and VAS p < 0.006. Conclusion: the OSQ score and the VAS score of EQ-5D questionnaire can be considered as independent variables to establish a predictive model for the MNA score (nomogram).

INTRODUCCIÓN: Objetivo: establecer y analizar una posible relación entre el estado nutricional, el patrón de sueño y la calidad de vida en una muestra de pacientes con disfunción cognitiva. Participantes y método: estudio observacional y descriptivo de un grupo de casos con una muestra constituida por 48 personas mayores (65 años o más) que aceptaron participar en el estudio y vivían en Valencia (España). EuroQol (EQ-5D), Cuestionario de Oviedo del sueño (COS), Mini Mental State de Folsteisn (MMSE) y Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) se utilizaron para evaluar el caso de cada individuo. La asociación de variables se evaluó mediante la correlación entre las tres variables. Finalmente, para verificar el papel y la capacidad predictiva de dos variables juntas, se calculó un modelo de regresión con el estado nutricional como variable dependiente, el patrón de sueño como variable independiente y la CVRS como una variable mediadora o supresora (los valores de p < 0,05 se consideraron significativos). Resultados: el perfil de los sujetos fue el de una mujer viuda de 81,5 ± 7,6 años, con educación primaria, diagnosticada con enfermedad de Alzheimer como demencia principal en el 16,7% de los casos. La puntuación del estado nutricional (MNA) fue de 29,95 ± 5,74, para el sueño/descanso se obtuvo una puntuación de 17,53 ± 11,13 y para la EVA del Euro-Qol, 73,70 ± 26,95. Se obtuvieron correlaciones de Pearson estadísticamente significativas entre las distintas variables (p < 0,01). Se aplicó el análisis de regresión lineal, con el estado nutricional como variable dependiente, en relación con la COS y la EVA del Euro-Qol como predictores (variables independientes): MNA p < 0,000, COS p < 0,014 y EVA p < 0,006. Conclusión: la puntuación COS y la puntuación EVA del cuestionario EQ-5D se pueden considerar como variables independientes para establecer un modelo predictivo para la puntuación MNA (nomograma).

Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale: Construct validation in Spanish breast cancer patients.

OBJECTIVE: The Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale (MiniMAC) is widely used to evaluate cancer patients' psychological responses to diagnosis and treatment. Validation studies of the scale have shown inconsistency in the obtained factor structures. The aim of this study was to explore the factor structure, using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and other psychometric properties of the MiniMAC in Spanish breast cancer patients. METHODS: A sample of 368 women with breast cancer completed the MiniMAC and the 18 items version of the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI-18). RESULTS: The original pentafactorial model and three additional models derived from the empirical research -two first-order structures with four and three factors, and a second-order bifactorial structure- were tested. The five-factor model showed the best model fit and largely replicated the original MiniMAC's subscales. Five factors had acceptable reliability and showed modest correlations with emotional distress in the expected direction. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish version of the MiniMAC has a satisfactory overall performance and serves as a brief, reliable and valid tool measuring cognitive appraisals and ensuing reactions to cancer.

[Family communication styles, attitude towards institutional authority and adolescents' violent behaviour at school]. / Estilos de comunicación familiar, actitud hacia la autoridad institucional y conducta violenta del adolescente en la escuela.

The purpose of present study is to analyse the relationship among certain family and school factors, adolescents' attitude towards institutional authority, and violent behaviour at school. The sample is composed of 1049 adolescents of both sexes and aged from 11 to 16 years old. Statistical analyses were carried out using structural equation modelling. Results indicate a close association between negative communication with father and violent behaviour in adolescence. Moreover, data suggest that teachers' expectations affect students' attitude towards institutional authority, which in turn is closely related to school violence. Finally, findings show an indirect influence of father, mother and teacher in adolescents' violent behaviour, mainly through their effect on family- and school-self-concept.

Predicción del estado nutricional a través de la calidad de vida y el patrón del sueño en ancianos con deterioro cognitivo / Nutritional status regarding the quality of life and sleep pattern in community-dwelling older adults with cognitive dysfunction

Objetivo: establecer y analizar una posible relación entre el estado nutricional, el patrón de sueño y la calidad de vida en una muestra de pacientes con disfunción cognitiva. Participantes y método: estudio observacional y descriptivo de un grupo de casos con una muestra constituida por 48 personas mayores (65 años o más) que aceptaron participar en el estudio y vivían en Valencia (España). EuroQol (EQ-5D), Cuestionario de Oviedo del sueño (COS), Mini Mental State de Folsteisn (MMSE) y Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) se utilizaron para evaluar el caso de cada individuo. La asociación de variables se evaluó mediante la correlación entre las tres variables. Finalmente, para verificar el papel y la capacidad predictiva de dos variables juntas, se calculó un modelo de regresión con el estado nutricional como variable dependiente, el patrón de sueño como variable independiente y la CVRS como una variable mediadora o supresora (los valores de p < 0,05 se consideraron significativos). Resultados: el perfil de los sujetos fue el de una mujer viuda de 81,5 ± 7,6 años, con educación primaria, diagnosticada con enfermedad de Alzheimer como demencia principal en el 16,7% de los casos. La puntuación del estado nutricional (MNA) fue de 29,95 ± 5,74, para el sueño/descanso se obtuvo una puntuación de 17,53 ± 11,13 y para la EVA del Euro-Qol, 73,70 ± 26,95. Se obtuvieron correlaciones de Pearson estadísticamente significativas entre las distintas variables (p < 0,01). Se aplicó el análisis de regresión lineal, con el estado nutricional como variable dependiente, en relación con la COS y la EVA del Euro-Qol como predictores (variables independientes): MNA p < 0,000, COS p < 0,014 y EVA p < 0,006. Conclusión: la puntuación COS y la puntuación EVA del cuestionario EQ-5D se pueden considerar como variables independientes para establecer un modelo predictivo para la puntuación MNA (nomograma)

Aim: to establish and to analyze a possible relationship between nutritional status, sleep pattern and quality of life in a sample of patients with cognitive dysfunction. Participants and method: an observational, descriptive study of a group of cases with a sample constituted of 48 elderly individuals (aged 65 or over) who agreed to participate in the study and lived in Valencia (Spain). EuroQol (EQ-5D), Oviedo Sleep Questionnaire (OSQ), Mini Mental State de Folsteisn (MMSE) and Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) were used in evaluating each individual’s case. The association of variables was assessed by correlation between all three variables. Finally, to check the role and predictive capacity of two variables together, a regression model with nutritional status as the dependent variable, sleep pattern as an independent variable and HRQOL as a mediating or suppressing variable was calculated (values of p < 0.05 were considered significant). Results: the average profile of the subjects was that of an 81.5 ± 7.6 year-old widowed woman, with primary education, with 2.40 ± 1.09 children and diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease as principal dementia in 16.7% of the cases. The score of nutritional status (MNA) was 29.95 ± 5.74, for sleep/rest a score of 17.53 ± 11.13 was obtained and for the VAS of the Euro-Qol, 73.70 ± 26.95. Statistically significant Pearson correlations were obtained between the different variables (p < 0.01). Linear regression analysis was applied, with the nutritional status as dependent variable, in relation to the OSQ and the VAS of the Euro-Qol as predictors (independent variables): MNA p < 0.000, OSQ p < 0.014 and VAS p < 0.006. Conclusion: the OSQ score and the VAS score of EQ-5D questionnaire can be considered as independent variables to establish a predictive model for the MNA score (nomogram)

Efecto de la práctica deportiva en la relación entre las habilidades motoras, el autoconcepto físico y el autoconcepto multidimensional / Effect of sport practice on the relationship between motor skills, physical self-concept, and multidimensional self-concept / Efeito da prática desportiva na relação entre as competências motoras, o autoconceito física e o autoconceitomultidimensional

Partiendo de una modificación del EXSEM (Exercise and Self-Esteem Model), el presente trabajo analiza el efecto de la práctica deportiva en la relación entre las habilidades motoras, el autoconcepto físico y el autoconcepto y multidimensional. Para ello, se administró a 698 adolescentes el Cuestionario de Autoconcepto AF5 y cinco pruebas físicas específicas. Mediante ecuaciones estructurales, se analizó la relación entre cinco habilidades motrices con el autoconcepto, considerado de forma global y multidimensional (formado por las dimensiones física, académica, familiar, social y emocional). Los resultados mostraron que mejores habilidades motrices implicaban más altas puntuaciones en el autoconcepto físico y, por medio de éste, en el resto de dimensiones del autoconcepto. No se encontraron diferencias en el análisis multigrupo entre el grupo practicante de actividad física/deportiva y el no practicante, aunque los primeros mostraban mejores puntuaciones en todas las variables consideradas salvo la habilidad perceptivo-motora. El trabajo confirma la estructura relacional del EXSEM y pone de manifiesto las ventajas de incluir una medida multidimensional del autoconcepto y la medición objetiva de las variables físicas

Starting from a modification of EXSEM (Exercise and Self - Esteem Model), this paper analyzes the effect of sport and physical practice on the relationship between motor skills, physical self-concept and multidimensional self-concept. We administered the Self-Concept Questionnaire AF5 and five specific physical tests to 698 adolescents. Through structural equation models, the relationship between five motor skills and self-concept, considered global and multidimensional form (composed by five dimensions: physical, academic, family, social and emotional) was analyzed. The results showed that better motor skills involving higher scores on physical self-concept and, through it, on the other dimensions of self-concept. No differences in multi-group analysis between the practitioner of physical or sport activity group and no practitioner group were found, although the former showed better scores on all variables considered, except the perceptual- motor skill. The study confirms the relational structure EXSEM and highlights the benefits of including a multidimensional measure of self-concept and the objective measurement of physical variables

Partindo de uma modificação do EXSEM (Exercise and Self-Esteem Model), o presente trabalho analisa o efeito da prática desportiva na re-lação entre as competências motoras, o autoconceito físico e o autoconceito multidimensional. Para tal, foi aplicado a 698 adolescentes o Questionáriode Autoconceito AF5 e cinco provas físicas específicas. Através de equações estruturais, realizou-se a relação entre cinco competências motoras com oautoconceito, considerado de forma global e multidimensional (formado pelas dimensões física, académica, familiar, social e emocional). Os resultadosrevelaram que melhores competências motoras implicavam pontuações mais elevadas no autoconceito físico e, através deste, no resto das dimensões doautoconceito. Não se verificaram diferenças na análise multigrupo entre o grupo praticante de actitividade física/desportiva e o não praticante, emborasos primeiros tenham obtidos melhores pontuações em todas as variáveis consideradas, salvo a competência perceptivo-motora. O trabalho confirma aestrutura relacional do EXSEM e evidencia as vantagens de incluir uma medida multidimensional do autoconceito e a medição objectiva das variáveisfísicas

Un estudio longitudinal de la reputación social no conformista y la violencia en adolescentes desde la perspectiva de género / A longitudinal study of non-conforming social reputation and violence in adolescents from the gender perspective

El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la relación existente entre la reputación social del adolescente -percibida e ideal-, y la violencia instrumental -manifiesta y relacional- en adolescentes desde una perspectiva de género. La muestra utilizada en este estudios fue de 1319 adolescentes -T1- de ambos sexos (53% chicas y 47% chicos) y de edades comprendidas entre los 11 y los 16 años (edad media 13.5;desviación típica 1.5), escolarizados en siete centros educativos de enseñanza secundaria y, de 554 estudiantes-T2- (54% chicas y 46% chicos). Los instrumentos utilizados fueron la Escala de Reputación Social no conformista de Carroll, Houghton, Hattie y Durkin (1999) y la Escala de Conducta Violenta Instrumental de Little, Henrich, Jones y Hawley (2003). A partir del análisis de los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales se obtuvo que la reputación ideal y percibida no conformista (T1) se relaciona con la reputación percibida (T2). También se observó una relación indirecta entre la reputación percibida (T1) y la reputación percibida (T2) a través de la violencia manifiesta instrumental. Se analizan estos resultados desdela perspectiva de género (AU)

The aim of the current study was to analyze the relationship between non-conformist social reputation(perceived and ideal) and instrumental violence (overt and relational) in adolescents from the gender perspective. The sample was composed of 1319 adolescents -T1- aged from 11 to 16 years old (Mean13.5; S.D. 1.5) and both sexes (53 % girls and 47 % boys) in secondary school, and 554 students -T2- (54% girls and 46 % boys). Measures were Non-conformist social reputation scale (Carroll, Houghton, Hattieand Durkin, 1999) and Instrumental violence behavior scale (Little, Henrich, Jones and Hawley, 2003).From structural equation models it was found that the non-conforming social reputation -ideal and perceived-(T1) was related with non-conforming social reputation (T2). An indirect relation was also observed between perceived reputation (T1) and perceived reputation (T2) through overt instrumental violence. Results were analyzed from a gender perspective (AU)

Reputación social y violencia relacional en adolescentes: el rol de la soledad, la autoestima y la satisfacción vital / Social reputation and relational violence in adolescents: The role of loneliness, self-esteem and life satisfaction

El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la relación existente entre la reputación social del adolescente -percibida e ideal-, la violencia relacional en el contexto escolar y determinadas variables deajuste psicosocial, como la soledad, la autoestima y la satisfacción con la vida. La muestra estaba constituida por 1.319 adolescentes de edades comprendidas entre los 11 y los 16 años. Los datos sugirieron que los adolescentes que anhelan y buscan una reputación social no conformista (ideal) informan de mayor soledad, tienen una autoestima más baja y se sienten más insatisfechos con su vida, aspectos vinculados con la mayor participación en comportamientos que implican violencia relacional. Por el contrario, los adolescentes que ya poseen una reputación social no conformista (percibida) informan de menos sentimientos de soledad, y de una mayor autoestima y satisfacción vital, con lo que la participación en actos violentos de tipo relacional es menos elevada. Las asociaciones entre las variables incluidas en el modelo estructural también fueron analizadas en función del sexo (AU)

The aim of the current study was to analyse the relationship among adolescents’ social reputation -perceived and ideal-, relational violence at the school context and their specific psychosocial adjustment variables such as loneliness, self-esteem and life satisfaction. The sample comprised 1319 adolescents aged 11 to 16 years old. Results suggested that adolescents who wish for and seek a non-conforming social reputation (ideal) report more loneliness, have lower self-esteem and feel more dissatisfied with their lives, factors all linked to higher participation in behaviours involving relational violence. Conversely, adolescents who already have a non-conforming social reputation(perceived) report less feelings of loneliness and higher levels of self-esteem and life satisfaction, thus having less involvement in acts of relational violence. Associations among the variables included in the structural model were also analysed as a function of sex (AU)

Relación entre el clima familiar y el clima escolar: el rol de la empatía, la actitud hacia la autoridad y la conducta violenta en la adolescencia / Relationship between family and school environments: The role of empathy, attitude to authority and violent behavior in adolescence

The present study aims to analyse the relationship between family environment and school environment as perceived by the adolescent, examining the role that particular individual factors (as the empathic skill, the attitude to institutional authority and the violent behaviour at school) played in that association. The sample is composed of 1319 adolescents aged from 11 to 16 years old, and studying in seven secondary schools in the Valencian Community. A structural equation model was conducted to analyse the data. The results indicate that family environment is indirectly related to social environment in the classroom through the following links: quality of family environment showed a direct relationship with the empathy development, attitude towards teachers and school as figures and institution of formal authority, as well as with the adolescent’s violent behaviour at school, which in turn contributed to shape their perception of school environment (AU)

El presente estudio analiza la relación entre el clima familiar y el clima escolar percibidos por el adolescente, examinando el rol desempeñado por determinados factores individuales (capacidad empática, actitud hacia la autoridad institucional y conducta violenta en la escuela) en dicha asociación. La muestra se compone de 1319 adolescentes de edades entre 11 y 16 años, escolarizados en siete centros de enseñanza secundaria de la Comunidad Valenciana. Para el análisis de los datos se ha calculado un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales. Los resultados indican que el clima familiar se relaciona indirectamente con el clima social del aula a través de las siguientes asociaciones: la calidad del clima familiar mostró una relación directa con el desarrollo de la empatía, la actitud hacia el profesorado y la escuela como figura e institución de autoridad formal, así como con el comportamiento violento del adolescente en la escuela que, a su vez, contribuyeron a determinar la percepción del adolescente del clima escolar (AU)

Estilos de comunicación familiar, actitud hacia la autoridad institucional y conducta violenta del adolescente en la escuela / Family communication styles, attitude towards institutional authority and adolescents violent behaviour at school

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la relación existente entre determinados factores familiares y escolares, la actitud del adolescente hacia la autoridad institucional y la conducta violenta en la escuela. La muestra se compone de 1.049 adolescentes de ambos sexos y edades comprendidas entre los 11 y los 16 años. Para el análisis de los datos se ha calculado un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales. Los resultados indican que existe una estrecha asociación entre la comunicación negativa con el padre y la conducta violenta en la adolescencia. Los datos también sugieren que las expectativas del profesor inciden en la actitud del alumno hacia la autoridad institucional, que a su vez se encuentra estrechamente vinculada con la conducta violenta en la escuela. Por último, encontramos una influencia indirecta del padre, la madre y el profesor en el comportamiento violento del hijo-alumno, fundamentalmente a través de su efecto en el autoconcepto familiar y escolar

The purpose of present study is to analyse the relationship among certain family and school factors, adolescents attitude towards institutional authority, and violent behaviour at school. The sample is composed of 1049 adolescents of both sexes and aged from 11 to 16 years old. Statistical analyses were carried out using structural equation modelling. Results indicate a close association between negative communication with father and violent behaviour in adolescence. Moreover, data suggest that teachers expectations affect students attitude towards institutional authority, which in turn is closely related to school violence. Finally, findings show an indirect influence of father, mother and teacher in adolescents violent behaviour, mainly through their effect on family- and school-self-concept