Precision medicine: Ray of hope in overcoming cancer multidrug resistance.

Multi-drug resistance (MDR) developed in response to chemotherapy is one of the prominent causes of therapeutic failure. The major underlying factors that contribute to such malignancies include tumor microenvironment, genetic alterations, changes at the cellular level and most of all the heterogeneity of tumors. Recent advances in the field of oncology have prompted a mechanistic understanding of the human genome which is responsible for such alterations, upon which the therapy would be designed. Such an approach that administers drugs by targeting the molecular changes is attributed to precision medicine. Precision medicine helps design therapy as per the requirement of patients based on the sharing of similar complex tumor environments. This revolutionized approach would help in early detection, better targeting, improved patient compliance and survival along with much reduced toxicity otherwise evidenced in conventional cancer therapy. This review discusses the cause of MDR, highlighting the role of precision medicine in overcoming such critical events. Major limitations and future prospects are also highlighted.

An overview of regulation for nutraceuticals and concept of personalized nutraceuticals.

Nutraceuticals are essentially nutritional components that have a vital role in developing and maintaining the body's regular functions, which keeps people healthy. The nutraceutical sector is also primarily driven by the existing global population and trends. Examples of foods considered as nutraceuticals include prebiotics, fibre, polyunsaturated fatty acids, probiotics, antioxidants, and other natural or herbal foods. Some of the most serious health problems of the 20th century, like COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus, are managed with the help of the preceding nutraceuticals. As we move into a time of health and medicine, the food industry as a whole has become more focused on research.

Gefitinib: An Updated Review of its Role in the Cancer Management, its Nanotechnological Interventions, Recent Patents and Clinical Trials.

BACKGROUND: Gefitinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is effectively used in the targeted treatment of malignant conditions. It suppresses the signal transduction cascades leading to cell proliferation in the tumors and is now currently approved in several countries globally as secondline and third-line treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). OBJECTIVE: This review is aimed to summarize the journey of gefitinib as an established anticancer drug for the management of various cancers. Moreover, this review will focus on the mechanism of action, established anticancer activities, combination therapy, nanoformulations, as well as recent clinical trials and patents on gefitinib. METHODS: The data for this review was collected from scientific databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, etc. Recent patents on gefitinib granted in the last two years were collected from databases Patentscope, USPTO, Espacenet, InPASS and Google Patents. Data for the recent clinical trials were obtained from the U.S. National Library of Medicine database. RESULTS: Recent pre-clinical and clinical studies during the period 2015-2021 demonstrating the efficacy of gefitinib were selected and summarized. Total 31 patents were granted in the year 2020-2021 concerning gefitinib. The efficacy of gefitinib against lung cancer, as well as other cancer types, including breast, prostate, colon, cervix etc., was reviewed. CONCLUSION: Gefitinib showed significant advantages in being more effective, safer and more stable, and the associated biopharmaceutical problems are addressed by the application of nanotechnology. The combination therapy using gefitinib and various anticancer molecules of natural and synthetic origin has shown an improved anticancer profile.

A review of nanomaterials from synthetic and natural molecules for prospective breast cancer nanotherapy.

Breast cancer being one of the most frequent cancers in women accounts for almost a quarter of all cancer cases. Early and late-stage breast cancer outcomes have improved dramatically, with considerable gains in overall survival rate and disease-free state. However, the current therapy of breast cancer suffers from drug resistance leading to relapse and recurrence of the disease. Also, the currently used synthetic and natural agents have bioavailability issues which limit their use. Recently, nanocarriers-assisted delivery of synthetic and natural anticancer drugs has been introduced to the breast cancer therapy which alienates the limitations associated with the current therapy to a great extent. Significant progress has lately been made in the realm of nanotechnology, which proved to be vital in the fight against drug resistance. Nanotechnology has been successfully applied in the effective and improved therapy of different forms of breast cancer including invasive, non-invasive as well as triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), etc. This review presents a comprehensive overview of various nanoformulations prepared for the improved delivery of synthetic and natural anticancer drugs alone or in combination showing better efficacy and pharmacokinetics. In addition to this, various ongoing and completed clinical studies and patents granted on nanotechnology-based breast cancer drug delivery are also reviewed.

Nanotechnology Enabled Solutions to Combat Covid-19: Prevention, Treatment, and Diagnosis.

Changes in human lifestyles and environmental deterioration globally cause the emergence of new viruses, posing research challenges. The outburst of COVID-19 (nCoV19) is a recent example, wherein effective management of virus, using the conventional medication and effective diagnostic measures is a challenge. While many ongoing strategies from vaccine development to drug repurposing are currently being investigated, a targeted approach with nanotechnology can be helpful to meet the demand for preventive and diagnostic measures. The significant results of nanotechnology in providing better efficacy of pharmaceutical drugs is expected to combat nCoV19 by using nanotechnology- based solutions, preventive treatment, and diagnosis. This article addresses the dire need for nanotechnology-based solutions in the current pandemic, as well as analyzes the ongoing innovation and existing patents that can be used to provide better solutions. Multiple applications of nanotechnology are considered to be helpful in preventive and diagnostic measures, immune response modulation, and immunity boosters, along with projecting a pathway for industry and academic researchers for addressing such a pandemic.

Precision Medicine: An Emerging Paradigm for Improved Diagnosis and Safe Therapy in Pediatric Oncology.

Cancer is a lethal disease that kills a great number of people each year. Standard treatments such as chemotherapy or radiation are only effective in a small percentage of individuals due to illness variability. Tumors can be caused by a variety of genetic factors and express a variety of proteins depending on the individual. Because of developments in high-throughput technology, there has been a flood of large-scale biological data produced in recent decades. As a result, the focus of medical research has evolved. It was a once-in-a-lifetime chance for translational research to explore molecular alterations across the entire genome. In this setting, precision medicine was developed, and the possibility of better diagnostic and treatment tools became a reality. This is especially true in the case of cancer, which is becoming more prevalent around the world. The goal of this study is to look at precision medicine technology and its applications to cancer, with a focus on children. The inherent diversity of cancer lends itself to the rapidly expanding field of precision and personalized medicine.

A Case Study: Analysis of Patents on Coronaviruses and Covid-19 for Technological Assessment and Future Research.

BACKGROUND: Protecting intellectual property rights are important and particularly pertinent for inventions that are an outcome of rigorous research and development. While the grant of patents is subject to establishing novelty and inventive step, it further indicates the technological development and is helpful for researchers working in the same technical domain. The aim of the present research work is to map the existing work through an analysis of patent literature in the field of Coronaviruses (CoV), particularly COVID-19 (2019-nCoV). CoV is a large family of viruses known to cause illness in humans and animals, particularly known for causing respiratory infections, as evidenced in earlier times, such as in MERS i.e., Middle East Respiratory Syndrome; and SRS i.e., Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. A recently identified novel-coronavirus, known as COVID-19, has caused pandemic situations across the globe. OBJECTIVE: To expand the analysis of patents related to CoV and 2019-nCoV, an evaluation has been conducted by patenting trends of particular strains of identified CoV diseases by present legal status, main concerned countries via the earliest priority years and its assignee types and inventors of identified relevant patents. The global patent documents were analyzed to check the scope of claims along with focuses and trends of the published patent documents for the entire CoV family, including 2019-nCoV through the present landscape. METHODS: To extract the results, the Derwent Innovation database was used by a combination of different keystrings. Approximately 3800 patents were obtained and further scrutinized and analyzed. The present write-up also discusses the recent progress of patent applications in a period of the year 2010 to 2020 (present) along with the recent developments in India for the treatment options for CoV and 2019-nCoV. RESULTS: Present analysis showed that key areas of the inventions were the vaccines and diagnostic kits apart from the composition for the treatment of CoV. It was also observed that no specific vaccine treatments are available for the treatment of 2019-nCov; however, developing novel chemical or biological drugs and kits for early diagnosis, prevention, and disease management is the primary governing topic among the patented inventions. The present study also indicates potential research opportunities for the future, particularly to combat 2019-nCoV. CONCLUSION: The present paper analyzes the existing patents in the field of Coronaviruses and 2019-nCoV and suggests a way forward for the effective contribution in this upcoming research area. From the trend analysis, an increase in the filing of the overall trend of patent families was observed for a period of 2010 to the current year. This multifaceted analysis of identified patent literature provides an understanding of the focuses on present ongoing research and a grey area in terms of the trends of technological innovations in disease management in patients with CoV and 2019-nCoV. Furthermore, the findings and outcome of the present study offer insights for the proposed research and innovation opportunities and provide actionable information in order to facilitate policymakers, academia, research-driven institutes and also investors to make better decisions regarding programmed steps for research and development for the diagnosis, treatment and taking preventive measures for CoV and 2019-nCoV. The present article also emphasizes the need for future development and the role of academia and collaboration with industry for speedy research with a rationale.

Application of Nutraceuticals in Managing Osteoarthritis and Osteoporosis.

BACKGROUND: Several health problems, especially musculoskeletal disorders, are caused by differences in work cultures and human lifestyles around the world. While the conventional approach to treating such conditions emphasizes a balanced work-life and daily exercise, nutraceuticals have proven to be successful. Nutraceuticals are dietary compounds that help sustain cartilage metabolism homeostasis, reducing articular pain. Dietary intake of a variety of nutraceuticals is thought to be essential for controlling and, more specifically, preventing osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. OBJECTIVE: The current article offers a succinct overview in which data was gathered and searched using specific key terms related to nutraceuticals, osteoarthritis, and osteoporosis that were available in public domains for analysis and evaluation. METHODS: The current write-up offers a concise summary of disease and its relevance as to how nutraceuticals are helpful, based on the defined findings and their interpretation. The present review also discusses the existing literature, patents, and current studies in the era of nutraceuticals for osteoarthritis and osteoporosis treatment, offering a rational basis for further investigation and research. RESULT: This article discusses a wide variety of nutraceuticals with possible uses for osteoarthritis and osteoporosis patients. An analysis revealed that nutraceuticals' efficacy has been established. However, further study and investigation are needed to determine their protection. CONCLUSION: As a result of this analysis, it was concluded that more innovation and technology transfer were required. It was also concluded that greater industry-academic collaboration was required to begin more effective research in the treatment of osteoarthritis and osteoporosis with nutraceuticals.