Valuing the SF-6Dv2 in the capital of Iran using a discrete choice experiment with duration.

BACKGROUND: The second version of the Short-Form 6-Dimension (SF-6Dv2) classification system has recently been developed. The objective of this study was to develop a value set for SF-6Dv2 based on the societal preferences of a general population in the capital of Iran. METHODS: A representative sample of the capital of Iran (n = 3061) was recruited using a stratified multistage quota sampling technique. Face-to-face interviews were conducted using binary choice sets from the international valuation protocol of the discrete choice experiment with duration. The conditional logit was used to estimate the final value set, and a latent class model was employed to assess heterogeneity of preferences. RESULTS: Coefficients generated from the models were logically consistent and significant. The best model was the one that included an additional interaction term for cases where one or more dimensions reached their most severe levels. It provides a value set with logical consistent coefficients and the lowest percentage of worse than death health states. Predicted values for the SF-6Dv2 were within the range of - 0.796-1. Pain dimension had the largest impact on utility decrement, whereas vitality had the least impact. The presence of preference heterogeneity was evident, and the Bayesian Information Criterion indicated the optimal fit for a latent class model with two classes. CONCLUSION: This study provided the SF-6Dv2 value set for application in the context of Iran. This value set will facilitate the use of the SF-6Dv2 instrument in health economic evaluations and clinical settings.

The experiences and perceptions of people with chronic and rare diseases during political-economic sanctions in Iran: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Economic sanctions aim to exert pressure on political and economic foundations. Hypothesizing that sanctions might affect various aspects of population health, this study, as a component of a broader investigation to ascertain the trend effects of sanctions on selected health outcomes in Iran, seeks to explore the experiences of Iranian citizens associated with the imposed sanctions. METHODS: This is a qualitative study. We conducted 31 semi-structured interviews with randomly selected patients diagnosed with at least one chronic and rare disease from diverse backgrounds across four provinces in Iran. We analyzed data using an inductive content analysis approach, facilitated by the MAXQDA10 software. RESULTS: We identified three primary themes: direct effects, side effects, and coping strategies. The immediate effects were perceived to be manifested through the restriction of healthcare service availability and affordability for citizens. The side effects included the economic hardships experienced in individuals' lives and the perceived devastation caused by these difficulties. Some coping mechanisms adopted by patients or their families/relatives included prioritizing comorbidities, prioritizing health needs within families with multiple ill members, and readjusting health/illness requirements in light of daily living needs. CONCLUSION: In addition to the inherent burden of their illness, patients faced substantial healthcare costs as a result of sanctions, restricted access to medications, and availability of low-quality medications. We advocate considering these challenges within the healthcare system resilience framework as a crucial first step for policymakers, aiming to determine actionable measures and mitigate the adverse effects of sanctions on citizens, particularly the most vulnerable groups.

Health Equity Impact Assessment (HEIA) reporting tool: developing a checklist for policymakers.

INTRODUCTION: Health Equity Impact Assessment (HEIA) is a decision support tool that shows users how a new program, policy, or innovation affects health equity in different population groups. Various HEIA reporting and dissemination tools are available, nevertheless, a practical standard tool to present the results of HEIA in an appropriate period to policymakers is lacking. This work reports the development of a tool (a checklist) for HEIA reporting at the decision-making level, aiming to promote the application of HEIA evidence for improving health equity. METHODS: This is a mixed-method study that was carried out over four stages in 2022-2023: 1) identifying HEIA models, checklists, and reporting instruments; 2) development of the initial HEIA reporting checklist; 3) checklist validation; and 4) piloting the checklist. We also analyzed the Face, CVR, and CVI validity of the tool. RESULTS: We developed the initial checklist through analysis of 53 included studies and the opinions of experts. The final checklist comprised five sections: policy introduction (eight subsections), managing the HEIA of policy (seven subsections), scope of the affected population (three subsections), HEIA results (seven subsections), and recommendations (three subsections). CONCLUSION: Needs assessment, monitoring during implementation, health impact assessment, and other tools such as monitoring outcome reports, appraisals, and checklists are all methods for assessing health equity impact. Other equity-focused indicators, such as the equity lens and equity appraisal, may have slightly different goals than the HEIA. Similarly, the formats for presenting and publishing HEIA reports might vary, depending on the target population and the importance of the report.

Inequality in prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in Iran: the analysis of national households' data.

BACKGROUND: Providing an equitable Universal Health Coverage (UHC) is key for progressing towards the sustainable development goals in the health systems. To help policymakers make hypertension services more equitable with existing (limited) resources in Iran, we examined the inequality of the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control (PATC) of hypertension as the four indicators of hypertension UHC in Iran.  METHODS: This research was a cross-sectional study of inequality of PATC of hypertension using a representative sample of Iranians aged ≥ 25 years from the Iran 2016 STEP wise approach to Surveillance study (STEPS). Outcome variables consisted of PATC of hypertension. Covariates were demographic (age, sex, and marital status) and living standard (area of residence, wealth status, education, and health insurance) indicators. We drew concentration curves (CC) and estimated concentration indices (C). We also conducted normalized Erreygers decomposition analysis for binary outcomes to identify covariates that explain the wealth-related inequality in the outcomes. Analysis was conducted in STATA 14.1. RESULTS: The normalized concentration index of hypertension prevalence and control was -0.066 (p < .001) and 0.082 (p < .001), respectively. The C of awareness and treatment showed nonsignificant difference between the richest and poorest. Inequality in the hypertension prevalence of females was significantly higher than males (C = -0.103 vs. male C = -0.023, p < .001). Our analyses explained 33% of variation in the C of hypertension prevalence and 99.7% of variation in the C of control. Education, wealth index, and complementary insurance explained most inequality in the prevalence. Area of residence, education, wealth status, and complementary insurance had the largest contribution to C of control by 30%, 28%, 26%, and 21%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed a pro-rich inequality in the prevalence and control of hypertension in Iran. We call for expanding the coverage of complementary insurance to reduce inequality of hypertension prevalence and control as compared with other factors it can be manipulated in short run. We furthermore advocate for interventions to reduce the inequality of hypertension control between rural and urban areas.

The impact of social determinants of health on early childhood development: a qualitative context analysis in Iran.

BACKGROUND: Social determinants have a significant impact on children's development and their abilities and capacities, especially in early childhood. They can bring about inequity in living conditions of children and, as a result, lead to differences in various dimensions of development including the social, psychological, cognitive and emotional aspects. We aimed to identify and analyze the social determinants of Early Childhood Development (ECD) in Iran and provide policy implications to improve this social context. METHODS: In a qualitative study, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 40 experts from October 2017 to June 2018. Based on Leichter's (1979) framework and using the deductive approach, two independent researchers conducted the data analysis. We used MAXQDA.11 software for data management. RESULTS: We identified challenges related to ECD context in the form of 8 themes and 22 subthemes in 4 analytical categories relevant to the social determinants of ECD including: Structural factors (economic factors: 6 subthemes, political factors: 2 subthemes), Socio-cultural factors (the socio-cultural setting of society: 6 subthemes, the socio-cultural setting of family: 4 subthemes), Environmental or International factors (the role of international organizations: 1 subtheme, political sanctions: 1 subtheme), and Situational factors (genetic factors: 1 subtheme, the phenomenon of air pollution: 1 subtheme). We could identify 24 policy recommendations to improve the existing ECD context from the interviews and literature. CONCLUSION: With regard to the challenges related to the social determinants of ECD, such as increasing social harms, decreasing social capital, lack of public awareness, increasing socio-economic inequities, economic instability, which can lead to the abuse and neglect of children or unfair differences in their growth and development, the following policy-making options are proposed: focusing on equity from early years in policies and programs, creating integration between policies and programs from different sectors, prioritizing children in the welfare umbrella, empowering families, raising community awareness, and expanding services and support for families, specially the deprived families subject to special subsidies.

Methods and criteria for the assessment of orphan drugs: a scoping review.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to identify different criteria for priority setting of rare diseases to help policy makers in making evidence-informed decisions. METHODS: A scoping review was conducted to comprehensively examine the existing various methods and criteria for prioritizing orphan drugs and rare diseases. We performed searching in Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and websites of health technology assessment (HTA) agencies, 2000-21, and data were extracted. RESULTS: From the 1,580 identified publications, eleven articles were included. Multicriteria decision analysis was the most frequent method (seven out of eleven studies) used for priority setting. The extracted criteria for priority setting of orphan products were analyzed based on six main categories as follows: health outcomes and clinical implications (six subsets which showed clinical implications), economic aspects (four subsets that indicated the economic effects of orphan drugs and rare diseases), disease and population characteristics (six subsets that included the characteristics of the rare diseases), therapeutic alternatives and uniqueness of orphan technologies (two subsets which discussed the alternatives and uniqueness of orphan technologies), evidence (three subsets which regarded the quality and availability of evidence), and other criteria (three subsets dealing with social and organizational criteria). Cost-effectiveness, budget impact, and disease severity were the most frequent criteria in the studies. CONCLUSIONS: Because of the high price of orphan drugs and limitations of using HTA for reimbursement of them, it is critical to explore them by precise technical methods like multiple criteria decision making in priority setting.

Unnecessary ultrasonography as supplier-induced demand in diagnosis of primary breast cancer in Iran: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Supplier-induced demand (SID) refers to the concept that healthcare providers may deliver services that are not medically necessary to patients. An estimation of the extent to which this event has occurred can be insightful for policymaking and guiding health and insurance systems. This study aimed to investigate the extent of SID when performing a diagnostic ultrasonography for primary breast cancer patients and its relationship with socioeconomic factors in Iran. METHODS: Data were obtained using questionnaires from 334 patients referred to the Cancer Research Center. To identify the patients who were candidates for undergoing a necessary diagnostic US, we employed the international clinical guidelines with confirmation of our expert panelists. With their assistance, a comprehensive index was created to screen those 'most probably affected by SID'. RESULTS: 55.9% had undergone an unnecessary diagnostic ultrasonography, and thus were most probably affected by SID. A significant association between socioeconomic factors (education, occupation, and supplemental health insurance) and SID was confirmed (p value ≤ 0.001, 0.002, and 0.039, respectively). CONCLUSION: This study supports the SID hypothesis and the unnecessary demand for diagnostic ultrasonography in primary breast cancer. Also, our evidence indicates imposing excessive costs that can positively influence the policymakers' decision-making in the healthcare systems.

Adaptation Frameworks for Clinical Guidelines and Proposing a Framework for Iran: A Review and Comparative Study.

Background: Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) can be adapted to local conditions to prevent any resources from being wasted. Adaptation of CPGs implies a systematic view of developed guidelines through maintaining evidence-based principles in order to find the ones most relevant with patients' conditions and its integration with the cultural and regional requirements of the target population and health system facilities. The main purpose of the study was to describe, interpret and compare different frameworks for adaptation of clinical guidelines and proposing a comprehensive framework for Iran. Methods: This study was based on a review and comparative analysis of adaptation frameworks of CPGs. Initially, all adaptation frameworks were collected by systematic search in the literature. We searched the following electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, Trip Database, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. Then, based on the stages of the comparative study, frameworks were described, interpreted, juxtaposed, and compared. Finally, a comprehensive framework for the adaptation of clinical guidelines was proposed by consulting a panel of experts. Results: Our literature search resulted in 26 frameworks, of which 18 were potentially relevant. Based on inclusion/exclusion criteria, nine frameworks were included in the study and have been described, interpreted, and compared. The proposed comprehensive framework for the adaptation of clinical guidelines consists of ten main steps. Conclusion: The proposed comprehensive framework is an appropriate tool for the adaptation of clinical guidelines in Iran that can be used in other countries. However, further validation of the framework requires case studies and expert consultation to determine its application to the adaptation of clinical guidelines.

Short and Long-term Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on Health Equity: A Comprehensive Review.

Background: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human life has led to profound consequences in almost all societies worldwide, and this includes its significant impact on all aspects of health. Health equity has been among the main challenges in any healthcare system. However, with the COVID-19 crisis worsening health inequalities, the need to prioritize health equity in upstream national and international plans must receive scholarly attention. Therefore, this paper reports the findings of a review of the current synthesized evidence about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health equity. Methods: This is a comprehensive review in which we retrieved relevant studies during the period starting from 12/01/2019 to 01/15/2021 are retrieved from various databases. The PRISMA flow diagram and a narrative approach are used for synthesizing the evidence. Results: We initially retrieved 1173 studies, and after a primary quality appraisal process, 40 studies entered the final phase of analysis. The included studies were categorized into five main outcome variables: Accessibility (95%), Utilization (65.8%), Financial protection: 15 (36.5%), Poverty (31.7%), and Racism (21.9%) Conclusion: COVID-19 pandemic has been the most devastating global challenge in recent history. While the COVID-19 crisis is still unfolding, its multidimensional adverse effects are yet to be revealed. Nevertheless, some people, e.g., the elderly, minorities, as well as marginalized and poor persons, have suffered the COVID-19 consequences more than others. In line with the whole government/whole society approach, we advocate that governments need to strengthen their special efforts to reduce the extra burden of the pandemic on the most vulnerable populations.

The Future Effects of COVID-19 on the Health System: Applying the Futures Wheel Method.

Background: Although the evidence emphasizes that COVID-9 incurs considerable primary effects on public economics and health, it is not so clear what the future effects of this pandemic might be. This study aims to identify the primary and future effects of COVID-19 on the health system. Methods: Futures Wheel (FW) method was used to find the primary and future effects of COVID-19 on eight important dimensions of the health system, including the six building blocks. To gather relevant information, PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Knowledge, and other sources were searched to find potential studies reporting the potential effects of COVID-19 on the health system. Following that, an expert panel with nine participants to depict the findings was held. Results: Fifty-four studies met the inclusion criteria. The participants reached a consensus on nineteen main primary effects of COVID-19 that could impose 26 main future effects with specific risk opportunities on different dimensions of the health system. Workforce, stewardship and health policy, and infrastructure and hospital capacity dimensions were the most affected by COVID-19 in both the primary and future timeframe. Most of the signals of COVID-19-related opportunities could stem from health technologies and research systems, and service delivery dimensions. Conclusion: COVID-19 comes with considerable risks, especially for the health system governance and workforce dimensions. There are some opportunities to improve the resilience of the health system by using digital health platforms, promoting health literacy of the population, and also adopting inclusive health policy-making processes.

The impact of common chronic conditions on health-related quality of life: a general population survey in Iran using EQ-5D-5L.

BACKGROUND: Diseases have undeniable effects on Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL). Chronic diseases, in particular, limit the productive potentials and HRQoL of individuals. EQ-5D is a very popular generic instrument, which can be used to estimate HRQoL scores in any diseases. The current study investigates mean HRQoL scores in certain chronic diseases and examines the relationship between utility scores and chronic diseases in Iran. METHOD: This cross-sectional study was carried out among the general adult population of Tehran. 3060 individuals were chosen by a stratified probability sampling method. The EQ-5D-5L questionnaire was applied. The utility scores were estimated using the Iranian crosswalk-based value set. The effect of chronic diseases on the HRQoL scores was derived by the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method. Data was analyzed using Stata version 13 software. RESULTS: The mean ± standard deviation utility and EQ-VAS scores were 0.85 ± 0.14 and 76.73 ± 16.55 in the participants without any chronic conditions. The scores were 0.69 ± 0.17 and 61.14 ± 20.61 in the participants with chronic conditions. The highest and lowest mean utility scores were related to thyroid disease (0.70) and Stroke (0.54), respectively. Common chronic conditions had significant negative effects on the HRQoL scores. Stroke (0.204) and cancer (0.177) caused the most reduction in the EQ-5D-5L utility scores. Lumbar disc hernia, digestive diseases, osteoarthritis, breathing problems, and anxiety/nerves cause 0.133, 0.109, 0.108, 0.087, and 0.078 reductions, respectively, in the EQ-5D-5L utility scores. CONCLUSION: This study provides insight into some common chronic conditions and their effects on the HRQoL. Policymakers and planners should pay attention to the effects of chronic conditions especially high prevalence one. They should adopt effective interventions to control this issue and increase health. The results of this study can also be beneficial in economic evaluation studies.

Integrated early childhood development policy in Iran: a qualitative policy process analysis.

BACKGROUND: Integrated early childhood development (IECD) is a comprehensive approach to optimal development of children in different developmental domains from fetal stage to eight years of age. The aim of this study was to identify the factors affecting the process of policy-making for early childhood development and to clarify how these factors affect decision-making and create challenges in this regard. METHOD: In a qualitative study, we used two main data sources including document analyses and interviews. Using purposive sampling, forty semi-structured interviews with policymakers and informants in the fields related to children were conducted in Tehran from October 2017 to June 2018. Also, 62 national and 10 international relevant documents were reviewed. A deductive-inductive approach was used to analyze the data. We used the MAXQDA11 software for data management. RESULTS: we identified 13 themes and 29 subthemes related to the stages of policymaking process including: Agenda setting (problem stream, policy stream, politics stream), Policy formulation (formulation and approval process, policy sustainability, mechanisms of stakeholders' participation in policymaking), Policy implementation (conceptual ambiguity, intersectoral and trans-sectoral issues, structural capacities, mobilization of resources), and Policy evaluation (continuous and routine data registry system, comprehensiveness of indexes). We propose 19 policy recommendations to improve the situation. CONCLUSION: As a multidisciplinary and multi-sectoral field with different domains, early childhood development (ECD) requires a more active role on the part of policymakers in governmental levels in supporting the related policies. Unless policymakers change their approach to decrease nonintegrated and non-comprehensive policymaking for ECD, child development will be compromised, which endangers the eventual sustainability of the society since improved IECD policy-making process improves developmental outcomes in children. In this regard, attention should be paid to the role of reinforcing intersectoral collaboration through incorporating it in the missions and the evaluation items of organizations, creating commitment in high organizational levels, and developing an inter-ministerial policymaking framework that clearly specifies the roles and responsibilities of every single sector and their interactions and collaborations.

Socioeconomic determinants of unmet need for outpatient healthcare services in Iran: a national cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Unmet need is a critical indicator of access to healthcare services. Despite concrete evidence about unmet need in Iran's health system, no recent evidence of this negative outcome is available. This study aimed to measure the subjective unmet need (SUN), the factors associated with it and various reasons behind it in Iran. METHODS: We used the data of 13,005 respondents over the age of 15 from the Iranian Utilization of Healthcare Services Survey in 2016. SUN was defined as citizens whose needs were not sought through formal healthcare services, while they did not show a history of self-medication. The reasons for SUN were categorized into availability, accessibility, responsibility and acceptability of the health system. The multivariable logistic regression was used to determine significant predictors of SUN and associated major reasons. RESULTS: About 17% of the respondents (N = 2217) had unmet need for outpatient services. Nearly 40% of the respondents chose only accessibility, 4% selected only availability, 78% chose only responsibility, and 13% selected only acceptability as the main reasons for their unmet need. Higher outpatient needs was the only factor that significantly increased SUN, responsibility-related SUN and acceptability-related SUN. Low education was associated with higher SUN and responsibility-related SUN, while it could also reduce acceptability-related SUN. While SUN and responsibility-related SUN were prevalent among lower economic quintiles, having a complementary insurance was associated with decreased SUN and responsibility-related SUN. The people with basic insurance had lower chances to face with responsibility-related SUN, while employed individuals were at risk to experience SUN. Although the middle-aged group had higher odds to experience SUN, the responsibility-related SUN were prevalent among elderly, while higher age groups had significant chance to be exposed to acceptability-related SUN. CONCLUSION: It seems that Iran is still suffering from unmet need for outpatient services, most of which emerges from its health system performance. The majority of the unmet health needs could be addressed through improving financial as well as organizational policies. Special attention is needed to address the unmet need among individuals with poor health status.

Physician induced demand for knee replacement surgery in Iran.

BACKGROUND: The structure of the Iranian health system has raised this hypothesis that a part of the Knee Replacement Surgery (KRS) services are provided due to Physician-Induced Demand (PID). METHODS: This paper used an unbalanced individual panel data covering the steady-state 15,729 KRSs performed by 995 surgeons provided by the Armed Forces Insurance Organization at the provincial level over the 60 months (2014-2018). We use a generalized method of moment's system (GMM-SYS) to obtain consistent and asymptotically efficient estimates, which provide a vital instrument for our dynamic panel data. RESULTS: The outcomes show that with unequal increasing orthopedic surgeons to population ratio, both the number and size of KRS services were increased significantly at a 1 % level. Given that the positive elasticity obtained for the service size was significantly larger than the number of services, the findings give strong support for the existence of PID in the Iran system for KRS care. Also, the raw and population-adjusted number of KRS, cost, and the surgery per active physician increased significantly at the monthly province level. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first time that the existence of PID in the Iranian health system is investigated using approved econometric models. The findings indicate that the health system structure has been provided the conditions for aggressive, costly, and high-risk services such as KRS to be exposed to PID.

Integrated early childhood development policy in Iran: a stakeholder analysis.

BACKGROUND: Many stakeholders are involved in the complicated process of policy making in integrated early childhood development (IECD). In other words, there are many challenges for IECD policy making in developing countries, including Iran. The aim of this study was to identify potential stakeholders and their interactions in IECD policy making in Iran. METHOD: A mixed-methods study was conducted in two phases in 2018. First, forty semi-structured interviews and a review of IECD-related documents were conducted to identify potential stakeholders and their roles. Second, using a designed checklist, these stakeholders were assessed for power, interest, and position in IECD policy making. Then, a map of stakeholders and a three-dimensional stakeholder analysis figure were designed. RESULTS: The results of this study showed that various stakeholders, including governmental, semi-governmental, social, non-governmental and international organizations, potentially influence IECD policy in Iran. They were found to have diverse levels of power, interest and position in this regard, leading to their different impacts on the process. This diversity is assumed to have affected their levels of participation and support. Also, we found that the stakeholders with a high-power level do not have a high level of interest in, or support for, IECD policy. In general, organizational competition, complicated inter-sectoral nature of this process, insufficient budget, insufficient awareness about the importance of IECD, lack of priority given to IECD in relevant organizations, economical views rather than developmental perspectives, and lack of commitment among top managers are the reasons why this policy enjoys a low degree of support. CONCLUSIONS: There are weaknesses in effective interactions and relationships among IECD policy stakeholders. This will lead to the lack of equal opportunities for optimal early childhood development. To improve this process, advocacy from high-level authorities of the organizations, negotiation with child-friendly groups, establishing a body to coordinate and oversee children's affairs, using the capacity of non-governmental organizations, strengthening inter-sectoral collaboration by clarifying the roles and responsibilities of stakeholders and the relationships between them, and increasing public awareness can be helpful.

Topic selection for health technology assessment: An approach combining multiple attribute decision making and decision rules.

Background: Various studies have used multiple attribute decision making (MADM) techniques to assess and rank health technologies. The goal of the present study was to prioritize health technologies using various techniques of MADMs in combination with decision rules. Methods: The study is an applied research using multi-attribute decision making (MADM) methods. This study extracted the attributes related to health technology assessment from global literature and experts' opinions. In this study, two different types of experts were consulted: the first type, including three experts in the field of the decision-making techniques, on the subject of setting priority on health focusing on MADM; and the second one consists of seven experts in the field of HTA, asked about the selection of attributes and determination their importance. Candidate health technologies were individually weighted and ranked using TOPSIS, SAW and VIKOR by the weight and decision matrix. The results obtained from various techniques were combined and ranked using Copeland's technique to obtain the final ranking of health technologies. To determine HTA type reports, decision rules were defined. All models were designed via MS Excel. Results: This study chose eight technologies according to six tradeoff attributes. These attributes included health benefits at the population level, vulnerable population size, availability of alternative technologies, budget impact, financial protection, and quality of evidence. Their exact weights were 0.25, 0.121, 0.146, 0.132, 0.167 and 0.181, respectively. Also, safety and uncertainty about the cost-effectiveness were considered as the veto and decision rules respectively. Copeland's method was therefore used to combine the methods: Whereas HT2 (The technology for treating patients suffering from varicose) was ranked the highest priority and HT3 (The palliative method for patients who suffer from various cancers) was ranked the lowest (for preventing from any ethical issue, the exact name of each technology wasn't mentioned). Conclusion: Finally, in accordance with decision rules which are based on various conditions of "uncertainty about the cost-effectiveness", it is recommended that full health technology assessment report be performed on three technologies, rapid health technology assessment report be performed on four others, and, finally no prioritizing for health technology assessment be made on one of them.

Health equity in Iran: A systematic review.

Background: Health inequities are among debatable and challenging aspects of health systems. Achieving equity through social determinants of health approach has been mentioned in most upstream national plans and acts in Iran. This paper reports the findings of a systematic review of the current synthesized evidence on health equity in Iran. Methods: This is a narrative systematic review. The relevant concepts and terminology in health equity was found through MeSH. We retrieved the relevant studies from PubMed/MedLine, Social Sciences Database, and Google Scholar in English, plus the Jihad University Database (SID), and Google Scholar in Farsi databases from 1979 until the end of January 2018. The retrieved evidence has been assessed primarily based on PICOS criteria and then Ottawa-Newcastle Scale, and CASP for qualitative studies. We used PRISMA flow diagram and a narrative approach for synthesizing the evidence. Results: We retrieved 172 455 studies. Following the primary and quality appraisal process, 114 studies were entered in the final phase of the analysis. The main part (approximately 95%) of the final phase included cross-sectional studies that had been analyzed through current descriptive inequality analysis indicators, analytical regression, or decomposition-based approaches. The studies were categorized within 3 main groups: health outcomes (40.3%), health utilization (32%), and health expenditures (27%). Conclusion: As a part of understanding the current situation of health equity in the policymakers' need to refer the retrieved evidence in this study, they need more inputs specially regarding the social determinants of health approach. It seems that health equity research plan in Iran needs to be redirected in new paths that give appropriate weights to biological, gene-based, environmental and contextbased, economic, social, and political aspects of health as well. We advocate addressing the aspects of Social Determinant of Health (SDH) in analyzing health inequalities.

Assessing the efficiency of Iran health system in making progress towards universal health coverage: a comparative panel data analysis.

BACKGROUND: Building upon decades of continuous reforms, Iran has been implementing various initiatives to reach universal health coverage (UHC). Improving efficiency is a crucial intermediate policy objective for UHC. Therefore, this article aimed to measure the efficiency and productivity changes of the Iranian health system in making progress towards UHC during 2010-2015 in comparison with 36 selected other upper-middle-income countries. METHODS: We used panel data to measure the variations in technical efficiency (TE) and total factor productivity (TFP) through an extended data envelopment analysis (EDEA) and Malmquist productivity index, respectively. General government health expenditure (GGHE) per capita (International dollar) was selected as the input variable. Service coverage of diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis; family planning; antiretroviral therapy; skilled attendants at birth; Tuberculosis treatment success rate; and GGHE as  % of total health expenditure (THE) were considered as output variables. The data for each indicator were taken from the Global Health Observatory data repository and World Development Indicator database, for 6 years (2010-2015). RESULTS: The TE scores of Iran's health system were 0.75, 0.77, 0.74, 0.74, 0.97, and 0.84 in the period 2010-2015, respectively. TFP improved in 2011 (1.02), 2013 (1.01), and 2014 (1.30, generally). The overall efficiency and TFP increased in 2014. Changes made in CCHE per capita and GGHE/THE attributed to the increase of efficiency. CONCLUSION: There is a growing demand for efficiency improvements in the health systems to achieve UHC. While there are no defined set of indicators or precise methods to measure health system efficiency, EDEA helped us to draw the picture of health system efficiency in Iran. Our findings highlighted the essential need for targeted and sustained interventions, i.e., allocation of enough proportion of public funds to the health sector, to improve universal financial coverage against health costs aiming to enhance the future performance of Iran's health system, ultimately. Such tailored interventions may also be useful for settings with similar context to speed up their movement towards improving efficiency, which in turn might lead to more resources to reach UHC.

Health-related quality of life measured using the EQ-5D-5 L: population norms for the capital of Iran.

OBJECTIVES: EQ-5D is the most commonly used generic preference-based health-related quality of life (HRQoL) measure. The current study aimed at estimating the HRQoL index scores using EQ-5D-5 L measure in the capital of Iran; moreover, identifying some determinants of the HRQoL. METHODS: A sample of 3060 subjects was selected by a stratified random sampling method from the general adult population of Tehran. Face-to-face interview was conducted to fill out the questionnaire, in this cross-sectional survey. EQ-5D-5 L utility score were estimated using an interim value set, based on a crosswalk methodology. Additionally, the relationships between HRQoL and sociodemographic characteristics were tested by generalized linear model, using STATA version 13. RESULTS: The mean ± standard deviation utility and EQ-VAS scores were 0.79 ± 0.17 and 71.72 ± 19.37. The utility scores ranged 0.61 ± 0.19 in > 69 year-old females to 0.88 ± 0.12 in < 30 year-old males. In mobility, self-care, and usual activity dimensions, most of the respondents reported "no problems" (70.47, 90.62, and 76.34%, respectively). However, in anxiety/depression and pain/discomfort dimensions, most of the respondents had problems (53.23 and 54.03%, respectively). Females had lower utility score than males; the utility score reduced with age increase; the educational level lead to higher utility scores; and the utility scores of individuals without spouse (divorced or widowed) were lower than those of the married individuals and never married ones. CONCLUSIONS: The current study reported HRQoL norm data for the general adult population in the capital of Iran; these data could be very useful for policy making and economic evaluations. A significant percentage of people in Tehran reported anxiety/ depression, which highlights the risk of psychological problems. Effective interventions are needed to increase their HRQoL, especially for the vulnerable groups of the community.

Correction to: Health-related quality of life measured using the EQ-5D-5 L: population norms for the capital of Iran.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.