Predictive factors for decompensating events in patients with cirrhosis with primary biliary cholangitis under different lines of therapy.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The landscape in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) has changed with the advent of second-line treatments. However, the use of obeticholic acid (OCA) and fibrates in PBC-related cirrhosis is challenging. We assessed the impact of receiving a second-line therapy as a risk factor for decompensated cirrhosis in a real-world population with cirrhosis and PBC, and identify the predictive factors for decompensated cirrhosis in these patients. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Multicenter study enrolling 388 patients with PBC-cirrhosis from the Spanish ColHai registry. Biopsy (20%), ultrasound (59%), or transient elastography (21%) defined cirrhosis, and the presence of varices and splenomegaly defined clinically significant portal hypertension (CSPH). Paris-II and PBC OCA international study of efficacy criteria determined the response to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), fibrates (n=93), and OCA (n=104). The incidence of decompensated cirrhosis decreased for UDCA versus OCA or fibrates in the real-world population, but they were similar considering the propensity score-matched cohort (UDCA 3.77 vs. second-line therapy 4.5 100 persons-year, respectively), as patients on second-line therapy exhibited advanced liver disease. Consequently, GGT, albumin, platelets, clinically significant portal hypertension, and UDCA response were associated with a decompensating event. OCA response (achieved in 52% of patients) was associated with bilirubin (OR 0.21 [95% CI: 0.06-0.73]) and AST (OR 0.97 [95% CI: 0.95-0.99]), while fibrate response (achieved in 55% of patients) with AST [OR 0.96 (95% CI: 0.95-0.98]). In patients treated with OCA, drug response (sHR 0.23 [95% CI: 0.08-0.64]), diabetes (sHR 5.62 [95% CI: 2.02-15.68]), albumin (sHR 0.34 [95% CI: 0.13-0.89]), and platelets (sHR 0.99 [95% CI: 0.98-1.00]) were related to decompensation. In patients treated with fibrate, drug response (sHR 0.36 (95% CI: 0.14-0.95]), albumin (sHR 0.36 (95% CI: 0.16-0.81]), and clinically significant portal hypertension (sHR 3.70 (95% CI: 1.17-11.70]) were associated with decompensated cirrhosis. CONCLUSIONS: Advanced PBC, rather than OCA and fibrates, was found to be associated with decompensating events. Therefore, biochemical and clinical variables should be considered when making decisions about the management of these drugs. Moreover, a positive response to OCA and fibrates reduced the risk of decompensation.

Development and Validation of a Scoring System to Predict Response to Obeticholic Acid in Primary Biliary Cholangitis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Obeticholic acid (OCA) is the only licensed second-line therapy for primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). With novel therapeutics in advanced development, clinical tools are needed to tailor the treatment algorithm. We aimed to derive and externally validate the OCA response score (ORS) for predicting the response probability of individuals with PBC to OCA. METHODS: We used data from the Italian RECAPITULATE (N = 441) and the IBER-PBC (N = 244) OCA real-world prospective cohorts to derive/validate a score including widely available variables obtained either pre-treatment (ORS) or also after 6 months of treatment (ORS+). Multivariable Cox regressions with backward selection were applied to obtain parsimonious predictive models. The predicted outcomes were biochemical response according to POISE (alkaline phosphatase [ALP]/upper limit of normal [ULN]<1.67 with a reduction of at least 15%, and normal bilirubin), or ALP/ULN<1.67, or Normal range criteria (NR: normal ALP, alanine aminotransferase [ALT], and bilirubin) up to 24 months. RESULTS: Depending on the response criteria, ORS included age, pruritus, cirrhosis, ALP/ULN, ALT/ULN, GGT/ULN, and bilirubin. ORS+ also included ALP/ULN and bilirubin after 6 months of OCA therapy. Internally validated c-statistics for ORS were 0.75, 0.78, and 0.72 for POISE, ALP/ULN<1.67, and NR response, which raised to 0.83, 0.88, and 0.81 with ORS+, respectively. The respective performances in validation were 0.70, 0.72, and 0.71 for ORS and 0.80, 0.84, and 0.78 for ORS+. Results were consistent across groups with mild/severe disease. CONCLUSIONS: We developed and externally validated a scoring system capable to predict OCA response according to different criteria. This tool will enhance a stratified second-line therapy model to streamline standard care and trial delivery in PBC.

Hemophilia and hepatology, back to the future.

Years ago, patients with hemophilia were often cared for because of liver issues. The use of hemoderivatives in the 1970s and 1980s, and the natural history of chronic hepatitis B and C, led to a surge of patients with cirrhosis and related complications after two or three decades. It was not until the approval of entecavir and tenofovir (2005-2008) against the B virus, and of direct-acting antiviral agents (2015) against the C virus, that a truly effective treatment became available for liver disease. Since then, patients with hemophilia disappeared from hepatology clinics and wards, apart from specific isolated problems.

Blood microbiome is associated with changes in portal hypertension after successful direct-acting antiviral therapy in patients with HCV-related cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND: Patients with a significant decrease in hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) have a considerable reduction of liver complications and higher survival after HCV eradication. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between the baseline blood microbiome and the changes in HVPG after successful direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy in patients with HCV-related cirrhosis. METHODS: We performed a prospective study in 32 cirrhotic patients (21 HIV positive) with clinically significant portal hypertension (HVPG ≥10 mmHg). Patients were assessed at baseline and 48 weeks after HCV treatment completion. The clinical endpoint was a decrease in HVPG of ≥20% or HVPG <12 mmHg at the end of follow-up. Bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA was sequenced using MiSeq Illumina technology, inflammatory plasma biomarkers were investigated using ProcartaPlex immunoassays and the metabolome was investigated using GC-MS. RESULTS: During the follow-up, 47% of patients reached the clinical endpoint. At baseline, those patients had a higher relative abundance of Corynebacteriales and Diplorickettsiales order, Diplorickettsiaceae family, Corynebacterium and Aquicella genus and Undibacterium parvum species organisms and a lower relative abundance of Oceanospirillales and Rhodospirillales order, Halomonadaceae family and Massilia genus organisms compared with those who did not achieve the clinical endpoint according to the LEfSe algorithm. Corynebacteriales and Massilia were consistently found within the 10 bacterial taxa with the highest differential abundance between groups. Additionally, the relative abundance of the Corynebacteriales order was inversely correlated with IFN-γ, IL-17A and TNF-α levels and the Massilia genus with glycerol and lauric acid. CONCLUSIONS: Baseline-specific bacterial taxa are related to an HVPG decrease in patients with HCV-related cirrhosis after successful DAA therapy.

Non-pharmacologic direct cost of a simplified strategy with glecaprevir/pibrentasvir for 8 weeks in naïve non-cirrhotic patients with hepatitis C implemented in clinical practice. The Just SIMPLE Study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The emergence of highly tolerable, effective, and shorter duration direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) regimens offers the opportunity to simplify hepatitis C virus management but medical costs are unknown. Thus, we aimed to determine the direct medical costs associated with a combo-simplified strategy (one-step diagnosis and low monitoring) to manage HCV infection within an 8-week glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (GLE/PIB) regimen in clinical practice in Spain. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Healthcare resources and clinical data were collected retrospectively from medical charts of 101 eligible patients at 11 hospitals. Participants were adult, treatment naïve subjects with HCV infection without cirrhosis in whom a combo-simplified strategy with GLE/PIB for 8 weeks were programmed between Apr-2018 and Nov-2018. RESULTS: The GLE/PIB effectiveness was 100% (CI95%: 96.2-100%) in the mITT population and 94.1% (CI95%: 87.5-97.8%) in the ITT population. Three subjects discontinued the combo-simplified strategy prematurely, none of them due to safety reasons. Five subjects reported 8 adverse events, all of mild-moderate intensity. Combo-simplified strategy mean direct costs were 754.35±103.60€ compared to 1689.42€ and 2007.89€ of a theoretical 12-week treatment with 4 or 5 monitoring visits, respectively; and 1370.95€ and 1689.42€ of a theoretical 8-week with 3 or 4 monitoring visits, respectively. Only 4.9% of the subjects used unexpected health care resources. CONCLUSIONS: 8-week treatment with GLE/PIB combined with a combo simplified strategy in real-life offers substantial cost savings without affecting the effectiveness and safety compared to traditional approaches.

A Model Based on Noninvasive Markers Predicts Very Low Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk After Viral Response in Hepatitis C Virus-Advanced Fibrosis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and advanced fibrosis remain at risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after sustained viral response (SVR) and need lifelong surveillance. Because HCC risk is not homogenous and may decrease with fibrosis regression, we aimed to identify patients with low HCC risk based on the prediction of noninvasive markers and its changes after SVR. APPROACH AND RESULTS: This is a multicenter cohort study, including patients with HCV and compensated advanced fibrosis that achieved SVR after direct antivirals. Clinical and transient elastography (TE) data were registered at baseline, 1 year, and 3 years after the end of treatment (EOT). All patients underwent liver ultrasound scan every 6 months. Patients with clinical evaluation 1 year after EOT were eligible. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis were performed, and predictive models were constructed. HCC occurrence rates were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier. Nine hundred and ninety-three patients were eligible (56% male; 44% female; median age 62 years), 35 developed HCC (3.9%), and the median follow-up was 45 months (range 13-53). Baseline liver stiffness measurement (LSM) (HR 1.040; 95% CI 1.017-1.064), serum albumin (HR 0.400; 95% CI 0.174-0.923), 1-year DeltaLSM (HR 0.993; 95% CI 0.987-0.998), and 1-year FIB-4 score (HR 1.095; 95% CI 1.046-1.146) were independent factors associated with HCC. The TE-based HCC risk model predicted 0% of HCC occurrence at 3 years in patients with score 0 (baseline LSM ≤ 17.3 kPa, albumin >4.2 g/dL, and 1-year DeltaLSM > 25.5%) versus 5.2% in patients with score 1-3 (Harrell's C 0.779; log-rank 0.002). An alternative model with FIB-4 similarly predicted HCC risk. CONCLUSIONS: A combination of baseline and dynamic changes in noninvasive markers may help to identify patients with a very low risk of HCC development after SVR.

Hepatocellular carcinoma risk in hepatitis C stage-3 fibrosis after sustained virological response with direct-acting antivirals.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Patients with chronic hepatitis C and stage 3 fibrosis are thought to remain at risk of hepatocellular carcinoma after sustained virological response. We investigated this risk in a large cohort of patients with well-defined stage 3 fibrosis. METHODS: We performed a multicentre, ambispective, observational study of chronic hepatitis C patients with sustained virological response after treatment with direct-acting antivirals started between January and December 2015. Baseline stage 3 was defined in a two-step procedure: we selected patients with transient elastography values of 9.5-14.5 kPa and subsequently excluded those with nodular liver surface, splenomegaly, ascites or collaterals on imaging, thrombopenia or esophago-gastric varices. Patients were screened twice-yearly using ultrasound. RESULTS: The final sample comprised 506 patients (median age, 57.4 years; males, 59.9%; diabetes, 17.2%; overweight, 44.1%; genotype 3, 8.9%; HIV coinfection, 18.4%; altered liver values, 15.2%). Median follow-up was 33.7 (22.1-39.1) months. Five hepatocellular carcinomas and 1 cholangiocarcinoma were detected after a median of 29.4 months (95% CI: 26.8-39.3), with an incidence of 0.47/100 patients/year (95% CI: 0.17-1.01). In the multivariate analysis, only males older than 55 years had a significant higher risk (hazard ratio 7.2 [95% CI: 1.2-41.7; P = .029]) with an incidence of 1.1/100 patients/year (95% CI: 0.3-2.8). CONCLUSIONS: In a large, well-defined cohort of patients with baseline hepatitis C stage-3 fibrosis, the incidence of primary liver tumours was low after sustained virological response and far from the threshold for cost-effectiveness of screening, except in males older than 55 years.

Cases of liver disease lost in the health system: a call to action.

We recently reported our experience searching for patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) who were lost in the health system. Our search of databases in 4 hospitals, 3 of which were tertiary institutions, revealed that sufficient data were available to ensure a reliable diagnosis (i.e., cholestasis, positive antimitochondrial antibody titer, and no other liver disease) in 14.3 % (100/697) of PBC cases. However, patients remained undiagnosed, thus missing an opportunity to start early treatment and follow-up. Even more strikingly, of 30 rescued patients, 27 % had an elastography result indicating a poorer prognosis (> 9.5 kPa).

Obeticholic acid for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: interim analysis from a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial.

BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a common type of chronic liver disease that can lead to cirrhosis. Obeticholic acid, a farnesoid X receptor agonist, has been shown to improve the histological features of NASH. Here we report results from a planned interim analysis of an ongoing, phase 3 study of obeticholic acid for NASH. METHODS: In this multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, adult patients with definite NASH, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) activity score of at least 4, and fibrosis stages F2-F3, or F1 with at least one accompanying comorbidity, were randomly assigned using an interactive web response system in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive oral placebo, obeticholic acid 10 mg, or obeticholic acid 25 mg daily. Patients were excluded if cirrhosis, other chronic liver disease, elevated alcohol consumption, or confounding conditions were present. The primary endpoints for the month-18 interim analysis were fibrosis improvement (≥1 stage) with no worsening of NASH, or NASH resolution with no worsening of fibrosis, with the study considered successful if either primary endpoint was met. Primary analyses were done by intention to treat, in patients with fibrosis stage F2-F3 who received at least one dose of treatment and reached, or would have reached, the month 18 visit by the prespecified interim analysis cutoff date. The study also evaluated other histological and biochemical markers of NASH and fibrosis, and safety. This study is ongoing, and registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02548351, and EudraCT, 20150-025601-6. FINDINGS: Between Dec 9, 2015, and Oct 26, 2018, 1968 patients with stage F1-F3 fibrosis were enrolled and received at least one dose of study treatment; 931 patients with stage F2-F3 fibrosis were included in the primary analysis (311 in the placebo group, 312 in the obeticholic acid 10 mg group, and 308 in the obeticholic acid 25 mg group). The fibrosis improvement endpoint was achieved by 37 (12%) patients in the placebo group, 55 (18%) in the obeticholic acid 10 mg group (p=0·045), and 71 (23%) in the obeticholic acid 25 mg group (p=0·0002). The NASH resolution endpoint was not met (25 [8%] patients in the placebo group, 35 [11%] in the obeticholic acid 10 mg group [p=0·18], and 36 [12%] in the obeticholic acid 25 mg group [p=0·13]). In the safety population (1968 patients with fibrosis stages F1-F3), the most common adverse event was pruritus (123 [19%] in the placebo group, 183 [28%] in the obeticholic acid 10 mg group, and 336 [51%] in the obeticholic acid 25 mg group); incidence was generally mild to moderate in severity. The overall safety profile was similar to that in previous studies, and incidence of serious adverse events was similar across treatment groups (75 [11%] patients in the placebo group, 72 [11%] in the obeticholic acid 10 mg group, and 93 [14%] in the obeticholic acid 25 mg group). INTERPRETATION: Obeticholic acid 25 mg significantly improved fibrosis and key components of NASH disease activity among patients with NASH. The results from this planned interim analysis show clinically significant histological improvement that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit. This study is ongoing to assess clinical outcomes. FUNDING: Intercept Pharmaceuticals.

According to Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infection Stage, Interleukin-7 Plus 4-1BB Triggering Alone or Combined with PD-1 Blockade Increases TRAF1low HCV-Specific CD8+ Cell Reactivity.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific CD8+ T cells suffer a progressive exhaustion during persistent infection (PI) with HCV. This process could involve the positive immune checkpoint 4-1BB/4-1BBL through the loss of its signal transducer, TRAF1. To address this issue, peripheral HCV-specific CD8+ T cells (pentamer-positive [pentamer+]/CD8+ T cells) from patients with PI and resolved infection (RI) after treatment were studied. The duration of HCV infection and the liver fibrosis progression rate inversely correlated with the likelihood of detection of peripheral pentamer+/CD8+ cells. In PI, pentamer+/CD8+ cells had impaired antigen-specific reactivity that worsened when these cells were not detectable ex vivo Short/midduration PI was characterized by detectable peripheral PD-1+ CD127low TRAF1low cells. After triggering of T cell receptors (TCR), the TRAF1 level positively correlated with the levels of CD127, Mcl-1, and CD107a expression and proliferation intensity but negatively with PD-1 expression, linking TRAF1low to exhaustion. In vitro treatment with interleukin-7 (IL-7) upregulated TRAF1 expression, while treatment with transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1) did the opposite, suggesting that the IL-7/TGF-ß1 balance, besides TCR stimulation, could be involved in TRAF1 regulation. In fact, the serum TGF-ß1 concentration was higher in patients with PI than in patients with RI, and it negatively correlated with TRAF1 expression. In line with IL-7 increasing the level of TRAF1 expression, IL-7 plus 4-1BBL treatment in vitro enhanced T cell reactivity in patients with short/midduration infection. However, in patients with long-lasting PI, anti-PD-L1, in addition to the combination of IL-7 and 4-1BBL, was necessary to reestablish T cell proliferation in individuals with slowly progressing liver fibrosis (slow fibrosers) but had no effect in rapid fibrosers. In conclusion, a peripheral hyporeactive TRAF1low HCV-specific CD8+ T cell response, restorable by IL-7 plus 4-1BBL treatment, characterizes short/midduration PI. In long-lasting disease, HCV-specific CD8+ T cells are rarely detectable ex vivo, but treatment with IL-7, 4-1BBL, and anti-PD-L1 recovers their reactivity in vitro in slow fibrosers.IMPORTANCE Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects 71 million people worldwide. Two-thirds develop a chronic disease that can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Direct-acting antivirals clear the infection, but there are still patients who relapse. In these cases, additional immunotherapy could play a vital role. A successful anti-HCV immune response depends on virus-specific CD8+ T cells. During chronic infection, these cells are functionally impaired, which could be due to the failure of costimulation. This study describes exhausted specific T cells, characterized by low levels of expression of the signal transducer TRAF1 of the positive costimulatory pathway 4-1BB/4-1BBL. IL-7 upregulated TRAF1 expression and improved T cell reactivity in patients with short/midduration disease, while in patients with long-lasting infection, it was also necessary to block the negative PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint. When the results are taken together, this work supports novel ways of restoring the specific CD8+ T cell response, shedding light on the importance of TRAF1 signaling. This could be a promising target for future immunotherapy.

Eight weeks of Paritaprevir/r/Ombitasvir + Dasabuvir in HCV genotype 1b with mild-moderate fibrosis: Results from a real-world cohort.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The interferon-free regimen paritaprevir/ritonavir, ombitasvir + dasabuvir (PTV/r/OBV/DSV) has shown high efficacy in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1b infection when administered for 8 or 12 weeks, but data regarding the 8-week treatment are scarce. The aim of our study was to assess the efficacy and safety of the 8-week administration of PTV/r/OBV/DSV in a real-world cohort. METHODS: We performed a multicentre observational study from Spanish Hepa-C database including patients receiving 8 weeks of PTV/r/OBV/DSV (October 2016-November 2017). Those with advanced fibrosis, with non-genotype 1b or who were treatment-experienced were excluded. RESULTS: A total of 211 patients were registered from 23 Spanish centres; eleven were excluded. At baseline, 42.5% (n = 85) were male, median (range) age was 57 (23-86), ALT was 45 (11-494) IU/mL, viral load was 6.1 (3.3-8.2) log10 IU/mL, and 74.5% had mild liver fibrosis (F0-F1) and 25.5% moderate fibrosis (F2). At the end of treatment (EOT), HCV viral load was undetectable in 100% (200/200). Seven patients relapsed after treatment discontinuation. Sustained virological response (SVR12) rates by intention-to-treat analysis were 96% (192/200). Regarding treatment safety, 2 patients developed ALT elevation >5x ULN, but there were no treatment discontinuations. One patient died 7 weeks after EOT. CONCLUSION: Treatment with PTV/r/OBV/DSV in genotype 1b-infected treatment-naive patients with mild-moderate fibrosis shows excellent efficacy and safety in real life, similarly to clinical trials. Clinicaltrials.gov, number: NCT03122132.

Psoriasis and fatty liver: a harmful synergy.

Numerous epidemiology studies confirm the increasing prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in severe psoriasis, with more than double the risk reported for patients without psoriasis (odds ratio [OR] 2.15). Liver disease is more severe in patients with psoriasis than in controls without psoriasis and is associated with the severity. Similarly, patients with fatty liver disease have more severe psoriasis. This harmful synergy has a common pathogenic origin, resulting from the frequent association between both diseases, insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. The disease manifests with a greater intensity when both conditions co-occur than when each manifests separately. Furthermore, psoriasis and fatty liver also have a common cytokine-mediated inflammatory background, which involves an imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. In fact, each disease plays a role in the course of the other. The dermatologist should usually detect liver disease after a specific assessment of patients who present with the metabolic syndrome. The hepatologist should be aware of the more severe condition of these patients. Various medications, such as acitretin, cyclosporine and methotrexate may prove harmful for patients with liver disease. Biologics have proven to be safe in patients with chronic liver disease. Hepatologists and dermatologists should work together to ensure the careful evaluation of the optimal therapy for each patient depending on the severity of both diseases, taking care to avoid, where possible, hepatotoxic drugs and select options that may even have a shared benefit for both diseases.

Daclatasvir plus simeprevir with or without ribavirin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: We evaluated the combination of daclatasvir (pan-genotypic NS5A inhibitor) and simeprevir (NS3/4A protease inhibitor), with or without ribavirin, in hepatitis C virus genotype 1-infected patients. METHODS: This phase II, open-label study enrolled treatment-naive patients or prior null responders with genotype 1b (n=147) or 1a (n=21) infection. Genotype 1b-infected patients were randomized 1:1 to receive daclatasvir 30mg plus simeprevir 150mg once daily with or without ribavirin; those who completed the initial 12-week treatment were re-randomized 1:1 to stop treatment or continue treatment through to week 24. Genotype 1a-infected patients received daclatasvir plus simeprevir with ribavirin for 24weeks. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with sustained virologic response at posttreatment week 12 (SVR12). RESULTS: For genotype 1b, 84.9% (45/53) and 74.5% (38/51) of treatment-naive patients and 69.6% (16/23) and 95.0% (19/20) of prior null responders to peginterferon and ribavirin achieved SVR12 with daclatasvir plus simeprevir alone and with ribavirin, respectively. Treatment duration did not have a well-defined impact on response. For genotype 1a, daclatasvir plus simeprevir with ribavirin provided a 66.7% (8/12) response rate in treatment-naive patients and was not effective in prior null responders. Data suggest that baseline resistance polymorphisms influenced SVR12 rates. Daclatasvir plus simeprevir was well tolerated with or without ribavirin with low incidences of serious adverse events and adverse events leading to discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS: Daclatasvir plus simeprevir, with or without ribavirin, was effective with a 12- or 24-week duration in genotype 1b-infected patients and was well tolerated. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01628692.

The overlap with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease negatively affects outcomes of primary biliary cholangitis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The relationship between primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, and its impact on treatment response and prognosis, remains underexplored. METHODS: Patient cohort from two centres comprising long-term follow-up data. All patients had histologically confirmed PBC. Biopsies were classified according to Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Research Network. Diagnosis of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease was established when steatosis exceeded 5%, along with at least one metabolic risk factor. Patients with specific aetiologies of steatosis, other liver diseases, incomplete results and inadequate treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid were excluded. Data from patients initiating second-line treatment were censored. Treatment response was assessed using the Toronto, Paris II and AST-to-platelet at 12-month criteria. The UK PBC and Globe scores, and liver events were utilized as outcome measures. RESULTS: The study included 129 patients, 36 showing histologically confirmed overlap between PBC and steatosis. Patients with overlap showed worse prognosis according to Paris II (61.1% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.004), Toronto (52.5% vs. 24.7%, p = 0.002), AST-to-platelet 12-month >0.54 (36.1% vs. 17.2%, p = 0.021), Globe >0.30 (49.2% vs. 29.2%, p = 0.033) and UK PBC at 5, 10 and 15 years (p ≤ 0.001). Liver-related mortality and liver transplant were more prevalent in the overlap group (p = 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, steatosis, dyslipidaemia and advanced fibrosis were independently associated to worse outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease worsens the prognosis of PBC.

Rilpivirine Activates STAT1 in Non-Parenchymal Cells to Regulate Liver Injury in People Living with HIV and MASLD.

Liver fibrosis is a key determinant of the progression of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Its increasing prevalence and a lack of effective treatments make it a major health problem worldwide, particularly in people living with HIV, among whom the prevalence of advanced fibrosis is higher. We have published preclinical data showing that Rilpivirine (RPV), a widely used anti-HIV drug, selectively triggers hepatic stellate cell (HSC) inactivation and apoptosis through signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1-mediated pathways, effects that clearly attenuate liver fibrosis and promote regeneration. We performed a retrospective, cross-sectional study of RPV-induced effects on steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in liver biopsies from well-controlled HIV-infected subjects diagnosed with MASLD. Patients on RPV exhibited similar levels of HIV-related parameters to those not receiving this drug, while showing a tendency toward improved liver function and lipid profile, as well as an enhanced activation of STAT1 in hepatic non-parenchymal cells in those with identified liver injury. This protective effect, promoting STAT1-dependent HSC inactivation, was observed at different stages of MASLD. Our results suggest that RPV-based therapy is especially indicated in HIV-infected patients with MASLD-derived liver injury and highlight the potential of RPV as a new therapeutic strategy for liver diseases.

The Essential Role of IL-17 as the Pathogenetic Link between Psoriasis and Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease.

Interleukin 17 (IL-17) is an effector cytokine that plays a key role in the pathogenesis of both psoriasis and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), a condition that is more prevalent and severe in patients with psoriasis. In liver inflammation, IL-17 is mainly produced by CD4+ T (TH17) and CD8+ T cells (Tc17), although numerous other cells (macrophages, natural killer cells, neutrophils and Tγδ cells) also contribute to the production of IL-17. In hepatocytes, IL-17 mediates systemic inflammation and the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the liver, and it is also implicated in the development of fibrosis and insulin resistance. IL-17 levels have been correlated with progression from MAFLD to steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma. Clinical trials have shown that inhibiting IL-17A in patients with psoriasis could potentially contribute to the improvement of metabolic and liver parameters. A better understanding of the key factors involved in the pathogenesis of these chronic inflammatory processes could potentially lead to more efficient treatment for both psoriasis and MAFLD, and help to develop holistic strategies to improve the management of these patients.

Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients Living with Wilson Disease in Spain: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study.

Wilson disease (WD) is a rare copper metabolism disorder caused by mutations in the ATP7B gene. It usually affects young individuals and can produce hepatic and/or neurological involvement, potentially affecting health-related quality of life (HRQoL). We assessed HRQoL in a cohort of Spanish patients with WD and evaluated disease impact on several domains of patients' lives, treatment adherence, drug preference and satisfaction, and healthcare resource utilisation in a cross-sectional, retrospective, multicentric, observational study. A total of 102 patients were included: 81.4% presented isolated liver involvement (group H) and 18.6% presented neurological or mixed involvement (group EH). Up to 30% of patients reported a deteriorated emotional status with anxiety and depression, which was greater in the EH subgroup; the use of neuropsychiatric drugs was high. Over 70% of the patients were satisfied with their current treatment but complained about taking too many pills, stating they would consider switching to another more patient-friendly treatment if available. The Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire revealed only 22.5% of patients were fully adherent to therapy, suggesting that alternative therapies are needed. This real-world study, even though is highly enriched with hepatic patients and mild disease, shows that WD impacts patients' HRQoL, especially in the emotional domain.

Nutritional treatment in inflammatory bowel disease. An update.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: enteral (EN) and parenteral (TPN) nutrition exert variable therapeutic effects on the induction and maintenance of remission in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This review aims to provide an updated discussion on the complex relationship between diet and IBD. METHODS: medline, Cochrane and Scopus database searches were conducted. Sources cited in the articles obtained were also searched to identify other potential sources of information. RESULTS: nutritional status is significantly compromised in IBD patients, especially those with Crohn's disease (CD). Apart from restoring malnourishment, dietary components contribute to modulate intestinal immune responses. Nutritional treatment is divided into support therapy and primary therapy to induce and maintain remission through TPN and EN. EN is considered a first-line therapy in children with active CD whereas it is usually used in adult CD patients when corticosteroid therapy is not possible. TPN has limited effects on IBD.En formula composition, in terms of carbohydrates, nitrogen source and bioactive molecules supplementation, differentially influence on IBD treatment outcomes. Other dietary components, such as poorly absorbed short-chain carbohydrate, polyols, and exogenous microparticles, also participate in the etiopathogenesis of IBD. Finally, new approaches to understanding the complex relationship between IBD and diet are provided by nutrigenenomic. CONCLUSION: further long-term, well-powered studies are required to accurately assess the usefulness of nutrition in treating IBD. In future research, the potential role of nutrient-gene interaction in drug trials and specific dietary formula compositions should be investigated in order to incorporate new knowledge about the etiopathology of IBD into nutritional intervention.

Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease using noninvasive techniques among children, adolescents, and youths living with HIV.

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of subclinical liver abnormalities is high among people with HIV, but data regarding perinatally HIV-infected children and adolescents (PHIV) are scarce. Noninvasive image techniques offer an opportunity to address nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in a population in which the scores validated for adults have not been tested. DESIGN: Prospective cross-sectional study including PHIV and uninfected controls. METHODS: Noninvasive imaging techniques for the diagnosis of NAFLD and/or fibrosis were performed, and four scores to predict NAFLD were evaluated. RESULTS: Seventy-six participants (59.2% women) with a median of 19 years old (interquartile range: 15.5-25.6) were included, 38 were PHIV and 38 were age and sex-matched controls. All HIV participants were on ART at the moment of inclusion, and 86.8% were virologically suppressed. A total of 11 PHIV and three controls were diagnosed with NAFLD (28.9% vs. 7.9%; P = 0.02) by noninvasive imaging techniques. The performance of scores based on clinical and analytical parameters was very poor. Although nonsignificant, overweight was more common among participants with NAFLD, who had a significantly higher BMI. Differences in HIV-related parameters between the groups were nonsignificant, except for the CD4+/CD8+ T-cells ratio, decreased among PHIV diagnosed with NAFLD (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of NAFLD was high (28.9%) among PHIV, and only partially explained by overweight and metabolic syndrome defining factors. The scores based on clinical and analytical parameters did not accurately identify participants at risk. Therefore, liver ultrasound assessment should be considered for the screening of NAFLD among PHIV in routine clinical practice.