Coexistence of Behcet's disease and chronic myelomonocyte leukemia with trisomy 8: a case report and review of the literature.

Behçet's disease (BD) is a multisystem inflammatory vasculitis of unknown etiology and pathogenesis. Coexistence of BD along with hematological malignancies is extremely rare. We describe a patient diagnosed with BD and chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML) with trisomy 8. This case suggests that trisomy 8 may be involved in the concurrent manifestation of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and BD with gastrointestinal ulcers.

FLT3 overexpression in acute promyelocytic leukemia patients without detectable FLT3-ITD or codon 835-836 mutations: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Activating mutations of the FLT3 receptor tyrosine kinase are common in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) but have uncertain prognostic significance. Information regarding FLT3 expression levels in APL without FLT3 mutations is lacking. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using RT-PCR, mutation analysis of the FLT3 gene, regarding internal tandem duplications (ITDs) and codon 835-836 point mutations, was performed and real-time PCR was carried out to determine the level of FLT3 expression in 11 APL patients at diagnosis and 5 in haematological remission with molecularly detectable disease. RESULTS: High levels of FLT3 transcript, at least a 10-fold increase compared to the normal controls, were found at diagnosis in all 3 mutated cases and in 2 patients without detectable FLT3 mutations. CONCLUSION: FLT3 overexpression can be documented in patients without FLT3 mutations. These patients might benefit from treatment using specific FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Larger studies are needed to evaluate the clinical and biological significance of FLT3 overexpression in the absence of FLT3 mutations.

Angiogenesis in Hodgkin's lymphoma: a morphometric approach in 286 patients with prognostic implications.

The significance of angiogenesis in Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) is not well defined. The aim of this study was to evaluate various morphometric characteristics of microvessels in lymph node sections of 286 patients with HL at diagnosis and investigate their relationship with clinicopathologic parameters and prognosis. Microvessel density (MVD), total vascular area (TVA) and several size- and shape-related microvascular parameters were quantitated--after anti-CD34 immunohistochemical staining--in the region of most intense vascularization, using image analysis. An increase in microvessel caliber parameters (area, perimeter, major and minor axis length) and a decrease in MVD were noted with increasing stage. An inverse relationship was recorded between MVD and the number of involved sites (NIS) and LDH. In univariate analysis, overall disease-specific survival was adversely affected by MVD and TVA, whereas inferior failure-free survival (FFS) was associated with the presence of more flattened vessel sections. Multivariate analysis disclosed that the extent of angiogenesis (MVD/TVA), age and the NIS independently affected overall survival. Accordingly, FFS was independently linked to the shape of microvessels and albumin levels or the NIS. In conclusion, our data support the view that angiogenesis in HL provides independent prognostic information, requiring the concomitant evaluation of quantitative and qualitative aspects of microvascular network.

Polyadenylic acid polymerase activity in normal and leukemic human leukocytes.

Soluble polyadenylic acid [poly(A)] polymerase and poly(A) nucleases content of normal human blood lymphocytes and leukemic blood cell populations was determined. Blood lymphocytes from seven normal individuals were used as controls. Leukemic cells were obtained from 69 patients with various types of acute and chronic leukemias. Chronic lymphocytic leukemias presented poly(A) polymerase values with a mean of 9 +/- 4 (S.D.). Although most of the chronic lymphocytic leukemia cases presented poly(A) polymerase activities similar to those of normal lymphocytes (3 +/- 3), a small number fell into the specific activity values of acute leukemias, which were significantly higher and covered a wider range. The mean values for acute myeloblastic, acute monoblastic, and acute lymphoblastic leukemias were 53 +/- 50, 21 +/- 8, and 29 +/- 14, respectively. A statistically significant difference was found between chronic and acute leukemias (p less than 0.01). The observed differences in poly(A) polymerase levels of acute lymphoblastic leukemia versus chronic lymphocytic leukemia persisted after fractionation of the crude extracts and, furthermore, they could not be attributed to differences in the levels of poly(A)-degrading enzymes [poly(A) endo- and exonucleases]. Fractionation of leukemic extracts on Sephadex G-75 revealed two molecular forms of poly(A) polymerase activity.

Accumulation of O6-methylguanine in human blood leukocyte DNA during exposure to procarbazine and its relationships with dose and repair.

O6-Methylguanine was measured by a competitive repair assay in blood leukocyte DNA of seven patients with Hodgkin's or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma during therapeutic exposure to procarbazine involving three daily p.o. doses (50 mg each) for 10 days (corresponding to 2.1 mg/kg/day for a 70-kg human). Adduct accumulation was observed in all seven cases, reaching levels up to 0.28 fmol/microgram of DNA (0.45 mumol/mol of guanine). In one individual, maximal levels of adduct were reached after 7 days of exposure, followed by a steady decline, whereas in all other individuals continuous accumulation was observed throughout the exposure period. In four individuals for which data were available for Day 11 (12 to 16 h after the final intake of procarbazine), decreased amounts of O6-methylguanine were observed relative to the last previous measurements. The accumulation of O6-methylguanine was linearly correlated (P less than 0.01) with the cumulative dose of procarbazine, with a slope of 0.011 fmol of O6-methylguanine/microgram of DNA per mg/kg of body weight or 2.68 x 10(-4) fmol of O6 methylguanine DNA per mg/m2. (Two h after the administration of single p.o. doses of 1 to 10 mg/kg of procarbazine to rats, O6-methylguanine formation in leukocyte DNA was just under half that in liver DNA and showed a linear relationship with dose with a slope of 0.017 fmol/microgram of DNA per mg/kg of body weight or 5.67 x 10(-4) fmol of O6-methylguanine/microgram of DNA per mg/m2. A negative correlation (P less than 0.05) between the rate of accumulation of O6-methylguanine in different individuals and lymphocyte O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) was observed, demonstrating a probable protective effect of AGT against the accumulation of O6-methylguanine during exposure to methylating agents. This observation supports the suggestion of a possible role of procarbazine-induced O6-methylguanine in the pathogenesis of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia appearing after treatment with chemotherapeutic protocols which include procarbazine, based on the finding of low lymphocyte AGT levels in patients with such therapy-related neoplastic disease (Sagher et al., Cancer Res., 48: 3084-3089, 1988). Lymphocyte AGT levels were mainly in the range of 5 to 10 fmol/micrograms of DNA and showed no consistent variation during procarbazine exposure.

Phase II multicenter study of human CD52 antibody in previously treated chronic lymphocytic leukemia. European Study Group of CAMPATH-1H Treatment in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia.

PURPOSE: CAMPATH-1H is a human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody (MAb) that binds to nearly all B- and T-cell lymphomas and leukemias. We report the results of a multicenter phase II trial that used CAMPATH-1H in previously chemotherapy-treated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-nine patients who had relapsed after an initial response (n = 8) or were refractory (n = 21) to chemotherapy were treated with CAMPATH-1H administered as a 30-mg 2-hour intravenous (IV) infusion thrice weekly for a maximum period of 12 weeks. RESULTS: Eleven patients (38%) achieved a partial remission (PR) and one (4%) a complete remission (CR) (response rate, 42%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 23% to 61%). Three of eight patients (38%) with a relapse and nine of 21 refractory patients (43%) responded to CAMPATH-1H therapy. CLL cells were rapidly eliminated from blood in 28 of 29 patients (97%). CR in the bone marrow was obtained in 36% and splenomegaly resolved completely in 32%. Lymphadenopathy was normalized in only two patients (7%). The median response duration was 12 months (range, 6 to 25+). World Health Organization (WHO) grade IV neutropenia and thrombocytopenia developed in three (10%) and two patients (7%), respectively. Neutropenia and thrombocytopenia recovered in most responding patients during continued CAMPATH-1H treatment. Lymphopenia (< 0.5 x 10(9)/L) occurred in all patients. Two patients had opportunistic infections and four had bacterial septicemia. CONCLUSION: CAMPATH-1H had significant activity in patients with advanced and chemotherapy-resistant CLL. The most pronounced effects were noted in blood, bone marrow, and spleen. Preferential clearance of blood may allow harvesting of uncontaminated blood stem cells for use in high-dose chemotherapy protocols.

Hairy cell leukemia: bone marrow changes following splenectomy and alpha-interferon therapy.

Thirty hairy cell leukemia patients were evaluated repeatedly for their bone marrow (BM) histology. At the time of diagnosis, 18 (60%) had diffuse, 9 (30%) had interstitial, and 2 (10%) had a mixed (diffuse and interstitial) pattern of BM disease. The follow-up BM specimens were obtained at intervals of 3-24 months, and the follow-up observation period was 12-94 months. In patients who were nontreated or only splenectomized, no significant changes were observed except of a persistent megaloblastoid picture of the red cell series and an increase of BM fibrosis. In the alpha-interferon treated patients a complete disappearance of hairy cells was observed in one and a dramatic reduction in five. The hairy cell index was reduced from a mean of 0.8 before to 0.1 after alpha-interferon therapy; most patients displayed megaloblastoid erythropoiesis. In the complete responder features of myelodysplasia were present.

Breast cancer following curative chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and the effect of drug resistance proteins to the final outcome. A retrospective study.

PURPOSE: To investigate the overall survival (OS) of patients developing breast cancer (BC) after curative chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and to evaluate the possible effect on the patients' outcome of the expression of drug resistance-related proteins (P-glycoprotein-Pgp, multidrug resistance-associated protein-MRP, and multidrug resistance-related vault lung resistance protein-LRP) in BC issue. STUDY GROUP: 25 female patients (median age 60 years, range 37-70) who developed BC after chemotherapy for high/intermediate grade B-cell NHL, treated with CHOP and achieving complete remission (CR). This group was further subdivided in subgroups A and B, according to the time interval between NHL and BC development ( 24 months, respectively). A matched-pair group of de novo BC patients formed the control group. BC tissue was immuno-histochemically stained for Pgp, MRP and LRP. RESULTS: The median interval between NHL diagnosis and BC development was 26 months (range 9-49). In both groups 14 patients had tumor grade II; 16 were negative for steroid receptors; 17 overexpressed c-erbB-2; 14 were stage IIIA/B, and 11 stage IV. CMF or CNF (mitoxantrone instead of doxorubicin) were given for BC. Early progression was noticed in all study group patients for which second-line chemotherapy was instituted. There was a better response for stage IV patients in the control versus the study group (p=0.07). More prolonged OS was demonstrate for patients with stage III in the control group (median 51 months) and in subgroup B (median 47 months) than in subgroup A (median 16 months; p=0.00012), as well as for patients with advanced disease (p=0.0045). Development of BC < 24 months after NHL resulted in reduced OS (p=0.017). No difference was noticed in the expression of drug resistance proteins between the study and control group or between subgroups A and B. CONCLUSION: BC developing shortly after a CR to NHL is an aggressive disease variant with minimal potential for response to conventional chemotherapy. Analysis of Pgp, MRP and LRP failed to demonstrate significant difference between the study and control group, although indications exist that drug resistance mechanisms might be part of the aggressive disease phenotype, contributing to the poor outcome.

Octreotide neutralizes dexamethasone antitumor actions on P388 murine lymphocytic leukemia in vivo.

PURPOSE: A wide variety of human malignancies, including lymphoproliferative neoplasms, express somatistatin (SS) receptors (SS-R). SS induces apoptosis and exerts pronounced antiproliferative effects on various human tumors cell lines, human xenografts, and animal tumors including P388 lymphocytic leukemia. In patients with thymoma the combination of octreotide (OCT) with corticosteroids improves the overall response rate. It has been reported that SS can increase glucocorticoid activity. Hereby, we studied the in vitro and in vivo activity of the SS analogue OCT and of the glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX) alone or in combination against the murine P388 lymphocytic leukemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cultures of P388 lymphocytic leukemia and BDF(1) male mice implanted with P388 cells where used for the in vitro an in vivo evaluation of the antileukemic activity of SS and DEX. RESULTS: OCT induced a moderate and DEX a satisfactory cytostatic effect in vitro. OCT produced borderline antileukemic effect when administered on days 1-5 while DEX was effective in all schemes and routes of administration. However, none of the combination schemes exerted any anti-leukemic activity both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION: Since both SS and glucocorticoids exert direct (via receptors) and indirect antitumor actions (regulation of growth factor activity) on several cell lines, in vitro and in vivo, it becomes obvious that further in vitro studies shall provide the molecular evidence for the signal transduction pathways which are involved in the interactions of such important anticancer drugs. Based on the results of the present study, the simultaneous use of these drugs in clinical practice should be carefully considered.

beta(2)-microglobulin in Hodgkin's lymphoma: prognostic significance in patients treated with ABVD or equivalent regimens.

PURPOSE: Serum beta-2 microglobulin (sbeta(2)m) is an established prognostic factor for several lymphoproliferative disorders. Because its significance in Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) is controversial, we determined sbeta(2)m levels in pretreatment serum samples of patients with HL in order to elucidate its prognostic value in this condition. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Pretreatment sbeta(2)m levels were determined in 379 HL patients who were treated with ABVD or equivalent regimens with or without radiotherapy (RT), using a radioimmunoassay (upper normal limit 2.4 mg/l). Sbeta(2)m levels were correlated with several clinical and laboratory parameters. RESULTS: Elevated sbeta(2)m levels were detected in 138/379 (36%) patients and correlated with all clinical and laboratory baseline features except gender, lung involvement and mediastinal bulk. They also correlated with serum soluble CD30 and interleukin-10 levels. The 8-year failure-free survival (FFS) was 78 -/+ 4% for patients with normal versus 65 -/+ 7% for patients with elevated sbeta(2)m levels (p=0.003). The corresponding rates among early-stage patients were 83 -/+ 53% versus 71 -/+ 9% (p=0.003), while for advanced stages they were 70 -/+ 6% versus 64 -/+ 8% (p=0.54). In multivariate analysis of the whole patient population elevation of sbeta(2)m levels was not predictive of FFS, but it was strongly predictive among early-stage patients. The 8-year overall survival (OS) rates were 91 -/+ 3% for patients with normal versus 59 -/+ 11% (p <0,0001) for patients with elevated sbeta(2)m levels, while unrelated mortality at 8 years was 1 -/+ 1% versus 27 -/+ 12% (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that sbeta(2)m levels may be a potent prognostic factor for FFS in patients with early stage HL treated with ABVD and equivalent regimens. Their effect on OS is confounded by the higher unrelated mortality in patients with elevated baseline sbeta(2)m levels, probably due to the strong association between sbeta(2)m and older age.

Adhesion molecules in B-chronic lymphoproliferative disorders.

In B-chronic lymphoproliferative disorders (B-CLD) adhesion molecules (AM) have been investigated in order to explain the variable biologic behavior and dissemination patterns and to assess their contribution to the differential diagnosis and prognosis of these diseases. The main AM studied either by immunohistochemistry on lymph node sections or by flow cytometry in blood and bone marrow specimens are L-selectin, CD11a/CD18 (LFA-1), CD54 (ICAM-1), CD44 (HCAM), CD11c/CD18 (gp150/95), and CD49d/CD29 (VLA-4). Among B-CLD, hairy-cell leukemia (HCL) and follicular lymphoma (FL) show a uniform AM expression pattern. Thus, HCL is characterized by high CD54, CD44, VLA-4, CD11c, and CD18 and by low or absent CD11a and L-selectin, whereas FL confined to the lymph nodes is characterized by high CD11a, CD18, and CD54 expression. Diffuse growth and dissemination of FL is associated with alteration in the AM profile. Mantle-cell lymphoma (MCL) seems to be characterized by low or absent L-selectin and CD11c and high CD54 expression, especially compared with B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). B-CLL is the most heterogeneous among all B-CLD with respect to AM expression. In general, low LFA-1 and CD54, high L-selectin and CD44, and variable CD11c characterize B-CLL. Cases with splenomegaly as their prominent feature bear high CD11a, CD18, CD29, and CD11c on the surface of the leukemic cells. Small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) shares the same AM phenotype with B-CLL, with the possible exception of LFA-1, which is strongly expressed on SLL cells. LFA-1 and CD54 are more frequently positive in lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL) as compared with B-CLL. Splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes differs from B-CLL by its high LFA-1, VLA-4, and CD54 and low L-selectin expression, whereas its high LFA-1 positivity can differentiate it from HCL. Surface and soluble AM have been investigated as possible prognostic markers in these diseases. Conflicting data exist concerning the prognostic significance of surface AM. However, high soluble (s)CD44 and CD54 levels in B-CLL and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) are considered as adverse prognostic factors.

B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia, small lymphocytic lymphoma, and lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, including Waldenström's macroglobulinemia: a clinical, morphologic, and biologic spectrum of similar disorders.

Among small lymphocyte cell disorders, B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), and lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (LPL/MW) are included. B-CLL patients always have blood and bone marrow (BM) involvement by a CD5+ B lymphocyte. They frequently present with lymphadenopathy and/or hepatosplenomegaly, although in a considerable number of patients, no abnormal physical findings are found. They are prone to develop hypogammaglobulinemia, autoimmune hemolysis, or autoimmune thrombocytopenia. The typical immunophenotype of the malignant cell is CD5+, surface immunoglobulin (slg)+ (weak), CD23+, CD79b-, and FMC7-. Trisomy 12 and 13q deletions are frequent chromosomal abnormalities. The bcl-2 protein is usually overexpressed. SLL patients present with lymphadenopathy, usually generalized. Lymphocytosis is by definition absent and BM involvement, usually nodular, is found in 25% to 50% of patients. The lymph node lymphocytes are CD5+ and have a similar immunophenotype with CLL, but frequently express the LFA-1 adhesion molecule. Patients are at low risk to develop hypogammaglobulinemia, autoimmune hemolysis, or autoimmune thrombocytopenia. LPL/MW patients may present either with an accidental discovery of IgM gammopathy, symptoms related to paraproteinemia, or lymphadenopathy and/or splenomegaly. The BM is frequently involved and a leukemic picture may be found. A monoclonal gammopathy of IgM class is by definition present in MW and is frequently accompanied by hypogammaglobulinemia. Immunophenotypic studies usually reveal a CD5-, slg+ (moderate), cytoplasmic immunoglobulin (clg)+, FMC7+, and CD38+ cell. A significant proportion of cases carry the translocation t(9;14)(p13;q32) involving the PAX-5 gene. All of these disorders may potentially undergo transformation to large-cell lymphoma or Richter's syndrome. Prognostic factors have been extensively studied in B-CLL, but more studies are needed for SLL and LPL/MW. These entities should be differentiated from other B-chronic small lymphocyte cell disorders, particularly when the latter are leukemic.

Application of a prediction rule to select which patients presenting with lymphadenopathy should undergo a lymph node biopsy.

We conducted the present study to develop a clinical prediction rule for discriminating which patients with peripheral lymphadenopathy require a lymph node biopsy. The clinical features of 315 patients with peripheral lymphadenopathy were analyzed to develop the prediction rule: 83 had diseases requiring a lymph node biopsy (Lymph Node Biopsy Group [BG]), while 232 had diseases that could be diagnosed without a lymph node biopsy (Non-Lymph Node Biopsy Group [NBG]). Among 23 examined clinical covariates, we identified 6 that independently predicted the need for lymph node biopsy and were graded as follows: 1) Age: x1 = 0, if < or = 40 years and 1, if > 40 years. 2) Tenderness in palpation: x2 = 0, if absent and 1, if present. 3) Size of the greatest lymph node: x3 = 0, if < 1.0 cm2, 1 if 1.0-3.99 cm2, 2 if 4.0-8.99 cm2, and 3 if > or = 9.0 cm2. 4) Generalized pruritus: x4 = 1, if present and 0, if not. 5) Supraclavicular lymphadenopathy: x5 = 1, if present and 0, if not. 6) Texture: x6 = 1, if nodes are hard and 0, if not. The prediction rule was then validated in a subsequent group of 160 patients (32 in the BG; 128 in the NBG). A score Z = 5x1 - 5x2 + 4x3 + 4x4 + 3x5 + 2x6 - 6 corresponded to every patient, according to the results of logistic regression analysis. If patients with Z > or = 1 were considered to need lymph node biopsy, the sensitivity of the prediction rule was 95.2% (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 88.1%-98.1%) and the specificity was 81.0% (95% CI: 75.4%-85.6%). Within the Validation Group of patients the prediction rule was at least equally effective. Sensitivity was 96.9% (95% CI: 83.9%-99.5%) and specificity was 91.4% (95% CI: 85.1%-95.2%). The described rule can be useful in the clinical evaluation of patients with peripheral lymphadenopathy. Further validation by other groups is required, and its cost-effectiveness has to be investigated.

Demonstration of cell surface antigens and their antibodies by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method.

The unlabeled antibody enzyme method, using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocomplex for labeling, was applied to freshly prepared viable lymphocytes to detect antibodies in individuals preimmunized by pregnancies or blood transfusions. The "sandwich" incubations and washing steps were carried out with cells attached to poly(L-lysine) glass slides, in order to facilitate the handling of the samples and to save antisera and time. In comparison to the lymphocytotoxicity test, the described method is more sensitive and able to detect additional antibodies. Our findings indicate that further investigation of the use of this test for the demonstration of cell surface antigens and their antibodies appears to be worthwhile.

Accumulation of O6-methylguanine in human DNA after therapeutic exposure to methylating agents and its relationship with biological effects.

O6-Methylguanine has been measured in peripheral blood leukocytes of 14 patients during one or more cycles of treatment with procarbazine (daily treatment for 10 days) and in 12 patients during one or more cycles of treatment with dacarbazine (single dose per cycle). Adduct formation at levels up to about 0.4 fmole/microgram DNA was detected in all procarbazine- and all but one dacarbazine-treated patients at some point after treatment. O6-Methylguanine accumulated during procarbazine treatment in a dose-related manner (mean rate of accumulation 2.8 x 10(-4) fmole/microgram DNA per mg/m2 dose) and appeared to approach a plateau by the end of the cycle (above 600 mg/m2 cumulative dose). The average rate of O6-methylguanine formation 2 hr after dacarbazine treatment was 11 +/- 8 x 10(-4) fmole/microgram DNA per mg/m2 dose. Individuals examined on more than one treatment cycle with either drug showed broadly similar methylation responses. The rate of adduct accumulation showed a nonsignificant, negative correlation with the pretreatment lymphocyte levels of the repair enzyme O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) in the case of procarbazine and no correlation in the case of dacarbazine. No consistent lymphocyte AGT depletion was noted as a result of treatment with either drug. No correlation between O6-methylguanine formation and hematological toxicity was observed. In eight patients showing full remission after treatment with dacarbazine, the value of O6-methylguanine (averaged over all the cycles) was 0.252 +/- 0.120 fmole/microgram DNA while in four patients showing partial or no response it was 0.087 +/- 0.110 fmole/microgram DNA (p < 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Establishment and characterization of a B-cell line from a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

A permanent lymphoblastoid cell line was established from the peripheral blood of a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The cell line, designated SDK, grows in a stationary suspension culture, forming aggregates, in RPMI medium supplemented with 10% FCS, with a doubling time of 50-60 h. Immunologic markers and cytological features suggested that the SDK cells should be identified as being of B-cell origin. The cells failed to form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes, did not express T-cell antigens as defined by monoclonal antibodies, and exhibited surface and cytoplasmic immunoglobulin determinants. Chromosome analysis revealed the presence of three cell populations with (a) 46XY; (b) t(8q-; 14q+) or 2p-; 14q+) and (c) cells with unidentifiable markers. SDK demonstrated susceptibility to TPA-induced differentiation toward plasma cells.

Imprint cytology of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas based on a study of 212 immunologically characterized cases: correlation of touch imprints with tissue sections.

The classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs) has been traditionally based on analysis of histologic sections and has been supplemented more recently by immunologic marker studies. It was the purpose of the present study to illustrate, side-by-side, sections and Romanowsky-stained imprints from the same surgical specimen from practically all categories of immunophenotyped NHLs, including rare and atypical variants that were difficult to classify from the histologic sections alone. Our results indicate that imprint cytology may reveal nuclear and cytoplasmic details not discernible in even the best tissue sections and that it may be selectively helpful in contributing to the classification of NHLs. Our results also show that the relative value of imprint cytology in the classification of malignant lymphomas varies greatly among categories. Specifically, we have found that imprints assist in three ways: the recognition of plasmacytoid features in small cell lymphocytic lymphomas, the recognition of plasmacytoid immunoblastic lymphoma, and the differentiation between NHLs which may be difficult to distinguish histologically. These include (1) small lymphocytic lymphoma versus lymphocytic lymphoma of intermediate differentiation, (2) true histiocytic malignancies versus large cell malignant lymphomas with abundant cytoplasm and/or phagocytosis, (3) anaplastic myeloma versus plasmacytoid immunoblastic lymphoma, (4) large noncleaved versus plasmacytoid immunoblastic lymphoma, (5) lymphoblastic lymphoma versus diffuse small cleaved cell lymphoma, and (6) lymphoblastic lymphoma versus small noncleaved cell lymphoma. Lymph node imprints are easy to prepare and readily interpretable by those experienced in the study of abnormal blood and bone marrow films. Their value as an ancillary methodology aimed at optimal accuracy in the classification of NHLs should be recognized.

Cytochemical findings in human nonneoplastic blood and tonsillar B and T lymphocytes.

The cytochemical profiles of B and T lymphocytes from the bloods of eight normal donors and the tonsils of three normal individuals were studied. An intense and localized alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (alpha-NAE) activity was found in the majority of blood and tonsillar T lymphcytes, in contrast to the very low alpha-NAE activity observed in the blood and tonsillar B lymphocytes. A very low percentage of tonsillar B lymphocytes had beta-glucuronidase (betaG) activity, while relatively normal betaG activity was observed in the tonsillar T lymphocytes and the blood B and T lymphocytes. Acid phosphatase (AcP) activities were found to be similar in both B and T lymphocytes from blood and tonsils. These findings suggest that the alpha-NAE reaction may be useful as a cytochemical marker for distinguished B from T lymphocytic proliferations. They also revealed that there is no appreciable difference in AcP and betaG activity between B and T lymphocytes obtained from the blood of normal donors.

Acid phosphatase and alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase in neoplastic and non-neoplastic lymphocytes. A statistical analysis.

Acid phosphatase and alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase reaction patterns were evaluated in lymphocytes from patients with a variety of neoplastic and non-neoplastic conditions: leukemia, 59; NHL, 53; and reactive follicular hyperplasia, 23. Fifteen individuals with normal peripheral blood were also studied. For both enzymes, statistical analysis showed a strong correlation between a globular reaction pattern and T lymphocytic origin in both non-neoplastic lymph nodes and normal peripheral blood specimens (P less than 0.0001). A similarly strong correlation was found between a granular acid phosphatase pattern and T lymphocytic origin in cell isolated from non-neoplastic lymph nodes (P less than 0.0001) but not in those obtained from normal peripheral blood where this pattern was observed with equal frequency in B, T, and "null" lymphocytes (P = 0.415). A granular alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase pattern was correlated with non-T lymphocytes from normal peripheral blood (P less than 0.0001), but was observed with equal frequency in B, T, and "null" lymphocytes fron non-neoplastic lymph nodes (P = 0.76). In the eight T cell neoplasias studied, a globular pattern was evident in the majority of cells for both enzymes. In the majority of the B cell neoplasias, however, a granular pattern was observed for both enzymes.

Beta-glucuronidase activity of lymph node imprints from malignant lymphomas and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.

beta-Glucuronidase activity was semiquantitatively estimated in the cells of lymph node (LN) imprints from patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD), diffuse non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), normal lymph nodes, and benign lymphadenopathies. In addition, in some of these cases beta-glucuronidase activity was semiquantitatively determined in peripheral blood smear lymphocytes. The beta-glucuronidase score (betaGS) was very low in the cells of the LN imprints from patients with diffuse non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The LN lymphocytes of HD had a normal betaGS independently of the histological subtype of the disease, while in the LN imprint of CLL the enzyme activity was low, normal, or high. The betaGS of the lymphocytes in LN imprints of normal controls and HD were in general significantly lower compared with he lymphocytes of the peripheral blood smears in the same cases. The relation of our findings to the B and T cell origin of malignant lymphomas and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is discussed.