ABSTRACT
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced enteropathy is considered a serious and increasing clinical problem without available treatment. Glycomacropeptide (GMP) is a 64-amino acid peptide derived from milk κ-casein with numerous biological activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of GMP on NSAID enteropathy in rats. Enteropathy was induced by seven days oral indomethacin administration. Rats were orally GMP treated from seven days previous and during the establishment of the enteropathy model. Changes in metabolism, hematological and biochemical blood alterations, intestinal inflammation and oxidative damage were analyzed. Integrity barrier markers, macroscopic intestinal damage and survival rate were also evaluated. GMP treatment prevented anorexia and weight loss in animals. Furthermore, prophylaxis with GMP ameliorated the decline in hemoglobin, hematocrit, albumin and total protein levels. The treatment had no therapeutic efficacy on the decrease of occludin and mucin (MUC)-2 expression in intestinal tissue. However, GMP markedly decreased neutrophil infiltration, and CXCL1, interleukin-1ß and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. Nitric oxide production and lipid hydroperoxide level in the small intestine were also diminished. These beneficial effects were mirrored by preventing ulcer development and increasing animal survival. These results suggest that GMP may protect against NSAID enteropathy through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
Subject(s)
Caseins/chemistry , Inflammation/drug therapy , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Peptide Fragments/chemistry , Protein-Losing Enteropathies/drug therapy , Animals , Caseins/pharmacology , Chemokine CXCL1/genetics , Disease Models, Animal , Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects , Humans , Indomethacin/toxicity , Inflammation/chemically induced , Inflammation/complications , Inflammation/pathology , Interleukin-1beta/genetics , Intestinal Mucosa , Milk Proteins/chemistry , Milk Proteins/pharmacology , Mucin-2/genetics , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/genetics , Peptide Fragments/pharmacology , Protein-Losing Enteropathies/chemically induced , Protein-Losing Enteropathies/complications , Protein-Losing Enteropathies/genetics , RatsSubject(s)
Community-Acquired Infections/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks , Measles/epidemiology , Military Personnel/statistics & numerical data , Adult , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Measles/prevention & control , Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine/administration & dosage , Texas/epidemiologyABSTRACT
El presente trabajo informa sobre la diversidad de peces en la Cuenca del Bajo Pachitea. En julio de 2005 un inventario rápido en 31 estaciones (14 ríos, 13 quebradas y 4 lagunas) fue realizado. El área comprendió entre Honoria (456195E, 8830474N) y Zúngaro (486747E, 8965585N) entre los departamentos de Ucayali y Huánuco. Para la colecta se utilizaron redes de arrastre a la orilla, obteniéndose un total de 3967 individuos. Se identificaron 116 especies reunidos en 25 familias y 8 órdenes. La mayor riqueza la tuvieron Characiformes (59 por ciento), Siluriformes (22 por ciento) y Perciformes (12 por ciento). Se registraron especies de consumo humano como: Cichla monoculus, Prochilodus nigricans, Salminus hilari, Hoplias malabaricus, Liposarcus sp., Plagioscion squamosissimus; peces ornamentales: Heros severus, Corydoras stenocephalus, Mesonauta festivus, Pyrrhulina brevis. El análisis de riqueza por tipo de hábitat indica que las quebradas fueron las que presentaron mayor número de especies (64 especies), seguidas por ríos (54) y lagunas (45). Los hábitats con mayor abundancia fueron los ríos (1934 individuos), seguidos por quebradas (1745) y lagunas (253).
This paper reports on the fish diversity in the lower Pachitea River basin. In July 2005 a rapid inventory in 31 field stattions (14 rivers, 13 streams and 4 lagoons) was conducted. The area was located between Honoria (456195E, 8830474N) and Zungaro (486747E, 8965585N) between the departments of Huanuco and Ucayali. Fishes were caught using seines (4 mm, mesh), and 3967 were captured. 116 species, 25 families and eight orders were identified. Characiforms (59 per cent), Siluriforms (22 per cent) y Perciforms (12 per cent) had the greatest richness. Commercial fishes as Cichla monoculus, Prochilodus nigricans, Salminus hilari, Hoplias malabaricus, Liposarcus sp., Plagioscion squomosissimus and ornamentals as Heros severus, Corydoras stenocephalus, Mesonauta festivus, Pyrrhulina brevis were fished too. Analysis of the richness by types of habitats showed that the streams were more diverses (64 species) than rivers (54) and lagoons (45). The rivers (1934 individuals) and streams (1745) were the habitat with higher abundances followed by and lagoons (253).
Subject(s)
Animals , Biodiversity , FishesABSTRACT
Con el objetivo de conocer la ictiofauna de la cuenca del Río Inambari (Madre de Dios) y su estado de conservación se colectaron muestras en 22 estaciones empleando redes de arrastre (malla 5 mm). Se determinó la composición taxonómica de la ictiofauna, la diversidad, riqueza y abundancia, además las características ecológicas (rango altitudinal, tipo de hábitat y agua y la estimación del estado de conservación de cada ambiente mediante el índice ecológico (IBI). Se colectaron 1411 individuos agrupados en 52 especies, 35 géneros, 13 familias y cuatro órdenes. Los Characiformes (65%) y Siluriformes (25%) fueron los más diversos, destacándose tres nuevos registros para Perú: Serrapinnus notomelas, Pseudopimelodus bufonius y Pseudocetopsis gobiodes y una especie endémica: Chaetostoma marcapatae. El patrón altitudinal influye en la formación de micro hábitats y por consecuencia en la abundancia y riqueza de especies; encontrándose mayor riqueza y abundancia en la zona baja (52 especies y 1309 individuos), la mayor riqueza en quebradas (44 especies) y la mayor abundancia en ríos (712 individuos). Por tipo de agua, las claras presentaron mayor riqueza (37 especies) y las blancas mayor abundancia (789 individuos). Los mayores índices de diversidad (H') fueron encontrados en los ríos, aguas blancas y en menores altitudes. Al emplearse el Índice de Integridad Biológica (IBI) para determinar el estado de conservación se obtuvieron mayores valores para el cauce principal del Río Inambari, aguas arriba de Mazuko y valores mínimos en la Quebrada Mirador, aguas abajo de Mazuko donde se observo actividad de minería aurífera artesanal.
The main purposes of this study were to know the diversity of fishes in the Inambari river basin, at Mazuco district, (Madre de Dios) and the state of conservation of the aquatic habitats. Samples were collected from 22 stations using seines of small mesh (5mm) and recording data from each habitat. Taxonomic composition of fishes, diversity and abundance, ecological characterization by altitudinal range, habitat and water type; and the conservation state of each water bodies have been studied. A total of 1411 individuals were collected and four orders, 13 families, 35 genera and 52 species were identified. The groups with more diversity were Characiformes (65%) and Siluriformes (25%). Three new records for Peru: Serrapinnus notomelas, Pseudopimelodus bufonius y Pseudocetopsis gobiodes and one endemic species: Chaetostoma marcapatae have been register. The altitudinal pattern influence in micro habitats presence and as consequence in abundance and species richness; so higher richness and abundance were found in the lower zone (52 species and 1309 individuals), in streams (44 species) and rivers (712 individuals). According type of water, the clearwaters showed higher values of richness (37 species) and the whitewater higher abundance (789 individuals). The higher diversity indexes (H') were found in the rivers, white waters and altitudes lower. The higher values of Index of Biological Integrity (IBI) were obtained in the main channel of the Río Inambari, up river of Mazuko and lower values in the Mirador stream, down river of Mazuko, where it was observed gold mining activity artisanal.