In situ evaluation of microbial profile formed on Ti-6Al-4V additive manufacturing disks: 16S rRNA sequencing.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Dental implants obtained by additive manufacturing may present changes in the microbiome formed. However, studies profiling the microbial communities formed on Ti-6Al-4V are lacking. PURPOSE: The purpose of this in situ study was to characterize the profile of the microbial communities formed on Ti-6Al-4V disks produced by additive manufacturing and machining. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Titanium disks produced by additive manufacturing (AMD) and machining (UD) were housed in the buccal region of removable intraoral devices. These devices containing both disks were used by eight participants for 96 hours. After every 24 hours of intraoral exposure, the biofilm that had formed on the disks was collected. The 16S rRNA genes from each specimen were amplified and sequenced with the Miseq Illumina instrument and analyzed. Total microbial quantification was evaluated by analysis of variance-type statistics using the nparLD package. The Wilcoxon test was used to evaluate alpha diversity (α=.05). RESULTS: A difference was found in the microbial communities formed on additively manufactured and machined disks, with a reduction in operational taxonomic units (OTUs) for the AMD group compared with the UD group. Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the most abundant phyla. Of the 1256 genera sequenced, Streptococcus predominated on both disks. CONCLUSIONS: The microbiome of the biofilm formed on the Ti-6Al-4V disks was significantly influenced by the fabrication method. The AMD disks showed lower total microbial counts than the UD disks.

Clinical study of the biofilm of implant-supported complete dentures in healthy patients.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to quantify the area covered by biofilm and identify bacteria and yeasts present in mandibular acrylic resin full-arch implant-supported fixed prostheses. BACKGROUND: Biofilm control of implant-supported fixed prosthesis is hampered by their design, and it can cause oral and systemic problems, mainly in immunocompromised patients like the elder. Knowledge about microbiota reinforces the awareness about the need for periodic professional cleaning maintenance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty prostheses were unscrewed, washed in 0.89% sodium chloride, stained with eosin 1% and photographed. The area covered by biofilm was digitally delimited and quantified. Biofilm samples were collected, diluted up to 1:107 , seeded in chromogenic agar media and incubated for 48 hours, at 37°C, for counting of colony-forming units (CFU/mL). DNA hybridization was performed to complement the identification and quantification of microorganisms. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney test, Spearman correlation and Fisher's exact test (α = .05). RESULTS: An average of 62% of the gingival surface of the prostheses was covered by biofilm. Enterococcus spp. (5.82 ± 1.38 log10 CFU/mL) and Staphylococcus aureus (5.75 ± 2.02 log10 CFU/mL) showed higher prevalence in cultures. Patients with five implants had less biofilm compared to those with four implants (P = .031) but had higher Escherichia coli counts (P = .039). In DNA hybridization, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Veillonella parvula and Fusobacterium nucleatum presented higher quantification and were present in all the samples; patients over 65 years old contained more Candida tropicalis (P = .049); prostheses on five implants presented lower quantification for several species. CONCLUSION: Biofilm was present on all prostheses, containing potentially pathogenic microorganisms. The number of implants may play a role in quantification of biofilm and in microorganism counts.

Expression of virulence factors by Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm after bacteriophage infection.

The use of bacteriophages for the treatment of bacterial infections has been extensively studied. Nonetheless, the stress response regarding bacteriophage infection and the expression of virulence factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa after phage infection is poorly discussed. In this study, we evaluated biofilm formation capacity and expression of virulence factors of P. aeruginosa after bacteriophage infection. Biofilm growth rates, biofilm morphology, pyocyanin production and elastase activity were evaluated after 2, 8, 24 and 48 h of co-cultivation with bacteriophages that was recently characterized and showed to be infective towards clinical isolates. In parallel, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions were carried out to verify the expression of virulence-related genes. Bacteriophages promoted substantial changes in P. aeruginosa biofilm growth at early co-culture time. In addition, at 8 h, we observed that some cultures developed filaments. Although bacteriophages did not alter both pyocyanin and protease activity, changes on the expression level of genes related to virulence factors were detected. Usually, lasI, pslA, lasB and phzH genes were upregulated after 2 and 48 h of co-culture. These results highlight the need for extensive investigation of pathways and molecules involved in phage infection, since the transcriptional changes would suggest a response activation by P. aeruginosa.

Marginal fit and microbial leakage along the implant-abutment interface of fixed partial prostheses: An in vitro analysis using Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Bidirectional leakage through the implant-abutment interface still constitutes a major concern in implant-supported restorations. PURPOSE: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the marginal fit, before and after loading simulation, of 3-unit fixed partial prostheses supported by external hexagon or Morse cone implants and to identify and quantify up to 43 microbial species penetrating through the implant-abutment interface after loading. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-eight dental implants with external hexagon (EH; n=24) or Morse cone (MC; n=24) connections were investigated. Experimental specimens were made from 2 implants restored with a 3-unit fixed partial prosthesis and divided into 2 groups (n=12) according to platform connection EH or MC. Vertical misfit at the implant-abutment interface was measured before and after loading (150 Ncm during 500,000 cycles at 1.8 Hz). checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization was used to identify and quantify up to 38 bacterial and 5 Candida species colonizing the internal parts of the implants after loading. Generalized estimating equations were used for statistical analysis (α=.05). RESULTS: The mean values (mm, ±SD) of vertical misfit for EH were 0.0131 ±0.002 before loading and 0.0138 ±0.002 after loading and for MC were 0.0132 ±0.003 before loading and 0.0137 ±0.001 after loading. Twenty-one bacterial species, including periodontal pathogens and C. albicans, were found colonizing the inner surfaces of EH implants after loading. None of the target species were detected in the internal parts of MC implants. CONCLUSIONS: EH implants showed higher microbial counts than MC implants, in which microbial colonization was not found after loading. Detected species included nonpathogens and microorganisms related to periodontal/periimplant diseases. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effect of loading simulation on the marginal misfit of 3-unit fixed partial prostheses supported by EH or MC implants, because no significant differences could be found either before or after loading.

Bacterial adhesion on the titanium and zirconia abutment surfaces.

OBJECTIVE: Microorganisms harboring the oral cavity, mainly those related to periodontal diseases, are the most potential etiologic factor of failure in long-term implant treatment. The material used for abutment components may influence the adhesion and colonization of microbial species. The aim of this in vivo investigation was to evaluate the biofilm formation on machined (MPT) or cast titanium (CPT) and zirconia abutments (Zc). METHODS: Six healthy subjects were enrolled in this randomized crossover clinical investigation. The study was conducted in three phases according to abutment surface evaluated. Each subject used an individual oral splint containing four disks of the same tested substrate, two located in the anterior and two in the posterior region, totalizing 12 specimens for subject. Participants were asked to use the removable intraoral splint during 24 h. DNA checkerboard hybridization method was used to identify and quantify 38 bacterial species colonizing formed biofilm on the abutment substrates. RESULTS: Pathogens and non-pathogens species were found colonizing the three substrates surfaces. Fusobacterium nucleatum, Neisseria mucosa, Porphyromonas aeruginosa, Peptostreptococcus anaerobios, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus parasanguinis, and Tanerella forsythia were the only species with no significant differences over the tested materials (P > 0.05). All the other target species presented significant differences sought by Friedman test (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant difference in the total bacterial count between the three groups. CPT presented the higher mean counts, followed by MPT and Zc. CPT group also showed a higher mean incidence of species than MPT and Zc. The anterior or posterior region of disks placement did not show significant differences in relation to bacterial adhesion.

Microbial species associated with dental caries found in saliva and in situ after use of self-ligating and conventional brackets.

OBJECTIVES: Enamel demineralization is among the main topics of interest in the orthodontic field. Self-ligating brackets have been regarded as advantageous in this aspect. The aim of this study was to evaluate the break homeostasis in the oral environment and the levels of microorganisms associated with dental caries among the different types of brackets. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty patients received two self-ligating brackets: In-Ovation®R, SmartClipTM, and one conventional GeminiTM. Saliva was collected before bonding (S0), 30 (S1) and 60 (S2) days after bonding. One sample of each bracket was removed at 30 and 60 days for the in situ analysis. Checkerboard DNA-DNA Hybridization was employed to evaluate the levels of microbial species as-sociated with dental caries. Data were evaluated by nonparametric Friedman and Wilcoxon tests at 5% significance level. RESULTS: The salivary levels of L. casei (p=0.033), S. sobrinus (p=0.011), and S. sanguinis (p=0.004) increased in S1. The in situ analyses showed alteration in S. mutans (p=0.047), whose highest levels were observed to the In-Ovation®R. CONCLUSIONS: The orthodontic appliances break the salivary homeostasis of microorganisms involved in dental caries. The contamination pattern was different between self-ligating and conventional brackets. The In-Ovation®R presented worse performance considering the levels of cariogenic bacterial species.

Influence of a Retentive Shoulder Design to Prevent Early Failure of Three Core Build-Ups.

This study evaluated the influence of a retentive shoulder design to prevent early failure of three resin composite build-ups on molars. Ninety-six intact extracted human maxillary third molars were assigned to two groups (n=48) based on occlusal, buccal cusps only and all cusps reduction. The groups were divided into two subgroups: pin retained and non-pin retained build-ups resulting in four groups (n=24), according the cusps reduction: pin retained/partial, pin retained/complete, non-pin retained/partial, non-pin retained/complete. Occlusal reduction was 3 mm with a semi-lunar retentive shoulder of 3 mm and an axial wall height of 1.5 mm. Groups were restored using a microhybrid, flowable or titanium reinforced resin composite. Modified self-curing acrylic resin provisional crowns were fabricated, cemented with non-eugenol temporary cement and thermal cycled. An instron machine applied tension to the provisional crowns parallel to the long axis of the tooth until dislodgement. A three-way analysis of variance was conducted on the influence of the variables on the retention of the core build-up. Ninety-three build-ups were retained under tensile load, while three core build-ups without pins were dislodged. Three-way analysis of variance showed no statistically significant difference between core build-ups using a retentive shoulder and pin retained core build-ups when tested under tensile load. With the advent of adhesive systems, increased surface area and retentive shoulder design can provide a retentive core foundation to prevent early failures of core build-ups during indirect restoration fabrication which will contribute to the longevity of final restorations.

Orthodontic appliances did not increase risk of dental caries and periodontal disease under preventive protocol.

OBJECTIVES: To assess periodontal parameters and microbial species levels after orthodontic appliance placement in patients who received oral hygiene instructions and who were monitored and motivated throughout the study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Periodontal Index was recorded and saliva collection was performed before (T0) and 30 (T1), 60 (T2), and 90 (T3) days after orthodontic appliance placement in 15 patients (mean age 17.53 ± 8.0 years). Analysis was carried out using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. Nonparametric statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS: The Periodontal Index did not change. The total amount of the purple and red complexes and Candida species showed a significant decrease from T2. The green, yellow, and orange complex showed a significant decrease at T3. The specific species analysis showed that Prevotella nigrescens, Pseudomonas putida, Fusobacterium periodonticum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, and Tanerella forsythia showed high incidence before bonding, and their levels decreased at T2 and T3. Only Porphyromonas gingivalis showed increased levels at T2 and displayed the highest level at T3. The Streptococcus group decreased their levels from T2 onward. CONCLUSIONS: A dynamic change in microbial levels was identified. The decrease in the levels of complexes present was only possible due to the mechanical method of oral hygiene implemented in this sample.

Clinical trial for evaluation of Ricinus communis and sodium hypochlorite as denture cleanser.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated Ricinus communis and sodium hypochlorite solutions in terms of biofilm removal ability, remission of candidiasis, antimicrobial activity, and participant satisfaction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: It was conducted a controlled clinical trial, randomized, double-blind, and crossover. Sixty-four denture wearers with (n=24) and without candidiasis (n=40) were instructed to brush (3 times/day) and immerse their dentures (20 min/day) in different storage solutions (S1 / S2: 0.25% / 0.5% sodium hypochlorite; S3: 10% R. communis; S4: Saline).The trial period for each solution was seven days and a washout period of seven days was used before starting the use of another solution. The variables were analyzed at baseline and after each trial period. The biofilm of inner surfaces of maxillary dentures was disclosed, photographed, and total and dyed areas were measured (Image Tool software). The percentage of biofilm was calculated. Remission of candidiasis was assessed by visual scale and score were attributed. Antimicrobial activity was assessed by the DNA-Checkerboard hybridization method. Patient satisfaction was measured using a questionnaire. RESULTS: S1 (4.41±7.98%) and S2 (2.93±5.23%) were more effective then S3 (6.95±10.93%) in biofilm remotion(P<0.0001). All solutions were different from the control (11.07±11.99%). S3 was the most effective solution in remission of candidiasis (50%), followed by S1 (46%). Concerning antimicrobial action, S1/S2 were similar and resulted in the lowest microorganism mean count (P=0.04), followed by S3. No significant differences were found with patient's satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: 10% R. communis and 0.25% sodium hypochlorite were effective in biofilm removal, causing remission of candidiasis and reducing the formation of microbial colonies in denture surfaces. All solutions were approved by patients.

Microbiome of titanium and zirconia dental implants abutments.

OBJECTIVES: This study employed culture-independent molecular techniques to extend the characterization of the microbial diversity of biofilm associated with either titanium or zirconia implant-abutments, including not-yet-cultivated bacteria species, and to identify and quantify species recovered from peri-implantar/periodontal sulci, supragingival biofilm and the internal parts of implants. Probing depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing, and marginal bone level were also evaluated over time and correlated with biofilm formation. METHODS: Twenty healthy participants were analyzed. DNA-Checkerboard and 16S-rDNA-Pyrosequencing were used to quantify and determine species identity. RESULTS: 161 bacterial taxa representing 12 different phylotypes were found, of which 25% were non-cultivable. Species common to all sites belonged to genera Fusobacterium, Prevotella, Actinomyces, Porphyromonas, Veillonella and Streptococcus. While some species were subject-specific and detected in most sites, other species were site-specific. Moderate to higher levels of unclassified species were found colonizing titanium-related sites. Pathogenic and non-pathogenic species were detected colonizing oral sites in both materials. Titanium-related sites presented the highest total microbial count and higher counts of pathogenic species. CONCLUSIONS: Our results revealed differences regarding microbial diversity and microorganisms counts in oral biofilm associated with titanium or zirconia. The obtained data suggests a possible relation between microbiological findings and clinical outcomes. SIGNIFICANCE: Next-generation methods of detection have provided new insights on complex microbiota colonizing different sites of oral cavity. The present study demonstrates relevant differences in the communities and microbial counts colonizing different tested substrates with consequent significant differences in the clinical-outcomes, suggesting a probably different mechanism for specific bacterial adhesion.

Clinical evaluation of residual tetrasodium pyrophosphate released from two different anticalculus flosses.

The aim of this study was to compare the residual content of tetrasodium pyrophosphate released by two different anticalculus dental flosses (Reach PP®--entangled polypropylene floss and Reach NT®--texturized nylon) in the oral cavity. Ten healthy individuals (aged between 18 and 30 years) were enrolled in this randomized crossover clinical investigation. Participants received instructions on daily dental flossing and the interventions were randomly performed in 2 different groups (NT or PP) of five individuals each according to the dental flosses. Individuals were instructed to use each dental floss with a total of six slides on the two interproximal aspects of target teeth (3 slides on each interproximal aspect). A washout period of one week was used before start flossing interventions and after each type of dental floss to prevent any bias related to the exposure to any product that contained the active ingredient. Samples were collected by #35 sterilized absorbent paper points from interdental fluid after flossing and assessed by ion chromatography. The levels of residual tetrasodium pyrophosphate were evaluated by means of binomial generalized linear model proportions and canonical link function. Both dental flosses were effective in tetrasodium pyrophosphate release at therapeutic levels in the interdental gingival crevicular fluid for a period of up to 2 h after use. No significant differences were found between both groups (p>0.05). It may be concluded that both material composition and physical structure of the new dental floss did not affect the release or the maintenance of anticalculus agent at therapeutic levels for a period of up to 2 h after single use.

Influence of a retentive shoulder design to prevent early failure of three core build-ups

Abstract This study evaluated the influence of a retentive shoulder design to prevent early failure of three resin composite build-ups on molars. Ninety-six intact extracted human maxillary third molars were assigned to two groups (n=48) based on occlusal, buccal cusps only and all cusps reduction. The groups were divided into two subgroups: pin retained and non-pin retained build-ups resulting in four groups (n=24), according the cusps reduction: pin retained/partial, pin retained/complete, non-pin retained/partial, non-pin retained/complete. Occlusal reduction was 3 mm with a semi-lunar retentive shoulder of 3 mm and an axial wall height of 1.5 mm. Groups were restored using a microhybrid, flowable or titanium reinforced resin composite. Modified self-curing acrylic resin provisional crowns were fabricated, cemented with non-eugenol temporary cement and thermal cycled. An instron machine applied tension to the provisional crowns parallel to the long axis of the tooth until dislodgement. A three-way analysis of variance was conducted on the influence of the variables on the retention of the core build-up. Ninety-three build-ups were retained under tensile load, while three core build-ups without pins were dislodged. Three-way analysis of variance showed no statistically significant difference between core build-ups using a retentive shoulder and pin retained core build-ups when tested under tensile load. With the advent of adhesive systems, increased surface area and retentive shoulder design can provide a retentive core foundation to prevent early failures of core build-ups during indirect restoration fabrication which will contribute to the longevity of final restorations.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou a influência de um preparo retentivo em forma de ombro para prevenir a falha precoce de núcleos de preenchimento realizados em molares com 3 diferentes tipos de resina composta. Noventa e seis terceiros molares superiores hígidos extraídos de humanos, foram divididos em dois grupos (n=48) de acordo com o tipo de redução oclusal: em todas as cúspides (total) ou nas cúspides vestibulares (parcial). Os grupos foram divididos em dois subgrupos: núcleos retidos a pinos e não retidos a pinos, resultando em quatro grupos (n=24): redução oclusal total/retido a pino, redução oclusal parcial/retido a pino, redução oclusal total/não retido a pino, redução oclusal parcial/não retido a pino. A redução oclusal foi de 3 mm com um ombro retentivo semilunar de 3 mm e uma altura de parede axial de 1,5 mm. Os grupos foram restaurados utilizando resina composta microhíbrida, fluível ou reforçada com titânio. Foram confeccionadas coroas provisórias de resina acrílica autopolimerizável modificada, cimentadas com cimento provisório sem eugenol e termocicladas. Uma máquina universal de ensaios foi utilizada para tracionar as coroas provisórias paralelamente ao longo eixo do dente até o seu deslocamento. Análise de variância de 3 fatores foi aplicada para avaliar o efeito dos fatores na retenção do núcleo. Noventa e três núcleos de preenchimento permaneceram retidos sob a carga de tração, enquanto três núcleos de preenchimento sem pinos foram deslocados. A análise de variância não mostrou diferença significante entre os núcleos de preenchimento com desenho retentivo e os núcleos de preenchimento retidos a pinos. Com o advento dos sistemas adesivos, o aumento da área de superfície e o desenho retentivo dos ombros podem fornecer um preparo retentivo para evitar falhas precoces nos núcleos de preenchimento durante a fabricação de restaurações indiretas, o que contribuirá para a longevidade das restaurações finais.

Microbial species associated with dental caries found in saliva and in situ after use of self-ligating and conventional brackets

Abstract Objectives Enamel demineralization is among the main topics of interest in the orthodontic field. Self-ligating brackets have been regarded as advantageous in this aspect. The aim of this study was to evaluate the break homeostasis in the oral environment and the levels of microorganisms associated with dental caries among the different types of brackets. Material and Methods Twenty patients received two self-ligating brackets: In-Ovation®R, SmartClipTM, and one conventional GeminiTM. Saliva was collected before bonding (S0), 30 (S1) and 60 (S2) days after bonding. One sample of each bracket was removed at 30 and 60 days for the in situ analysis. Checkerboard DNA-DNA Hybridization was employed to evaluate the levels of microbial species as-sociated with dental caries. Data were evaluated by nonparametric Friedman and Wilcoxon tests at 5% significance level. Results The salivary levels of L. casei (p=0.033), S. sobrinus (p=0.011), and S. sanguinis (p=0.004) increased in S1. The in situ analyses showed alteration in S. mutans (p=0.047), whose highest levels were observed to the In-Ovation®R. Conclusions The orthodontic appliances break the salivary homeostasis of microorganisms involved in dental caries. The contamination pattern was different between self-ligating and conventional brackets. The In-Ovation®R presented worse performance considering the levels of cariogenic bacterial species.

In vitro evaluation of the microbial contamination on new toothbrushes: a preliminary study.

OBJECTIVE: The presence and survival of microorganisms on toothbrush bristles might play a role on the etiology of oral infections. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the presence of bacterial contamination on new toothbrushes before oral contact. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty toothbrushes from five different manufacturers were used in this experimental study. Each manufacturer was divided according to conventional local of obtaining: industry, drugstore, market, and perfumery. The toothbrush heads were completely immersed into tubes containing 5.0 mL of sterile peptonated water (dilution 1:10). A group of eight tubes containing the sterile solution was used as control. After 21 days of anaerobic incubation, occurrence of contamination was visually evaluated and confirmed by light microscopy. RESULTS: Bacterial growth in the medium, indicative of bristles contamination, was found in a total of 19 out of 40 samples (47.5%) evaluated: 6 out of 14 samples (42.85%) from industry group, 4 out of 8 samples (50.0%) from drugstore, 5 out of 10 samples (50.0%) from market, and 4 out of 8 samples (50.0%) from perfumery. Only the toothbrushes with bristles coated with chlorhexidine did not show contamination. The Gram-negative sporulating bacilli were the most prevalent form recovered. CONCLUSIONS: Except for chlorhexidine group, bacterial growth was observed in all groups evaluated irrespective local of obtaining.

Effect of alveolex on the bone defects repair stimulated by rhBMP-2: Histomorphometric study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate histomorphometrically the effect of alveolex (Propolis 10%) on the repair of bone cavities in the calvaria of rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 5 mm diameter bone defect was made in the calvaria of male Wistar rats using the drill-type trephine. The defects were filled with rhBMP-2+Alveolex, rhBMP-2, Alveolex, or coagulum. Twenty-eight animals with seven subjects on each were sacrificed 30 days after surgery and samples were fixed and embedded in paraffin. Histological sections stained by HE (hematoxylin and eosin) were obtained from the calvaria bone defect and analyzed by a differential point-counting method. RESULTS: Group I and II, rhBMP-2+Alveolex and rhBMP-2, respectively, presented higher levels of newly formed bone than other groups (P < 0.001). There were not significant differences between groups I and II (P > 0.05). In addition, there was not significant difference between groups III and IV, Control-Coagulum and Alveolex, respectively (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Alveolex has increased the bone repair in calvaria defects of rats when associated to rhBMP-2, however without significant differences for rhBMP-2 isolated group; Alveolex isolated group showed the lowest levels of newly formed bone with no significant differences to coagulum group (control).

Clinical trial for evaluation of Ricinus communis and sodium hypochlorite as denture cleanser

Abstract The development of opportunistic infections due to poor denture hygiene conditions justified the search for effective hygiene protocols for controlling denture biofilm. Objective This study evaluated Ricinus communis and sodium hypochlorite solutions in terms of biofilm removal ability, remission of candidiasis, antimicrobial activity, and participant satisfaction. Material and Methods It was conducted a controlled clinical trial, randomized, double-blind, and crossover. Sixty-four denture wearers with (n=24) and without candidiasis (n=40) were instructed to brush (3 times/day) and immerse their dentures (20 min/day) in different storage solutions (S1 / S2: 0.25% / 0.5% sodium hypochlorite; S3: 10% R. communis; S4: Saline).The trial period for each solution was seven days and a washout period of seven days was used before starting the use of another solution. The variables were analyzed at baseline and after each trial period. The biofilm of inner surfaces of maxillary dentures was disclosed, photographed, and total and dyed areas were measured (Image Tool software). The percentage of biofilm was calculated. Remission of candidiasis was assessed by visual scale and score were attributed. Antimicrobial activity was assessed by the DNA-Checkerboard hybridization method. Patient satisfaction was measured using a questionnaire. Results S1 (4.41±7.98%) and S2 (2.93±5.23%) were more effective then S3 (6.95±10.93%) in biofilm remotion(P<0.0001). All solutions were different from the control (11.07±11.99%). S3 was the most effective solution in remission of candidiasis (50%), followed by S1 (46%). Concerning antimicrobial action, S1/S2 were similar and resulted in the lowest microorganism mean count (P=0.04), followed by S3. No significant differences were found with patient's satisfaction. Conclusions 10% R. communis and 0.25% sodium hypochlorite were effective in biofilm removal, causing remission of candidiasis and reducing the formation of microbial colonies in denture surfaces. All solutions were approved by patients.

Clinical Evaluation of Residual Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate Released from Two Different Anticalculus Flosses

The aim of this study was to compare the residual content of tetrasodium pyrophosphate released by two different anticalculus dental flosses (Reach PP(r) - entangled polypropylene floss and Reach NT(r) - texturized nylon) in the oral cavity. Ten healthy individuals (aged between 18 and 30 years) were enrolled in this randomized crossover clinical investigation. Participants received instructions on daily dental flossing and the interventions were randomly performed in 2 different groups (NT or PP) of five individuals each according to the dental flosses. Individuals were instructed to use each dental floss with a total of six slides on the two interproximal aspects of target teeth (3 slides on each interproximal aspect). A washout period of one week was used before start flossing interventions and after each type of dental floss to prevent any bias related to the exposure to any product that contained the active ingredient. Samples were collected by #35 sterilized absorbent paper points from interdental fluid after flossing and assessed by ion chromatography. The levels of residual tetrasodium pyrophosphate were evaluated by means of binomial generalized linear model proportions and canonical link function. Both dental flosses were effective in tetrasodium pyrophosphate release at therapeutic levels in the interdental gingival crevicular fluid for a period of up to 2 h after use. No significant differences were found between both groups (p>0.05). It may be concluded that both material composition and physical structure of the new dental floss did not affect the release or the maintenance of anticalculus agent at therapeutic levels for a period of up to 2 h after single use.

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o teor residual de pirofosfato de tetrasodio liberado por dois tipos diferentes de fio dental anti-cálculo (Reach PP(r) - polipropileno entrelaçado e Reach NT(r) - nylon texturizado) na cavidade oral. Dez indivíduos saudáveis (com idade entre 18 e 30 anos) foram selecionados para este estudo clínico em modelo crossover. Os participantes receberam instruções sobre como utilizarem os fios dentais e as intervenções foram randomicamente realizadas em 2 grupos de 5 participantes de acordo com o tipo de fio avaliado. O participantes foram instruídos a passarem cada fio dental em um total de 6 passadas ao redor dos 2 espaços interproximais dos dentes selecionados (3 passadas em cada face interproximal). Um período de washout de 1 semana foi utilizado antes do início do estudo e após cada intervenção com o objetivo de prevenir a ocorrência de viés relacionado à exposição de algum agente terapêutico. Amostras do fluido interdental após as intervenções foram avaliadas por meio de cromatografia de íons. A porcentagem residual de pirofosfato tetrassódico foi verificada empregando-se o método da cromatografia de íons, pela colheita do fluido interdental com cones de papel absorvente esterilizados. Os teores de pirofosfato tetrassódico residual foram comparados para cada fio dental e para cada tempo de colheita do fluido interdental. Não foram observadas diferenças significantes entre os grupos avaliados (p>0,05). Conclui-se que a composição do material e a estrutura física dos fios dentais não exerceram influência na liberação e na permanência do agente anti-tártaro, que permaneceu em níveis terapêuticos por um período de até 2 h após o uso único.

Chronic temporomandibular pain treatment using sodium diclofenac / Tratamiento crónico del dolor temporomandibular con diclofenaco sódico

This study evaluate spontaneous pain after and before administration of sodium diclofenac, isolated or associated to carisoprodol, acetaminophen and caffeine, in chronic temporomandibular disorders (TMD) patients. Were selected eighteen volunteers, both men and women, between 35-70 years of age (mean age 50 years). The inclusion criteria was masticatory muscle pain, and the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) was used on the diagnose. The selection of treatment for each individual was done by a triple-blind full-randomized crossover methodology. Thus, all patients were submitted to all treatment at different moments, in a non standardized sequence, avoiding tendentious results. The treatments were: A (sodium diclofenac + carisoprodol + acetaminophen + caffeine), B (sodium diclofenac) and C (placebo), all associated with an occlusal splint. Each treatment period was followed by an eleven-day washout. There weren't observed differences between initial and final values of treatments. However, there were statistically significant differences in evaluative and miscellaneous sensorial groups after B treatment; and in sensorial, affective, and total score groups after B and C treatments. Within the limitations of this investigation, we conclude that treatment of muscular TMD patients with sodium diclofenac isolated promoted higher analgesia than treatment with sodium diclofenac more associations or placebo, when associated to an occlusal splint.

Este estudio evaluó el dolor espontáneo antes y después de la administración de diclofenaco sódico, aislado o asociado a carisoprodol, paracetamol y cafeína, en pacientes con trastornos temporomandibulares crónicos (TTM). Se seleccionaron dieciocho voluntarios, hombres y mujeres, entre 35-70 años de edad (edad media 50 años). Los criterios de inclusión fueron dolor muscular masticatorio, y los criterios diagnósticos para trastornos temporomandibulares (RDC / TMD) como diagnóstico. La selección del tratamiento para cada individuo se llevó a cabo mediante una metodología de cruce triple ciego completo al azar. Por lo tanto, todos los pacientes fueron sometidos a todos los tratamientos en diferentes momentos, en una secuencia no estandarizada, evitando los resultados tendenciosos. Los tratamientos fueron: A (diclofenaco sódico + carisoprodol + acetaminofen + cafeína), B (diclofenaco sódico) y C (placebo), todos asociados a una férula oclusal. Cada período de tratamiento fue seguido por once días. No se encontraron diferencias entre los valores inicial y final de los tratamientos. Sin embargo, hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los grupos de evaluación sensorial y después del tratamiento B, y en los grupos de calificación sensorial, afectivo, y el total después de los tratamientos B y C. Dentro de las limitaciones de esta investigación, se concluye que el tratamiento con diclofenaco sódico aislado en pacientes con TTM musculares promueve una mayor analgesia que el tratamiento con diclofenaco sódico más asociaciones o placebo, cuando se asocia a una férula oclusal.

Uso de la técnica de hibridización checkerboard ADN-ADN para la identificación de la microbiota periimplantaria: revisión bibliográfica / Use of checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique for periimplantitis microbiota identification: literature review

El término Periimplantitis hace referencia a la condición de enfermedad en los tejidos de soporte de los implantes bucales. Su etiología es multifactorial, aunque la biopelícula microbiana desempeña un papel esencial en la etiopatogenia de la enfermedad. A través de técnicas de cultivo, se han identificado algunas bacterias implicadas en la etiopatogenia de las periodontopatías, entre estas, especies pertenecientes a los Géneros Fusobacterium, Prevotella y Porphyromonas. El desarrollo de técnicas de biologia molecular permite la identificación de especies bacterianas que antes no eran referidas como parte de la microbiota responsable de la patogénesis periodontal. La detección de la microbiota presente en los sacos periodontales que se originan alrededor de los implantes es necesaria para el establecimiento de la conducta terapéutica a ser instruida, más aún si se toma den consideración que las alteraciones de las estructuras de soporte están directamente relacionadas con muchos de los microorganismos presentes y constituyen una de las causas más frecuentes de fracaso del tratamiento rehabilitador con implantes. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar una revisión bibliográfica de la técnica de hibridización checkerboard ADN-ADN para la identificación de los microorganismos más frecuentemente asociados a la peri-implantitis

The periimplantitis term is characterized as a disease that affects the support implant tissues. It has a multifactorial etiology, with an important role of the biofilm on the periodontal diseases. The culture techniques use possibilited to identify bacterias responsible for periodontal alterations, as Fusobacterium, Prevotella and Porphyromonas ssp. The development of the molecular biology techniques possibilited the identification of some bacterial species, that there were not related in the literature and there were responsible for periodontal pathogenesis. The microbiota present on the periodontal pockets in overdentures may contribute in the orientation of the therapeutic procedures, considering that the structural alterations on the periodontal tissues are straightly related to microorganism presence, and it constitutes one of the causes that affect the oral rehabilitation treatment with implants. This, the aim of this study was to present a literature review of DNA-DNA hybridization technique in the identification of the microorganisms more related to periimplantitis

Periimplantitis: checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization for bacterial pathogen identification

A recent innovation in medical field is the use of DNA probes in microbiological diagnosis of the oral cavity. Thus, this study has the objective to present the mainly characteristics of Checkerboard DNA-DNA Hybridization method for bacterial pathogens identification related to periimplantitis, commonly disease found in the oral cavity, as wells as, to show the uses and applications of this technique.

Una innovación reciente en medicina es la utilización de sondas de DNA para diagnóstico microbiológico. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo, presentar las principales características del método Checkerboard DNA-DNA Hybridization para la identificación de bacterias patógenas associadas a periimplantite en la cavidad oral, mostrando las diferentes utilizaciones y aplicaciones de esta técnica.