Inhibition of precancerous lesions development in kidneys by chrysin via regulating hyperproliferation, inflammation and apoptosis at pre clinical stage.

Chrysin (CH) is natural, biologically active compound, belongs to flavoniod family and possesses diverse pharmacological activities as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-cancer. It is found in many plants, honey and propolis. In the present study, we investigated the chemopreventive efficacy of CH against N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) initiated and Fe-NTA induced precancerous lesions and its role in regulating oxidative injury, hyperproliferation, tumor incidences, histopathological alterations, inflammation, and apoptosis in the kidneys of Wistar rats. Renal cancer was initiated by single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of DEN (200 mg/kg bw) and promoted by twice weekly injection of ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA) 9 mg Fe/kg bw for 16 weeks. CH attenuated Fe-NTA enhanced renal lipid peroxidation, serum toxicity markers and restored renal anti oxidant armory significantly. CH supplementation suppressed the development of precancerous lesions via down regulation of cell proliferation marker like PCNA; inflammatory mediators like TNF-α, IL-6, NFkB, COX-2, iNOS; tumor incidences. CH up regulated intrinsic apoptotic pathway proteins like bax, caspase-9 and caspase-3 along with down regulation of Bcl-2 triggering apoptosis. Histopathological and ultra structural alterations further confirmed biochemical and immunohistochemical results. These results provide powerful evidence for the chemopreventive efficacy of CH against chemically induced renal carcinogenesis possibly by modulation of multiple molecular pathways.

Chemopreventive effect of 18ß-glycyrrhetinic acid via modulation of inflammatory markers and induction of apoptosis in human hepatoma cell line (HepG2).

Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common lethal diseases worldwide and there is no effective treatment till date. Natural products derived from the plants play an important role in chemoprevention and act as therapeutic antitumor agents. Licorice is a plant that has been used in food and medicine for the treatment of various diseases. 18ß-Glycyrrhetinic acid (18ß-GA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid obtained from the roots of licorice plant, is reported to possess various pharmacological properties such as antitumor and antiinflammatory activities. The present study was designed to elucidate the chemopreventive effect of 18ß-GA through antiinflammation, antiproliferation, and induction of apoptosis in human hepatoma cell line HepG2. 18ß-GA significantly inhibits the proliferation of HepG2 cell without affecting the normal liver cell line (Chang's). In the present study, 18ß-GA increased the formation of reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide production, and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, suggesting the involvement of 18ß-GA in apoptosis which was also confirmed by assessing the markers involved in apoptosis like caspase-3, caspase-9, Bax:Bcl-2 ratio, and cleaved PARP. 18ß-GA also downregulated the expression of inflammatory proteins such as NF-κB, iNOS, and COX-2. Keeping these data into consideration, our results suggest that 18ß-GA may be used as a chemopreventive agent in liver cancer.

Hesperidin ameliorates trichloroethylene-induced nephrotoxicity by abrogation of oxidative stress and apoptosis in wistar rats.

Trichloroethylene (TCE), a nephrotoxicant is known to cause severe damage to the kidney. In this study, the nephroprotective potential of hesperidin was evaluated against TCE-induced nephrotoxicity in wistar rats. Oral administration of TCE (1000 mg/kg b.wt) for 15 days enhanced renal lipid peroxidation and reduced antioxidant enzymes armoury viz., reduced renal glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase, catalase and superoxide dismutase. It also enhanced the levels of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and kidney injury molecule (KIM-1). Caspase-3 and bax expression were found to be elevated, while that of bcl-2 reduced suggesting that TCE induces apoptosis. However, pretreatment with hesperidin at a dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg b.wt for 15 days significantly decreased lipid peroxidation, increased the levels of antioxidant enzymes and reduced blood urea, creatinine and KIM-1 levels. Hesperidin also modulated the apoptotic pathways by altering the expressions of caspase-3, bax and bcl-2 to normal. Our results suggest that hesperidin can be used as a nephroprotective agent against TCE-induced nephrotoxicity.

Tannic acid mitigates the DMBA/croton oil-induced skin cancer progression in mice.

Skin cancer is the most common malignancy in the world and also one of the major causes of death worldwide. The toxic environmental pollutant 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) is a skin-specific carcinogen. Tannic acid (TA) is reported to be effective against various types of chemical-induced toxicities and carcinogenesis as well. In the present study, we have evaluated the therapeutic potential of tannic acid in DMBA + croton oil-induced skin cancer in Swiss albino mice. Protective effect of TA against skin cancer was evaluated in terms of antioxidant enzymes activities, lipid peroxidation, histopathological changes and expression of inflammation and early tumour markers. DMBA + croton oil causes depletion of antioxidant enzymes (p < 0.001) and elevation of early inflammatory and tumour promotional events. TA prevents the DMBA + croton oil-induced toxicity through a protective mechanism that involves the reduction of oxidative stress as well as COX-2, i-NOS, PCNA protein expression and level of proinflammatory cytokine such as IL-6 release at a very significant level (p < 0.001). It could be concluded from our results that TA attenuates DMBA + croton oil-induced tumour promotional potential possibly by inhibiting oxidative and inflammatory responses and acts as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative agent.

Chemopreventive efficacy of hesperidin against chemically induced nephrotoxicity and renal carcinogenesis via amelioration of oxidative stress and modulation of multiple molecular pathways.

In the present study, chemopreventive efficacy of hesperidin was evaluated against ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA) induced renal oxidative stress and carcinogenesis in wistar rats. Nephrotoxicity was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of Fe-NTA (9 mg Fe/kg b.wt). Renal cancer was initiated by the administration of N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN 200mg/kg b.wt ip) and promoted by Fe-NTA (9 mg Fe/kg b.wt ip) twice weekly for 16 weeks. Efficacy of hesperidin against Fe-NTA-induced nephrotoxicity was assessed in terms of biochemical estimation of antioxidant enzyme activities viz. reduced renal GSH, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase, catalase, superoxide dismutase and renal toxicity markers (BUN, Creatinine, KIM-1). Administration of Fe-NTA significantly depleted antioxidant renal armory, enhanced renal lipid peroxidation as well as the levels of BUN, creatinine and KIM-1. However, simultaneous pretreatment of hesperidin restored their levels in a dose dependent manner. Expression of apoptotic markers caspase-3, caspase-9, bax, bcl-2 and proliferative marker PCNA along with inflammatory markers (NFκB, iNOS, TNF-α) were also analysed to assess the chemopreventive potential of hesperidin in two-stage renal carcinogenesis model. Hesperidin was found to induce caspase-3, caspase-9, bax expression and downregulate bcl-2, NFκB, iNOS, TNF-α, PCNA expression. Histopathological findings further revealed hesperidin's chemopreventive efficacy by restoring the renal morphology. Our results provide a powerful evidence suggesting hesperidin to be a potent chemopreventive agent against renal carcinogenesis possibly by virtue of its antioxidant properties and by modulation of multiple molecular pathways.

Terminalia Chebula Attenuates DMBA/Croton Oil-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Swiss albino Mouse Skin.

OBJECTIVE: The present study was designed to investigate underlying molecular mechanism for antitumorigenic potential of Terminalia chebula (TC) against chemically-induced skin tumorigenesis in Swiss albino mice. It is used as herbal medicine because it exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic activity. However, the précised underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In light of the important role of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (i-NOS), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress in carcinogenesis, chemopreventive efficacy of TC against 7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene (DMBA), and croton oil-induced 2-stage skin carcinogenesis was studied in terms of cytoprotective antioxidant enzymes activity, lipid peroxidation (LPO), inflammatory responses, and expression of various molecular markers in skin tissues. RESULTS: We found that topical application of TC at dose of 30 mg/kg b. wt. mouse effectively suppressed oxidative stress and deregulated activation of inflammatory mediators and tumorigenesis. Histological findings further supported the protective effects of TC against DMBA/croton oil-induced cutaneous damage. CONCLUSION: The findings of the present study suggest that the chemopreventive effect of TC is associated with upregulation of endogenous cytoprotective machinery and downregulation of inflammatory mediators (interleukin (IL)-6, COX-2, i-NOS, ODC, and NF-κB).

Beneficial effects of Chrysin against Methotrexate-induced hepatotoxicity via attenuation of oxidative stress and apoptosis.

Methotrexate (MTX), a folic acid antagonist, an effective chemotherapeutic agent is used in the treatment of a wide range of tumors and autoimmune diseases. Moreover, hepatotoxicity limits its clinical use. Several studies have already confirmed that the oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathogenesis of MTX-induced damage in the various organs especially in liver. The aim of this study was to determine the protective effect of Chrysin against MTX-induced hepatic oxidative stress and apoptosis in rats. In the present study, efficacy of Chrysin was investigated against hepatotoxicity caused by MTX in terms of biochemical investigations of antioxidant enzymes, apoptosis, and histopathological alteration in rat liver. In the MTX-treated group there was a significant increase in alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase activity and malondialdehyde content as well as decreased glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, catalase activities and reduced glutathione content were also observed compared to the control group as a marker of oxidative stress. Histopathological alterations and apoptosis through the immunopositive staining of p53, cleaved caspases-3 and Bcl-2-associated X protein in rat liver were observed. Pretreatment of Chrysin at both doses prevents the hepatotoxicity by ameliorating oxidative stress, histopathological alterations, and apoptosis and thus our results suggest that Chrysin has a protective effect against hepatotoxicity induced by MTX and it may, therefore, improve the therapeutic index of MTX if co-administration is done.

Alleviation of doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity by chrysin in Wistar rats.

UNLABELLED: Abstract Objective: Doxorubicin (DXR) is an anticancer drug used in the treatment of many human malignancies. However, its clinical use is limited because of several side effects like cardiotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. In the present study, we investigated the protective efficacy of chrysin against DXR-induced oxidative stress, nephro- and hepatotoxicity in male Wistar rats using biochemical and histopathological approaches. METHODOLOGY: Wistar rats were subjected to concomitant pre- and post-phylactic oral treatment of chrysin (40 and 80 mg/kg b.wt.) against nephro- and hepatotoxicity induced by single i.p. injection of DXR (40 mg/kg b.wt). Nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity were assessed by measuring the level of serum creatinine, BUN, AST, ALT and LDH. The level of antioxidant armory of kidney and liver tissue was also measured. KEY FINDINGS: Treatment with chrysin significantly decreased the levels of serum toxicity markers and additionally elevated antioxidant defense enzyme levels. Histopathological changes further confirmed the biochemical results showing that DXR caused significant structural damage to kidney and liver tissue architecture which were reversed with chrysin. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that chrysin attenuated nephro and hepatic damage induced by DXR.

Chemopreventive Effect of Bauhinia Purpurea Against Chemically Induced Hepatocarcinogenesis via Amelioration of Oxidative Damage, Cell Proliferation and Induction of Apoptosis in Wistar Rats.

OBJECTIVES: In the present study we have evaluated the chemopreventive efficacy of Bauhinia purpurea against Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) initiated and 2 Acetylaminofluorine (2-AAF) promoted hepatocarcinogenesis in Wistar rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Efficacy of Bauhinia purpurea against 2-AAF-induced hepatotoxicity was evaluated in terms of biochemical estimation of antioxidant enzyme activities (reduced hepatic GSH, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, catalase, and quinone reductase), histopathological changes and expressions of early tumor markers viz., ornithine decarboxylase activity (ODC) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and also expressions of p53, Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 were evaluated. RESULTS: Oral pretreatment with B. purpurea significantly decreased the levels of serum toxicity markers, elevated antioxidant defense enzyme activities, suppressed the expression of ODC and PCNA and P53 along with the induction of apoptosis in the pretreatment groups. Tumor incidences are reduced by pretreatment of B. purpurea. Histopathological findings revealed that B. purpurea-pretreated groups showed marked recovery. CONCLUSION: The results support the protective effect of B. purpurea against chemically induced liver cancer and acts possibily by virtue of its antioxidant, antiproliferative, and apoptotic activities.

Amelioration of renal carcinogenesis by bee propolis: a chemo preventive approach.

OBJECTIVE: The present study was designed to investigate the chemo preventive efficacy of bee propolis (BP) against diethylnitrosamine (DEN) initiated and ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA) promoted renal carcinogenesis in Wistar rats. Chronic treatment of Fe-NTA induced oxidative stress, inflammation and cellular proliferation in Wistar rats. BP is a resinous material collected by bees from various plants which has been used from centuries in folk medicine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Renal cancer was initiated by single intraperitoneal injection of N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN 200 mg/kg body weight) and promoted by twice weekly administration of Fe-NTA 9 mg Fe/kg body weight for 16 weeks. The chemo preventive efficacy of BP was studied in terms of lipid peroxidation (LPO), renal anti-oxidant armory such as catalase, superoxide dismustase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione (GSH), serum toxicity markers, cell proliferation, tumor suppressor protein and inflammation markers. RESULTS: Administration of Fe-NTA enhances renal LPO, with concomitant reduction in reduced GSH content and antioxidant enzymes. It induces serum toxicity markers, viz., blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and lactate dehydrogenase. Chemo preventive effects of BP were associated with upregulation of antioxidant armory and down regulation of serum toxicity markers. BP was also able to down regulate expression of proliferative cell nuclear antigen, cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and upregulated p53 along with induction of apoptosis. Histopathological changes further confirmed the biochemical and immunohistochemical results. CONCLUSION: These results provide a powerful evidence for the chemo preventive efficacy of BP against renal carcinogenesis possibly by modulation of multiple molecular pathways.

Habb-e-Asgandh Suppresses Cell Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis through Mitochondria Dysfunction in Multiple Myeloma Cells (RPMI8226).

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to assess the anti-neoplastic properties of Habb-e-Asgandh in multiple myeloma cells (RPMI8226). METHODS: Multiple myeloma cells (RPMI8226) were cultured according to the ATCC's instruction. The anti-proliferative effect of HeA was assessed by MTT assay and proliferating cellnuclear antigen (PCNA) activity. Cell cycle analysis, cellular apoptosis, and mitochondria membrane potential analysis was done by flow cytometry. Total antioxidants, migratory potential, angiogenesis and inflammatory biomarkers were also estimated after treatment of RPMI8226 with HeA. RESULTS: LD30 and LD50 dose of HeA was 0.3mg/ml and 0.5mg/ml respectively determined by MTT assay and also confirmed by a reduced PCNA activity. Cell cycle analysis of RPMI8226 cells revealed that sub-G0/G1 phase increases upon treatment with HeA alone or in combination with lenalidomide. Annexin V-FITC/PI is used to detect early apoptosis, late apoptosis and necrotic cells and results showed that percentage of apoptotic cells increased in RPMI8226 cells after treatment with HeA. Also, HeA induces loss of mitochondria membrane potential (MMP) in MM cells in-vitro as measured by cationic JC1 dye staining. Upon treatment, the abnormal overexpression of oncogenic protein, AKT serine/threonine kinase has also been reduced. Furthermore, anti-oxidants level also increased while migratory potential, angiogenesis and inflammation decreased in multiple myeloma cell line upon treatment with HeA. CONCLUSION: Collectively, our results demonstrated that integrative therapy of habb-e-asgandh efficiently eliminates the need to use higher dose of lenalidomide for multiple myeloma treatment.

Indian traditional medicinal plants in ophthalmic diseases.

Objective: Traditional herbal plants have been in use since ancient times to treat ophthalmic conditions; so, the aim of this study is to evaluate some potent Indian traditional medicinal plants used in ophthalmic diseases in order to summarize their potential effect in ophthalmology along with their mechanism of action. Materials and Methods: Databases PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase were extensively explored. Additionally, relevant textbooks and literatures were consulted to summarize most of the considerable scientific literature for the review. Search term included ophthalmology, glaucoma, cataract, trachoma, conjunctivitis, traditional medicines, Unani drugs, and ayurvedic drugs were used. Around 80 review articles were consulted from the year 1982 to 2021. Results: The traditional medicinal plants are easily available, cost-effective and have no associated side effects in comparison to current conventional treatments. Moreover, these drugs in oppose to modern medicine, have an inherent potential to accelerate the body's own immunity to fight against any infection. A large volume of scientific studies has reported the beneficial effects of traditional drugs in ophthalmology. Conclusion: This review, therefore, describes the potential benefits and uses of some traditional medicinal plants used in ophthalmic diseases.

Itrifal-e-Aftimoon potentiates imatinib-induced anti-leukemic effect by influencing FAK/STAT/Akt/ERK signalling pathways against chronic myeloid leukaemia in vitro.

OBJECTIVES: Limited treatment options are available for advanced stages of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). Moreover, patients' relapse after a short remission period, which prompts them to identify a potent drug with the least toxicity. An Unani herbal formulation, Itrifal-e-Aftimoon (IEA) is used for certain neurological disorders, however, its antitumor potential has not been reported yet in any malignancy, including CML. METHODS: The aqueous extract of IEA was characterized by HPLC/LC-MS and used alone or in combination with standard drug, imatinib in CML cell lines (K562, KU812) in vitro to assess its effect on cancer-associated parameters such as cytotoxicity, cell cycle, apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, angiogenesis, and certain signalling pathways. RESULTS: LC-MS characterization of IEA showed the presence of antitumor compounds including catechin and caffeic acid. Treatment with IEA caused cytotoxicity and arrested cells in the sub-G0/G1 phase. Subsequent assays confirmed apoptosis-mediated cell death with mitochondrial membrane depolarization and alleviation of oxidative stress. IEA abrogates IL-6, VEGF, angiopoietin-2, and alters Th1/Th2 cytokines. IEA potentiated the effect of imatinib even at lower doses by affecting FAK/STAT/Akt/ERK pathways. CONCLUSION: IEA possesses antitumor potential against CML and increases the efficacy of imatinib when used in combination, suggesting utilization of IEA as an adjuvant therapy for better management of CML in the future.

Diosmin in combination with naringenin enhances apoptosis in colon cancer cells.

Colon cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignancies, which begins as a polyp and grows to become cancer. Diosmin (DS) and naringenin (NR) are naturally occurring flavonoids that exhibit various pharmacological activities. Although several studies have illustrated the effectiveness of these flavonoids as anti­cancerous agents individually, the combinatorial impact of these compounds has not been explored. In the present study, the combined effect of DS and NR (DiNar) in colon cancer cell lines HCT116 and SW480 were assessed by targeting apoptosis and inflammatory pathways. The MTT assay was used to evaluate the effect of DiNar on cell proliferation, while Chou­Talalay analysis was employed to determine the combination index of DS and NR. Moreover, flow cytometry was used to monitor cell cycle arrest and population study. The onset of apoptosis was assessed by DAPI staining, DNA fragmentation, and Annexin V­fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide (Annexin V­FITC/PI). The expression levels of apoptotic pathway markers, Bcl­2, Bax, caspase3, caspase8, caspase9 and p53, and inflammatory markers, NF­κß, IKK­α and IKK­ß, were assessed using western blotting and reverse transcription­quantitative PCR. These results suggested that DiNar treatment acts synergistically and induces cytotoxicity with a concomitant increase in chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation and cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase. Annexin V­FITC/PI apoptosis assay also showed increased number of cells undergoing apoptosis in the DiNar treatment group. Furthermore, the expression of apoptosis and inflammatory markers was also more effectively regulated under the DiNar treatment. Thereby, these findings demonstrated that DiNar treatment could be a potential novel chemotherapeutic alternative in colon cancer.

Anti-Cancer Effect of Gingerol in Cancer Prevention and Treatment.

Cancer is one of the most lethal diseases in the world. Because of the high death rate associated with cancer and the side effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy, patients require alternative strategies for its treatment. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has enormous medicinal properties and health benefits. In this review, we discuss the basic mechanism by which gingerol (an active component of ginger) modulates a variety of cell signaling pathways linked to cancer, including Nuclear Factors (NF-κB), Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3), Activator Protein-1 (AP-1), ß-catenin, Growth Factors Receptors (EGFR, VEGFR); Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPK) and pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α and COX-2). Both in vitro and in vivo studies support the role of gingerol in cancer. The efficacy of gingerol by clinical trials has also been reported. Importantly, natural agents are already in clinical trials against various kinds of cancer. An effort has been made through this comprehensive review to highlight the recent developments and milestones achieved in cancer therapies via studies based on different cell lines using gingerol.

Animal Models of Multiple Myeloma Bone Disease.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal B-cell disorder characterized by the proliferation of malignant plasma cells (PCs) in the bone marrow, the presence of monoclonal serum immunoglobulin, and osteolytic lesions. It is the second most common hematological malignancy and considered an incurable disease despite significant treatment improvements. MM bone disease (MMBD) is defined as the presence of one or more osteolytic bone lesions or diffused osteoporosis with compression fracture attributable to the underlying clonal PC disorder. MMBD causes severe morbidity and increases mortality. Cumulative evidence shows that the interaction of MM cells and bone microenvironment plays a significant role in MM progression, suggesting that these interactions may be good targets for therapy. MM animal models have been developed and studied in various aspects of MM tumorigenesis. In particular, MMBD has been studied in various models, and each model has unique features. As the general features of MM animal models have been reviewed elsewhere, the current review will focus on the features of MMBD animal models.

Synergistic Interaction of Rutin and Silibinin on Human Colon Cancer Cell Line.

AIM OF THE STUDY: Rutin and Silibinin are active flavonoid compounds, well-known for possessing multiple biological activities. We have studied how Rutin and Silibinin in combination modulate wide range intracellular signaling cascades as evidenced by in-vitro research. Data obtained from preclinical studies provide evidence to be supportive to bridge basic and translational studies. METHODS: In this study, cytotoxic effect of Rutin and Silibinin individually and in combination on the viability of colon cancer cell line (HT-29) was revealed using the MTT assay. Mechanism involved in the cytotoxic effect were then investigated in terms of apoptosis using comet assay, DNA fragmentation and fluorescent microscopy analyses. The apoptosis associated proteins viz; Caspase-3, 8, 9, Bax, Bcl-2, p53, inflammation associated proteins viz; NFκB, IKK-α IKK-ß and MAPK pathway associated proteins viz; p38 and MK-2 were determined by western-blot and Real Time-PCR analysis. RESULTS: Results suggest that Rutin and Silibinin produce anticancer effects via induction of apoptosis as well as regulating the expressions of genes related to apoptosis, inflammation and MAPK pathway proteins more effectively in combination than individually. CONCLUSION: Our study supports the viability of developing Rutin and Silibinin in combination as a novel therapeutic prodrug for colon cancer treatment and may have a promising role in the development of new anticancer drugs in the future.

Protective effect of Chlorogenic acid against methotrexate induced oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in rat liver: An experimental approach.

Methotrexate (MTX) is a drug which is used to treat different types of cancers but hepatotoxicity limits its clinical use. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is one of the most abundant naturally occurring polyphenols in the human diet. Here, we assessed the effect of CGA against MTX-induced hepatotoxicity and investigated the underlying possible mechanisms in Wistar Rats. Rats were pre-treated with CGA (50 or 100 mg kg/b.w) and administered a single dose of MTX (20 mg/kg, b.w.). MTX caused hepatotoxicity as evidenced by significant increase in serum toxicity markers, histopathological changes. decreased activities of anti-oxidant armory (SOD, CAT, GPx, GR) and GSH content. MTX significantly causes upregulation of iNOS, Cox-2, Bax and downregulation of Bcl-2 expressions, it causes higher caspase 3, 9 activities. However CGA pretreatment alleviates the hepatotoxicity by decreasing the oxidative stress. CGA inhibited Cox-2, iNOS, Bax, Bcl-2 and Caspases 3, 9 mediated inflammation and apoptosis, and improve the histology induced by MTX. Thus, these findings demonstrated the hepatoprotective nature of CGA by attenuating the pro-inflammatory and apoptotic mediators and improving antioxidant competence in hepatic tissue. These results imply that CGA has perfective effect against MTX-induced liver injury. Hence CGA supplementation might be helpful in abrogation of MTX toxicity.

Partial protection by 18ß Glycrrhetinic acid against Cisplatin induced oxidative intestinal damage in wistar rats: Possible role of NFkB and caspases.

BACKGROUND: Cisplatin (CP) is a potent chemotherapeutic agent commonly used for the treatment of various malignancies. It has varied undesirable effects such as nephrotoxicity, intestinal toxicity which limit its wide and extensive clinical usage. 18ß-Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid derivative, obtained from the herb liquorice having pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antioxidant. The present study was designed to investigate in vivo efficacy of GA against CP induced small intestinal toxicity. METHODS: Rats were subjected to prophylactic oral treatment of GA (50 and 100mg/kg body weight) for 21days against intestinal toxicity induced by single intra peritoneal injection of CP (10mg/kg body weight) on day 18th and sacrificed on 21st day. RESULTS: The plausible mechanism of CP induced small intestinal toxicity is via deficit in anti-oxidant armory, induction of oxidative stress; TNF-α, NFkB, activation of apoptotic pathway proteins by up regulation of caspases. However prophylactic treatment of GA diminished oxidative stress markers, TNF-α, NFkB expression and enhanced anti-oxidant status, down regulated apoptosis, recovered histopatholgical alterations in small intestine. CONCLUSION: Therefore, results of the present finding provide strong evidence that GA may be a useful modulator in alleviating CP induced intestinal toxicity.

Rutin ameliorates cyclophosphamide induced oxidative stress and inflammation in Wistar rats: role of NFκB/MAPK pathway.

Cyclophosphamide is a potent anticancer agent. However its clinical use is restricted because of its marked organ toxicity associated with increased oxidative stress and inflammation. The present study was designed to demonstrate the protective effects of rutin, a naturally occurring bioflavonoid against the hepatotoxicity induced by CP. Rats were subjected to oral pretreatment of rutin (50 and 100 mg/kg b wt) against hepatotoxicity induced by i.p. injection of CP (150 mg/kg b wt) and were sacrificed after 24 h. Hepatoprotective effects of rutin were associated with upregulation of antioxidant enzyme activities and down regulation of serum toxicity markers. Rutin was able to down regulate the levels of inflammatory markers like TNF-α, IL-6 and expressions of p38-MAPK, NFκB, i-NOS and COX-2. Histopathological changes further confirmed the biochemical and immunohistochemical results showing that CP caused significant structural damage to liver which were reversed by pretreatment of rutin. Therefore, our study revealed that rutin may be a promising modulator in attenuating CP induced oxidative stress, inflammation and hepatotoxicity via targeting NFκB and MAPK pathway.