ABSTRACT
The cytoplasmic chromatoid body (CB) organizes mRNA metabolism and small regulatory RNA pathways, in relation to haploid gene expression, in mammalian round spermatids. However, little is known about functions and fate of the CB at later steps of spermatogenesis, when elongating spermatids undergo chromatin compaction and transcriptional silencing. In mouse elongating spermatids, we detected accumulation of the testis-specific serine/threonine kinases TSSK1 and TSSK2, and the substrate TSKS, in a ring-shaped structure around the base of the flagellum and in a cytoplasmic satellite, both corresponding to structures described to originate from the CB. At later steps of spermatid differentiation, the ring is found at the caudal end of the newly formed mitochondrial sheath. Targeted deletion of the tandemly arranged genes Tssk1 and Tssk2 in mouse resulted in male infertility, with loss of the CB-derived ring structure, and with elongating spermatids possessing a collapsed mitochondrial sheath. These results reveal TSSK1- and TSSK2-dependent functions of a transformed CB in post-meiotic cytodifferentiation of spermatids.
Subject(s)
Cytoplasmic Granules/enzymology , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism , Spermatids/enzymology , Spermatids/metabolism , Testis/enzymology , Animals , Blotting, Western , Cytoskeletal Proteins , Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel , Female , Immunohistochemistry , Immunoprecipitation , In Situ Hybridization , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Microscopy, Confocal , Microscopy, Electron, Transmission , Phosphoproteins , Phosphorylation , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics , Spermatids/ultrastructure , Spermatogenesis/genetics , Spermatogenesis/physiology , Testis/ultrastructureABSTRACT
mHR23B encodes one of the two mammalian homologs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD23, a ubiquitin-like fusion protein involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER). Part of mHR23B is complexed with the XPC protein, and this heterodimer functions as the main damage detector and initiator of global genome NER. While XPC defects exist in humans and mice, mutations for mHR23A and mHR23B are not known. Here, we present a mouse model for mHR23B. Unlike XPC-deficient cells, mHR23B(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts are not UV sensitive and retain the repair characteristics of wild-type cells. In agreement with the results of in vitro repair studies, this indicates that mHR23A can functionally replace mHR23B in NER. Unexpectedly, mHR23B(-/-) mice show impaired embryonic development and a high rate (90%) of intrauterine or neonatal death. Surviving animals display a variety of abnormalities, including retarded growth, facial dysmorphology, and male sterility. Such abnormalities are not observed in XPC and other NER-deficient mouse mutants and point to a separate function of mHR23B in development. This function may involve regulation of protein stability via the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway and is not or only in part compensated for by mHR23A.
Subject(s)
DNA Repair , DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics , Embryonic and Fetal Development , Fungal Proteins/genetics , Infertility, Male/genetics , Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins , Animals , Body Weight , Cell Line , Cell Survival , Craniofacial Abnormalities/embryology , Craniofacial Abnormalities/genetics , DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry , DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology , Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation , Eye/pathology , Female , Fertility , Fibroblasts/physiology , Fibroblasts/radiation effects , Fungal Proteins/chemistry , Fungal Proteins/physiology , Gene Targeting , Humans , Male , Mice , Mice, Transgenic , Organ Size , Placenta/pathology , Spermatogenesis , Testis/pathology , Testis/physiology , Testis/physiopathology , Ultraviolet RaysABSTRACT
Epididymis and vas deferens form part of the male internal genital tract and are dependent on androgens for their growth and development. To better understand the molecular action of androgens during male genital tract development, protein expression profiles were generated using two-dimensional gels, for rat epididymides and vasa deferentia isolated on embryonic days (E) 17-21. Proteins that were differentially expressed between E17 and E21 were cut from the gels, digested into tryptic peptides and analyzed on a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Using this approach, 20 proteins could be identified that were regulated in time and were categorized into cytoskeletal proteins, nuclear proteins, transport proteins, chaperones, and enzymes (mainly glycolytic). Furthermore, epididymides and vasa deferentia isolated on E19 were cultured in vitro in the absence or presence of 10 nm of the synthetic androgen R1881, for 9, 24, and 48 h. Under these conditions, regulation and posttranslational modification were observed for glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, triosephosphate isomerase, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1 and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A3, similar to the observed changes in vivo. In addition, posttranslational modification of RhoGDI1 (also named RhoGDIalpha) was found in response to androgen. Androgen-induced posttranslational modification of RhoGDI1 and glycolytic enzymes may be an important functional link between signaling pathways and cytoskeletal rearrangements in control of growth and development of the male internal genital tract.