ABSTRACT
Hypoxia is a prominent feature in the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) quiescence and multipotency. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylase domain proteins (PHDs) serve as oxygen sensors and may therefore regulate this system. Here, we describe a mouse line with conditional loss of HIF prolyl hydroxylase 2 (PHD2) in very early hematopoietic precursors that results in self-renewal of multipotent progenitors under steady-state conditions in a HIF1α- and SMAD7-dependent manner. Competitive bone marrow (BM) transplantations show decreased peripheral and central chimerism of PHD2-deficient cells but not of the most primitive progenitors. Conversely, in whole BM transfer, PHD2-deficient HSCs replenish the entire hematopoietic system and display an enhanced self-renewal capacity reliant on HIF1α. Taken together, our results demonstrate that loss of PHD2 controls the maintenance of the HSC compartment under physiological conditions and causes the outcompetition of PHD2-deficient hematopoietic cells by their wild-type counterparts during stress while promoting the self-renewal of very early hematopoietic progenitors.
Subject(s)
Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology , Hypoxia/physiopathology , Multipotent Stem Cells/cytology , Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase/physiology , Stress, Physiological , Animals , Bone Marrow Transplantation , Cell Cycle , Cell Differentiation , Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism , Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit , Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-Proline Dioxygenases , Integrases/metabolism , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Multipotent Stem Cells/metabolism , Smad7 Protein/metabolismABSTRACT
Erythropoiesis must be tightly balanced to guarantee adequate oxygen delivery to all tissues in the body. This process relies predominantly on the hormone erythropoietin (EPO) and its transcription factor hypoxia inducible factor (HIF). Accumulating evidence suggests that oxygen-sensitive prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) are important regulators of this entire system. Here, we describe a novel mouse line with conditional PHD2 inactivation (cKO P2) in renal EPO producing cells, neurons, and astrocytes that displayed excessive erythrocytosis because of severe overproduction of EPO, exclusively driven by HIF-2α. In contrast, HIF-1α served as a protective factor, ensuring survival of cKO P2 mice with HCT values up to 86%. Using different genetic approaches, we show that simultaneous inactivation of PHD2 and HIF-1α resulted in a drastic PHD3 reduction with consequent overexpression of HIF-2α-related genes, neurodegeneration, and lethality. Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time that conditional loss of PHD2 in mice leads to HIF-2α-dependent erythrocytosis, whereas HIF-1α protects these mice, providing a platform for developing new treatments of EPO-related disorders, such as anemia.
Subject(s)
Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/metabolism , Hematopoiesis, Extramedullary/physiology , Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism , Polycythemia/genetics , Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase/genetics , Animals , Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/genetics , Brain/physiology , Cells, Cultured , Erythropoietin/genetics , Erythropoietin/metabolism , Female , Fibroblasts/cytology , Humans , Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics , Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-Proline Dioxygenases , Keratinocytes/cytology , Kidney/cytology , Kidney/physiology , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Nerve Degeneration/genetics , Nerve Degeneration/metabolism , Polycythemia/metabolism , Polycythemia/pathology , Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase/metabolism , Severity of Illness Index , Thrombocytopenia/genetics , Thrombocytopenia/metabolism , Thrombocytopenia/pathologyABSTRACT
The tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role during cancer development and progression. The balance between suppressive and cytotoxic responses of the tumor immune microenvironment has been shown to have a direct effect on the final outcome in various human and experimental tumors. Recently, we demonstrated that the oxygen sensor HIF-prolyl hydroxylase-2 (PHD2) plays a detrimental role in tumor cells, stimulating systemic growth and metastasis in mice. In our current study, we show that the conditional ablation of PHD2 in the hematopoietic system also leads to reduced tumor volume, intriguingly generated by an imbalance between enhanced cell death and improved proliferation of tumor cells. This effect seems to rely on the overall downregulation of protumoral as well as antitumoral cytokines. Using different genetic approaches, we were able to confine this complex phenotype to the crosstalk of PHD2-deficient myeloid cells and T-lymphocytes. Taken together, our findings reveal a multifaceted role for PHD2 in several hematopoietic lineages during tumor development and might have important implications for the development of tumor therapies in the future.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/prevention & control , Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/physiology , Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-Proline Dioxygenases/physiology , Melanoma, Experimental/prevention & control , Myeloid Cells/pathology , T-Lymphocytes/pathology , Animals , Antigens, CD/metabolism , Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism , Apoptosis , Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics , Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism , Blotting, Western , Bone Marrow/metabolism , Bone Marrow/pathology , Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/genetics , Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/pathology , Cell Movement , Cell Proliferation , Cytokines/genetics , Cytokines/metabolism , Disease Progression , Flow Cytometry , Gene Expression Profiling , Immunoenzyme Techniques , Integrases/metabolism , Melanoma, Experimental/genetics , Melanoma, Experimental/pathology , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Myeloid Cells/immunology , Myeloid Cells/metabolism , Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis , RNA, Messenger/genetics , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , T-Lymphocytes/immunology , T-Lymphocytes/metabolismABSTRACT
Skin wound healing in mammals is a complex, multicellular process that depends on the precise supply of oxygen. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylase 2 (PHD2) serves as a crucial oxygen sensor and may therefore play an important role during reepithelialization. Hence, this study was aimed at understanding the role of PHD2 in cutaneous wound healing using different lines of conditionally deficient mice specifically lacking PHD2 in inflammatory, vascular, or epidermal cells. Interestingly, PHD2 deficiency only in keratinocytes and not in myeloid or endothelial cells was found to lead to faster wound closure, which involved enhanced migration of the hyperproliferating epithelium. We demonstrate that this effect relies on the unique expression of ß3-integrin in the keratinocytes around the tip of the migrating tongue in an HIF1α-dependent manner. Furthermore, we show enhanced proliferation of these cells in the stratum basale, which is directly related to their attenuated transforming growth factor ß signaling. Thus, loss of the central oxygen sensor PHD2 in keratinocytes stimulates wound closure by prompting skin epithelial cells to migrate and proliferate. Inhibition of PHD2 could therefore offer novel therapeutic opportunities for the local treatment of cutaneous wounds.
Subject(s)
Gene Knockout Techniques , Keratinocytes/metabolism , Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase/genetics , Skin/metabolism , Wound Healing , Animals , Cell Movement , Cell Proliferation , Gene Expression Regulation , Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism , Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-Proline Dioxygenases , Integrin beta3/genetics , Keratinocytes/cytology , Male , Mice , Mice, Knockout , Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase/metabolism , Skin/cytology , Skin Physiological Phenomena , Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolismABSTRACT
A right amount of oxygen and nutrients is essential for a tumor to develop. The role of oxygen dependent pathways and their regulators is therefore of utmost importance although little is known about the detailed impact they can have. Recently we have shown that inhibition of the oxygen sensor PHD2 in tumor cells blocks tumor growth due to the anti-proliferative activity of TGFß. In this study, we refined these results by comparing different shPHD2 sequences in depth in the early phase of tumor growth. Our findings also reveal an intriguing role for MMP2 and MT1MMP in these settings, as these activated proteases display an anti-proliferative characteristic through the activation of downstream TGFß targets. In conclusion, PHD2 inhibition is essential for the regulation of the anti-tumoral activity in mouse tumor cells and might bring some new insight in our understanding of tumor growth inhibition.
Subject(s)
Bone Neoplasms/metabolism , Matrix Metalloproteinases/metabolism , Osteosarcoma/metabolism , Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase/antagonists & inhibitors , Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism , Animals , Bone Neoplasms/pathology , Cell Growth Processes/physiology , Cell Line, Tumor , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism , Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-Proline Dioxygenases , Immunohistochemistry , Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors , Mice , Mice, Inbred C3H , Osteosarcoma/pathology , Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase/deficiency , Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase/genetics , Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase/metabolism , RNA, Small Interfering/administration & dosage , RNA, Small Interfering/geneticsABSTRACT
Virtually all solid tumors are dependent on a vascular network to provide them with the right amount of nutrients and oxygen. In that sense, low oxygen tension or hypoxia leads to an adaptive response that is transcriptionally regulated by the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF), which are tightly controlled by the HIF prolyl hydroxylases (PHD). In this study, we show that inhibition of the oxygen sensor PHD2 in tumor cells stimulates vessel formation but paradoxically results in a profound reduction of tumor growth. This effect relies on the antiproliferative nature of the TGFß signaling pathway, in a largely HIF-independent manner. Moreover, our findings reveal that PHD2 has an essential function in controlling the dual nature of TGFß during tumorigenesis and may offer an alternative opportunity for anticancer therapy.