Circadian dysfunction induces NAFLD-related human liver cancer in a mouse model.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Chronic circadian dysfunction increases the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the underlying mechanisms and direct relevance to human HCC have not been established. In this study, we aimed to determine whether chronic circadian dysregulation can drive NAFLD-related carcinogenesis from human hepatocytes and human HCC progression. METHODS: Chronic jet lag of mice with humanized livers induces spontaneous NAFLD-related HCCs from human hepatocytes. The clinical relevance of this model was analysed by biomarker, pathological/histological, genetic, RNA sequencing, metabolomic, and integrated bioinformatic analyses. RESULTS: Circadian dysfunction induces glucose intolerance, NAFLD-associated human HCCs, and human HCC metastasis independent of diet in a humanized mouse model. The deregulated transcriptomes in necrotic-inflammatory humanized livers and HCCs bear a striking resemblance to those of human non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and HCC. Stable circadian entrainment of hosts rhythmically paces NASH and HCC transcriptomes to decrease HCC incidence and prevent HCC metastasis. Circadian disruption directly reprogrammes NASH and HCC transcriptomes to drive a rapid progression from hepatocarcinogenesis to HCC metastasis. Human hepatocyte and tumour transcripts are clearly distinguishable from mouse transcripts in non-parenchymal cells and tumour stroma, and display dynamic changes in metabolism, inflammation, angiogenesis, and oncogenic signalling in NASH, progressing to hepatocyte malignant transformation and immunosuppressive tumour stroma in HCCs. Metabolomic analysis defines specific bile acids as prognostic biomarkers that change dynamically during hepatocarcinogenesis and in response to circadian disruption at all disease stages. CONCLUSION: Chronic circadian dysfunction is independently carcinogenic to human hepatocytes. Mice with humanized livers provide a powerful preclinical model for studying the impact of the necrotic-inflammatory liver environment and neuroendocrine circadian dysfunction on hepatocarcinogenesis and anti-HCC therapy. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS: Human epidemiological studies have linked chronic circadian dysfunction to increased hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk, but direct evidence that circadian dysfunction is a human carcinogen has not been established. Here we show that circadian dysfunction induces non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-related carcinogenesis from human hepatocytes in a murine humanized liver model, following the same molecular and pathologic pathways observed in human patients. The gene expression signatures of humanized HCC transcriptomes from circadian-disrupted mice closely match those of human HCC with the poorest prognostic outcomes, while those from stably circadian entrained mice match those from human HCC with the best prognostic outcomes. Our studies establish a new model for defining the mechanism of NASH-related HCC and highlight the importance of circadian biology in HCC prevention and treatment.

Transplantation in the era of the Covid-19 pandemic: How should transplant patients and programs be handled?

Due to the Covid-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, transplant programs worldwide have been severely impacted with dwindling numbers of transplantations performed and a complete halt in several areas. In this review we examine whether SARS-CoV-2 infection presents differently in transplant recipients, whom and how we should test, how susceptible the transplant population is to overt infection and describe the range of outcomes. From retrieved published reports on SARS-CoV-2infections in 389solid organ transplant recipients reported in the literature, the overall mortality rate was 16.7% (n = 65); however for those with mild or moderate Covid-19 disease this was 2.9% and 2.3% respectively; conversely, for those with severe infection the mortality rate was 52.2%.We then address questions regarding halting transplantation programs during this pandemic, whether all human tissues being considered for transplantation are capable of transmitting the infection, and if we should alter immunosuppressive medications during the pandemic.

Development of fluorinated and methoxylated benzothiazole derivatives as highly potent and selective cannabinoid CB2 receptor ligands.

The upregulation of the CB2 receptors in neuroinflammation and cancer and their potential visualization with PET (positron emission tomography) could provide a valuable diagnostic and therapy-monitoring tool in such disorders. However, the availability of reliable CB2-selective imaging probes is still lacking in clinical practice. We have recently identified a benzothiazole-2-ylidine amide hit (6a) as a highly potent CB2 ligand. With the aim of enhancing its CB2 over CB1 selectivity and introducing structural sites suitable for radiolabeling, we herein describe the development of fluorinated and methoxylated benzothiazole derivatives endowed with extremely high CB2 binding affinity and an exclusive selectivity to the CB2 receptor. Compounds 14, 15, 18, 19, 21, 24 and 25 displayed subnanomolar CB2Ki values (ranging from 0.16 nM to 0.68 nM) and interestingly, all of the synthesized compounds completely lacked affinity at the CB1 receptor (Ki > 10,000 nM for all compounds), indicating their remarkably high CB2 over CB1 selectivity factors. The fluorinated analogs, 15 and 21, were evaluated for their in vitro metabolic stability in mouse and human liver microsomes (MLM and HLM). Both 15 and 21 displayed an exceptionally high stability (98% and 91% intact compounds, respectively) after 60 min incubation with MLM. Contrastingly, a 5- and 2.8-fold lower stability was demonstrated for compounds 15 and 21, respectively, upon incubation with HLM for 60 min. Taken together, our data present extremely potent and selective CB2 ligands as credible leads that can be further exploited for 18F- or 11C-radiolabeling and utilization as PET tracers.

Phase-contrast and three-dimensional driven equilibrium (3D-DRIVE) sequences in the assessment of paediatric obstructive hydrocephalus.

BACKGROUND: Recently, most cases of hydrocephalus are related to obstruction. Accurate localization of the site of obstruction is crucial in determination of the treatment strategy. PURPOSE: To describe the phase-contrast and 3D-DRIVE findings in cases of obstructive hydrocephalus in paediatric patients and to determine their functional and anatomical correlates. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Brain MRIs of 25 patients (2 months to 11 years) with obstructive hydrocephalus were retrospectively reviewed. Phase-contrast and 3D-DRIVE were performed to assess cerebrospinal (CSF) pathways through the aqueduct of Sylvius and subarachnoid spaces. In addition to flow velocity measurement at the aqueduct of Sylvius, functional and anatomical correlation was analysed at the level of aqueduct of Sylvius, infracerebellar CSF space and at the third ventriculostomy using Spearman's rank test. RESULTS: Aqueduct of Sylvius was the most common site of obstruction (19 patients) either secondary to focal, multifocal or tubular stenosis, adhesions, or secondary to extrinsic compression. Functional and anatomical correlation was analysed in 58 regions revealing strong correlation (ro = 0.8, p < .001). Functional anatomical mismatch was found in nine regions. Flow velocity measurements revealed diminished flow in most of the cases with obstruction at the aqueduct and normal velocity in cases with obstruction proximal to aqueductal level, while accelerated flow was seen in cases with infra-aqeuductal obstruction. CONCLUSION: Phase-contrast and 3D-DRIVE sequences are essential sequences in the diagnosis of hydrocephalus enabling perfect localization of the site of obstruction. Both sequences should be interpreted in conjunction to avoid false results. Velocity measurements through the aqueduct can help understand CSF hydrodynamics.

Inference of Transcription Factor Regulation Patterns Using Gene Expression Covariation in Natural Populations of Drosophila melanogaster.

Gene regulatory networks control the complex programs that drive development. Deciphering the connections between transcription factors (TFs) and target genes is challenging, in part because TFs bind to thousands of places in the genome but control expression through a subset of these binding events. We hypothesize that we can combine natural variation of expression levels and predictions of TF binding sites to identify TF targets. We gather RNA-seq data from 71 genetically distinct F1 Drosophila melanogaster embryos and calculate the correlations between TF and potential target genes' expression levels, which we call "regulatory strength." To separate direct and indirect TF targets, we hypothesize that direct TF targets will have a preponderance of binding sites in their upstream regions. Using 14 TFs active during embryogenesis, we find that 12 TFs showed a significant correlation between their binding strength and regulatory strength on downstream targets, and 10 TFs showed a significant correlation between the number of binding sites and the regulatory effect on target genes. The general roles, e.g. bicoid's role as an activator, and the particular interactions we observed between our TFs, e.g. twist's role as a repressor of sloppy paired and odd paired, generally coincide with the literature.

Natural variation of gene models in Drosophila melanogaster.

BACKGROUND: Variation within splicing regulatory sequences often leads to differences in gene models among individuals within a species. Two alleles of the same gene may express transcripts with different exon/intron structures and consequently produce functionally different proteins. Matching genomic and transcriptomic data allows us to identify putative regulatory variants associated with changes in splicing patterns. RESULTS: Here we analyzed natural variation of splicing patterns in the transcriptomes of 81 natural strains of Drosophila melanogaster with known genotypes. We identified dozens of genotype-specific splicing patterns associated with putative cis-splicing quantitative trait loci (sQTL). The majority of changes can be explained by mutations in splice sites. Allelic-imbalance in splicing patterns confirmed that the majority are regulated mainly by cis-genetic effects. Remarkably, allele-specific splicing changes often lead to qualitative changes in gene models, yielding many isoforms not previously annotated. The observed alterations are typically outside protein-coding regions or affect only very short protein segments. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the sets of gene models appear to be flexible within D. melanogaster populations. The observed variation in splicing patterns are predicted to have limited effects on the encoded protein sequences. To our knowledge, this is the first sQTL mapping study in Drosophila.

Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use Among Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease and Kidney Transplant Recipients.

OBJECTIVE: To explore and compare complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practice among subsets of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and renal allograft recipients. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey questionnaire. SETTING: Three outpatient nephrology clinics and dialysis centers in Egypt. SUBJECTS: A total of 1005 subjects were included in the study (560 predialyis patients with CKD 3-4, 245 patients on hemodialysis, and 200 transplant recipients). INTERVENTION: Face to face interview with CKD patients. The survey inquired about epidemiological data, types, sources, and patterns of CAM used as well as the effect of CAM use on the patients' interaction with modern medicine and clinical caregivers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: (1) Prevalence and types of CAM used by CKD patients; (2) Associations and correlates of CAM use including epidemiological features, impact of CAM use on adherence to conventional treatment and interaction of the users with modern medical systems; (3) Differences in CAM practice between subsets of CKD patients viz. hemodialysis patients, CKD 3-4, and transplant recipients. RESULTS: Overall, 522 patients (52%) were using CAM (64% of predialyis patients, 33% of dialysis patients, and 40.5% of transplant recipients, P < .001). Herbal and natural products were the most commonly used type of CAM (78%), followed by mind and body procedures (21.6%). CAM users were more likely to be males (odds ratio [OR] 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1-1.6); employed (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.2-2); urban residents (OR 1.3; 95% CI 1.2-1.5); have higher income (OR 2.6; 95% CI 2-3.6); and higher education (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.2-2). Seventy nine percent of CAM users did not report their practices to their caregivers mainly because they were not asked; however, transplant recipients were more likely to report P < .02. Compliance to medical treatment was affected in 4.2% of users. Thirty natural products were identified as well as 4 body and mind procedures. The most commonly used herbs were Nigella sativa, Hibiscus sabdariffa, and Cymbopogon proximus. Potentially harmful CAM included intake of licorice and vinegar. CONCLUSIONS: Use of traditional medicine is highly prevalent among CKD patients. Some of these practices are potentially harmful and may affect patient compliance to modern medicine. Physicians commonly ignore to inquire about these practices, which frequently reflect patient frustration with modern medicine efficacy and/or price.

Exploring the effects of genetic variation on gene regulation in cancer in the context of 3D genome structure.

BACKGROUND: Numerous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) conducted to date revealed genetic variants associated with various diseases, including breast and prostate cancers. Despite the availability of these large-scale data, relatively few variants have been functionally characterized, mainly because the majority of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) map to the non-coding regions of the human genome. The functional characterization of these non-coding variants and the identification of their target genes remain challenging. RESULTS: In this communication, we explore the potential functional mechanisms of non-coding SNPs by integrating GWAS with the high-resolution chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) data for breast and prostate cancers. We show that more genetic variants map to regulatory elements through the 3D genome structure than the 1D linear genome lacking physical chromatin interactions. Importantly, the association of enhancers, transcription factors, and their target genes with breast and prostate cancers tends to be higher when these regulatory elements are mapped to high-risk SNPs through spatial interactions compared to simply using a linear proximity. Finally, we demonstrate that topologically associating domains (TADs) carrying high-risk SNPs also contain gene regulatory elements whose association with cancer is generally higher than those belonging to control TADs containing no high-risk variants. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that many SNPs may contribute to the cancer development by affecting the expression of certain tumor-related genes through long-range chromatin interactions with gene regulatory elements. Integrating large-scale genetic datasets with the 3D genome structure offers an attractive and unique approach to systematically investigate the functional mechanisms of genetic variants in disease risk and progression.

Efficacy of Ficus sycomorus (Sycamore Fig) Extract on Intestinal Coccidiosis in Experimentally Infected Rabbits.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the Ficus sycomorus extract on Eimeria intestinalis in experimentally infected rabbits. For this purpose, forty male 30-day-old rabbits (Blanc de Bouscat) were divided into four groups (n = 10 in each group). Rabbits kept in the first group served as negative control (non-treated-non-infected). Rabbits kept in the second, third, and fourth groups were challenged at 10 weeks old with 3 × 104E. intestinalis sporulated oocysts. The third and fourth groups were treated orally with diclazuril 10% (0.05 mg/kg body weight) and F. sycomorus (100 mg/Kg) for three consecutive days, respectively. The efficacy was assessed based on the growth performance parameters, clinical symptoms, oocyst shedding, histopathological findings, and hematological parameters for 16 days post challenge. The study revealed that rabbits treated with F. sycomorus methanolic extract and diclazuril showed mild clinical symptoms with a significant decrease in oocyst shedding compared with the positive control. Moreover, the diclazuril-treated group showed the highest leukocytic count and the lowest monocytes percentage compared with other groups. Furthermore, the lowest lymphocytes percentage was recorded in the control positive group. Histopathologically, moderate coccidia infestation in the intestinal mucosa and moderate hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes were observed in the diclazuril treated group compared with the negative control. However, mild coccidia infestation in the intestinal mucosa and slight coagulative necrosis of hepatocytes was found in the F. sycomorus treated group. In conclusion, F. sycomorus methanolic extract had promising effects on the live performance, oocyst count, and blood variables, while it possesses adverse consequences on the hepatic tissues. Further studies are required to optimize the dose and extraction method to mitigate its side effects.

Phycocyanin stimulates ulcerative colitis healing via selective activation of cannabinoid receptor-2, intestinal mucosal healing, Treg accumulation, and p38MAPK/MK2 signaling inhibition.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory condition that until this date, lacks curative treatments. Previously, synthetic selective CB2 receptor (CB2R) agonists demonstrated effective preclinical anti-inflammatory activities in UC. Phycocyanin (PC), photosynthetic assistant protein isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa Kützing blue green algae, has multiple pharmacological effects, however, it's effect against UC remains unexplored. Our study aimed at investigating the therapeutic effectiveness of PC against UC, and correlating its mechanisms with CB2R agonistic activities. In silico; PC showed structural similarity with endocannabinoid receptors' ligand "Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol", target prediction studies suggested high affinity for G-coupled protein family-receptors, and molecular docking affirmed preferable affinity towards CB2R vs CB1R. In LPS-exposed-Caco-2 cell line; PC demonstrated comparable interaction with CB2R, and downregulation of CB2R, p38 and MK2 gene expressions with reference agonist "6d", and exhibited preferred selectivity towards CB2R over CB1R. In DSS-induced mice; PC-treatment ameliorated DSS-induced colon shortening, elevated disease activity index, and colonic pathological alterations. PC showed effective CB2R activation through potent anti-inflammatory activities, Treg-cell accumulation, suppression in p38MAPK/MK2 signaling, and tight junction barrier restoration as indicated by ultrastructural examinations, elevated ZO-1 and occludin protein expressions, and Ki67 immunohistochemical expression in colonic tissues. Additionally, PC alleviated intestinal dysbiosis via downregulating LPS/TLR4/NF-κB signaling and gut microbiota maintenance. Notably, PC-protective activities were abolished when co-administered with SR144528 (selective CB2 antagonist) except for gut microbiota maintenance, which was independent from CB2R activation. Our findings provide evidence of PC effectiveness against UC through acting as CB2R agonist, thus expanding its possible therapeutic application against other inflammatory diseases.

miR-516a-3P, a potential circulating biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma, correlated with rs738409 polymorphism in PNPLA3.

Aim: The aim was to investigate the expression profile of miR-516a-3P and its correlation with the PNPLA3 rs738409 polymorphism in Egyptian hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Materials & methods: miR-516a-3P was quantified and rs738409 was genotyped by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Results: miR-516a-3P was significantly upregulated in HCC patients compared with HCV patients (p = 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis confirmed that miR-516a-3P discriminates HCC from HCV (p = 0.001). A significant (p = 0.015) correlation between miR-516a-3p level and PNPLA3 rs738409 genotypes was recorded in HCV patients, yet it was not recorded in either healthy individuals or HCC patients. miR-516a-3p level was significantly (p = 0.001) higher in HCV patients carrying the rs738409 GG genotype than in those carrying the CC genotype. Conclusion: miR-516a-3P is a potential biomarker in HCC. PNPLA3 rs738409 GG carriers affect miR-516a-3P expression in HCV, and this may highlight a new mechanism in liver disease.

In the past decade, miRNAs were established as biomarkers in various cancers, including liver cancer. Information about the deregulation of miR-516a-3p and its efficiency as a biomarker in hepatitis C virus (HCV) and liver cancer patients is lacking globally and in Egypt. This study proved for the first time that miR-516a-3p is differentially expressed in HCV and liver cancer patients and is statistically efficient in discriminating between them, so it might be used for early detection of HCC. Genetic variants that affect expression levels of genes are called expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL), and those acting on genes on other chromosomes are called trans-eQTL. The authors speculate that rs738409 is a genetic variant that might have a trans-eQTL effect on the miR-516a-3p gene in HCV patients.

Genetic variations in the Myostatin gene affecting growth traits in sheep.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Sheep productivity in developing countries is crucial, as this animal is an essential source of meat and wool. Myostatin (MSTN) plays an important role in the regulation of muscle mass through the regulation of muscle growth, differentiation, and regeneration. The present study sought to investigate genetic variation in the first intron of the MSTN gene and the association of variants with growth traits in major sheep breeds in Egypt (Barki, Ossimi, and Rahmani) and Saudi Arabia (Najdi) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Blood samples were collected, and DNA was extracted from 75 animals. A 386 bp fragment in the first intron of the MSTN gene was amplified using PCR. Polymorphic sites were detected using direct sequencing and then correlated with growth traits using a general linear model. RESULTS: Sequence analysis of the first intron of MSTN gene identified six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the studied breeds. Four mutual SNPs were determined: c.18 G>T, c.241 T>C, c.243 G>A, and c.259 G>T. In addition, two SNPs c.159 A>T and c.173 T>G were monomorphic (AA and TT, respectively) in the Ossimi, Rahmani, and Najdi breeds and polymorphic in the Barki breed. The association analysis revealed that the c.18 G>T and c.241 C>T significantly associated (p<0.05) with birth weight and average daily weight gain, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our results strongly support MSTN as a candidate gene for marker-assisted selection in sheep breeding programs. Furthermore, the identified variants may be considered as putative markers to improve growth traits in sheep.

Impact of Nano-Bromocriptine on Egg Production Performance and Prolactin Expression in Layers.

The current study aimed to investigate the potential use of nano-bromocriptine in improving the laying performance of late laying hens by modulating the prolactin gene expression. A total of 150 NOVOgen brown laying hens aged 70 weeks were randomly allocated into three groups of 50 birds each. The first group was kept as a control, while the second and the third groups were treated with bromocriptine and nano-bromocriptine, respectively, at a dose of 100 µg/kg body weight per week. The pause days, egg production, feed per dozen egg, and Haugh unit were determined on a monthly basis. Also, the relative prolactin gene expression in the pituitary gland was quantified using qPCR and the number of the ovarian follicles was determined after slaughtering at the 84th week of age. It was found that nano-bromocriptine and bromocriptine improved egg laying performance with minimal pause days, reduced feed per dozen egg, and depressed the relative prolactin gene expression; however, nano-bromocriptine treatment was significantly effective compared to bromocriptine. In conclusion, nano-bromocriptine might be beneficial for elongating sequences and reducing pauses.

Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) is independently correlated to aortic calcification in haemodialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: Vascular calcification has detrimental consequences on chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, yet its pathogenesis is not fully understood. Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) is involved in the regulation of mineral metabolism which may in turn affect vascular calcification. Data on the relationship between FGF-23 and peripheral vascular calcification, using conventional radiographs, are conflicting, and less is known about its relation to aortic calcification. We conducted this study to investigate the relationship between FGF-23 and aortic calcification in a standard haemodialysis setting. METHODS: The study included 65 haemodialysis patients (46 prevalent and 19 incident) on a three times 4-h dialysis schedule as well as 15 controls. Those with diabetes, oral anticoagulation or parathyroidectomy were excluded. Intact FGF-23, parathormone, lipids, calcium and phosphorus were measured. Aortic calcification index (ACI) was assessed by a non-contrast computerized tomography (CT) of the abdominal aorta. RESULTS: FGF-23 levels were higher among haemodialysis patients (4681.3 +/- 3906.1 pg/mL) compared to controls (98.2 +/- 51.9 pg/mL), P = 0.005. ACI was higher in haemodialysis patients (14.1 +/- 12) than controls (3.2 +/- 3.6), P = 0.009. FGF-23 (P < 0.0001) and systolic blood pressure (BP) (P < 0.0001) were independently related to ACI in stepwise multiple regression analysis of pooled analysis of haemodialysis patients, R(2) = 0.476; in subgroup analysis, the independent factors relating to ACI among prevalent dialysis patients were systolic BP (P < 0.0001), FGF-23 (P = 0.002) and age (P = 0.012), R(2)=0.48; whereas in incident patients, only FGF-23 was associated with ACI (P = 0.007), R(2) = 0.37. CONCLUSIONS: In haemodialysis patients, FGF-23 and ACI were significantly increased, and FGF-23 was independently associated with aortic calcification.

Synthesis, binding studies and molecular modeling of novel cannabinoid receptor ligands.

In the present work, we report upon the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of new anandamide derivatives obtained by modifications of the fatty acyl chain and/or of the ethanolamide 'tail'. The compounds are of the general formula: 6-(substituted-phenyl)/naphthyl-4-oxohex-5-enoic acid N-substituted amide and 7-naphthyl-5-oxohept-6-enoicacid N-substituted amide. The novel compounds had been evaluated for their binding affinity to CB1/CB2 cannabinoid receptors, binding studies showed that some of the newly developed compounds have measurable affinity and selectivity for the CB2 receptor. Compounds XI and XVIII showed the highest binding affinity for CB2 receptor. None of the compounds exhibited inhibitory activity towards anandamide hydrolysis, thus arguing in favor of their enzymatic stability. The structure-activity relationship has been extensively studied through a tailor-made homological model using constrained docking in addition to pharmacophore analysis, both feature and field based.

Evaluation of the Biological Efficiency of Silver Nanoparticles Biosynthesized Using Croton tiglium L. Seeds Extract against Azoxymethane Induced Colon Cancer in Rats.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is considered as the most common type of gastrointestinal cancers. Chemotherapy became limited due to the adverse side effects. Therefore, the most effective Croton tiglium extract was selected to be incorporated by silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) then evaluated against colon cancer induced by azoxymethane (AOM) in rats. METHODS: Different hematological and biochemical measurements were quantified in addition to markers of oxidative stress. Specific tumor and inflammatory markers were assayed. Colonic tissues were examined histopathologically in addition to immunohistochemistry (IHC). Native proteins and isoenzymes patterns were electrophoretically assayed beside expression of Tumor Protein P53 (TP53) and Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) genes in colonic tissues. RESULTS: It was found that AOM caused significant (P≤0.05) elevation in the hematological and biochemical measurements. C. tiglium nano-extract restored these measurements to normalcy. Tumor and inflammatory markers elevated significantly (P≤0.05) in sera of AOM induced colon cancer group in addition to increasing peroxidation products with decline in antioxidant enzymes activities in colon tissues. Nano-extract restored these measurements to normalcy in post-treated group. Histopathological study revealed that nano-extract minimized severity of inflammatory reactions in all nano-extract treated groups and prevented  anti-Keratin 20 antibody expression in post-treated group. The lowest similarity index (SI%) values were noticed with electrophoretic protein (SI=71.43%), lipid (SI=0.00%) and calcium (SI=75.00%) moieties of protein patterns, catalase (SI=85.71%), peroxidase (SI=85.71%), α-esterase (SI=50.00%) and ß-esterase (SI=50.00%) isoenzymes in colon cancer group. Furthermore, AOM altered the relative quantities of total native bands. The nano-extract prevented the alterations that occurred qualitatively in nano-extract post-treated group and quantitatively in all nano-extract treated groups. Levels of TP53 and APC gene expression increased in AOM injected group and nano-extract restored their levels to normalcy in the post-treated group. CONCLUSION: C. tiglium nano-extract exhibited ameliorative effect against the biochemical and molecular alterations induced by AOM in nano-extract post-treated group.

The value of CSF flow studies in the management of CSF disorders in children: a pictorial review.

CSF flow disorders are frequently encountered in children. The advent of MR technology with the emergence of new pulse sequences allowed better understanding of CSF flow dynamics. In this pictorial review, we aim to conduct a comprehensive review of the MR protocol used to study CSF flow disorders and to discuss the utility of each pulse sequence in the adopted protocol. We will focus on the key anatomical structures that should be examined to differentiate hydrocephalus form ventricular dilatation ex-vacuo. The MR features of obstructive and communicating hydrocephalus will be discussed, in addition to the manifestations of CSF disorders associated with posterior fossa malformations (Dandy-Walker malformation, Chiari, and Blake's pouch cyst). Moreover, the value of MRI in the assessment of patients following interventional procedures (ventriculoperitoneal shunt and third ventriculostomy) will be addressed.

Benzofuran and pyrrole derivatives as cannabinoid receptor modulators with in vivo efficacy against ulcerative colitis.

Aim: Highlighting the need for effective therapies for the treatment of ulcerative colitis, novel series of potential CB2 modulators (benzofuran and pyrrole carboxamides) were developed and tested for their functional activities on CB1/CB2 receptors. Results: In the benzofuran series, the cannabinoid (CB) receptor selectivity and the functional profile were dependent on the nature of the amide substituent and the position of the methoxy group, meanwhile the pyrrole derivatives, displayed an exclusive selectivity to the CB2 receptor and a functionality that is controlled by the nature of the pyrrole nitrogen substituent. Conclusion: Remarkably, we succeeded to develop potent and selective pyrrole-based CB2 receptor agonists, represented by compound 25a, which also demonstrated an exquisite anti-inflammatory effect in a dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis model in mice.

Structure-activity relationships of thiazole and benzothiazole derivatives as selective cannabinoid CB2 agonists with in vivo anti-inflammatory properties.

The strong therapeutic potential of CB2 receptor agonists for use as anti-inflammatory agents that lack psychiatric side effects has attracted substantial interest. We herein describe the rational design and synthesis of novel thiazole and benzothiazole derivatives and the evaluation of their binding affinity and functional activity on CB1 and CB2 receptors. The series with the general formula N-(3-pentylbenzo [d]thiazol-2(3H)-ylidene) carboxamide (compounds 6a-6d) exhibited the highest affinity and selectivity towards CB2 receptors with Kis in the picomolar or low nanomolar range, and selectivity indices (Ki hCB1/Ki hCB2) reaching up to 429 fold. Notably, these compounds also demonstrated an agonistic functional activity in cellular assays with EC50s in the low nanomolar range. More interestingly, compound 6d, the 3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide derivative, exhibited remarkable protection against DSS-induced acute colitis in mice model.

Expression of miRNAs-122, -192 and -499 in end stage renal disease associated with acute myocardial infarction.

INTRODUCTION: New diagnostic tools are needed to accurately detect acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) presenting with ischemic chest pain. We aimed in this study to investigate circulating miR-122, -192 and -499 expression levels in patients with AMI on top of ESRD and evaluate the potential of these miRNAs as blood-based biomarkers for AMI in patients with ESRD. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 80 ESRD patients without AMI, 80 patients with ESRD associated with AMI and 60 healthy subjects. Assessment of microRNAs was done using SYBR Green based real-time PCR. RESULTS: Levels of miR-122 were 28-fold and 20-fold higher in controls than in ESRD patients with or without AMI respectively (p < 0.001), while no differences were detected between the two patient groups (p = 0.9). Levels of miR-192 showed a marked increase in ESRD patients with and without AMI compared to the control group (> 500-fold, > 8000-fold respectively, p ≤ 0.001). Patients who developed AMI had lower expression than ESRD patients without AMI (p < 0.001). Non-significant miR-499 elevation was found in ESRD patients without cardiac disease compared to the control group, while highly significant elevation of miR- 499 was demonstrated in ESRD patients who developed AMI compared to other ESRD patients and the control group (> 100-fold, > 350-fold respectively, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Altered expression of miR-122 and -192 may contribute in pathogenesis of ESRD. MiR-192 and -499 may serve as potential biomarkers for AMI in ESRD. Further studies are needed to correlate these miRNAs with disease progression and outcome.