Health beliefs associated with poor disease self-management in smokers with asthma and/or COPD: a pilot study.

Background: Compared to nonsmokers, smokers with chronic disease are less likely to adhere to self-management recommendations for the management of their chronic conditions. Although the literature notes poor adherence trends in smokers, actual influences of adherence in these patients require further study. This study examines the health beliefs that influence self-management behaviors in smokers with chronic lung disease. Methods: This prospective, cross-sectional study surveyed patients (n = 83) seen in the pulmonary outpatient clinics of the University Medical Center of New Orleans between November 2015 and February 2016. Eligible patients included those between 40-64 years old diagnosed with asthma and/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Primary measures included perceived beliefs related to the susceptibility to asthma and/or COPD becoming worse, perceived barriers to adherence, and perceived benefits to adherence. Patient characteristics under-study included smoking status, race, gender, and diagnosis. Descriptive and chi-square analyses were performed to characterize the sample. Student's t and and regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationships between perceptions, smoking status, race, gender, and diagnosis. Results: Compared to nonsmokers, smokers perceived their asthma and/or COPD becoming worse (p = 0.0023). Smokers also perceived more barriers (p < 0.0001), and fewer benefits to adherence than nonsmokers (p = 0.0021). Conclusion: The health beliefs of smokers may influence their self-management behaviors. Results of this study can inform the development of services that target smokers in order to improve adherence to self-management behaviors and health outcomes.

The Association of Asthma and Metabolic Dysfunction With Outcomes of Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: There have been conflicting results on the association of asthma with the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Poor metabolic health has been previously associated with both severe COVID-19 and inflammation in asthma. OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between asthma and COVID-19 outcomes and whether these associations are modified by metabolic syndrome. METHODS: We performed an international, observational cohort study of adult patients hospitalized for COVID-19 from February 2020 through October 2021. The primary outcome was hospital mortality. RESULTS: The study included 27,660 patients from 164 hospitals, 12,114 (44%) female, with a median (interquartile range) age of 63 years (51-75). After adjusting for age, sex, smoking, race, ethnicity, geographic region, and Elixhauser comorbidity index, we found that patients with asthma were not at greater risk of hospital death when compared with patients with no chronic pulmonary disease (controls) (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.97; 95% CI, 0.90-1.04; P = .40). Patients with asthma, when compared with controls, required higher respiratory support identified by the need for supplemental oxygen (aOR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.01-1.14; P = .02), high-flow nasal cannula or noninvasive mechanical ventilation (aOR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.00-1.13; P = .04), and invasive mechanical ventilation (aOR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.03-1.16; P = .003). Metabolic syndrome increased the risk of death in patients with asthma, but the magnitude of observed association was similar to controls in stratified analysis (interaction P value .24). CONCLUSIONS: In this international cohort of hospitalized COVID-19 patients, asthma was not associated with mortality but was associated with increased need for respiratory support. Although metabolic dysfunction was associated with increased risks in COVID-19, these risks were similar for patients with or without asthma.

Evaluation of a Multidisciplinary Disease Management Program to Achieve Asthma Control in Seven Safety Net Hospitals in Louisiana.

The objective was to evaluate a multidisciplinary guideline-driven disease management program focused on achievement of asthma control among sustained patients with confirmed asthma in Louisiana and to assess factors affecting achievement of asthma control. Data were extracted from the electronic health records of 1596 adults with confirmed asthma, sustained care for >1 year in the outpatient setting, and ≥2 recorded Asthma Control Test (ACT) scores. Multivariable logistic regression modeling was used to assess the association of demographic variables, comorbidities, and process measures with the best achieved asthma control as represented by the highest ACT score. Most subjects were female (81.1%) and African American (63.9%). Approximately half of them (48.9%) were able to achieve asthma control (ACT ≥20). The most prevalent comorbidities were hypertension (79.8%), rhinitis (55.3%), and obesity (50.5%). Most patients received pulmonary function testing (PFT) (88.6%), controller medication therapy (85.5%), or written asthma action plans (92.7%). Asthma control was positively associated with presence of PFT (OR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.13, 2.37) and being a "never" smoker (OR = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.08, 2.04). Asthma control was less likely to be achieved by patients who were African American (OR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.52, 0.87), had more comorbidities (OR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.83, 0.96), or were on more medications (OR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.72, 0.88). Asthma control was achieved in 48.9% of an adult, primarily African American population with the implementation of comprehensive guideline-driven care. Furthermore, this is the first study to observe that the presence of PFT may be associated with asthma control.

The Burden of Cough and Phlegm in People With COPD: A COPD Patient-Powered Research Network Study.

RATIONALE: Cough and phlegm are common symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and may significantly affect quality of life. This study assessed the burden of cough and phlegm on clinical outcomes and quality of life among people with a self-reported physician diagnosis of COPD. METHODS: Patient-reported data from the COPD Foundation's Patient-Powered Research Network (COPD PPRN) were utilized. Cough and phlegm severity and frequency were assessed by responses to questions on the COPD Assessment Test (CAT) and categorized into none/low, moderate and severe. Quality of life domains were evaluated using the Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29). Associations between cough and phlegm levels and PROMIS-29 domains were examined using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). RESULTS: The 5286 participants were average age 64.4 years (SD=11.4), 87.9% white, 60.4% female, 51.2% married, and 42.2% with caregivers. Approximately three-fourths of the participants had moderate or severe cough or phlegm levels. Respondents with moderate and high cough or phlegm had significantly worse dyspnea (p<0.0001), more exacerbations in the previous one year (p<0.0001), worse physical and social functioning, and more symptoms of anxiety and depression on PROMIS-29 compared to those with no/low cough and phlegm. CONCLUSIONS: In this group of people with COPD, higher levels of cough and phlegm are associated with worse clinical and quality of life outcomes.

Measuring the Effect of Environmental Tobacco Smoke on Lung Function: Results From a Small Observational Investigation of Acute Exposure.

OBJECTIVE: Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in smoky venues puts patrons and employees at risk for immediate respiratory symptoms. Although much literature focuses on outcomes associated with chronic ETS exposure, the current study assesses changes in lung function after acute exposure. METHODS: Ninety-six nonsmoking, healthy adults were exposed to ETS at a bar. Lung function [eg, forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)] was assessed at baseline, immediately after 3 hours of ETS exposure, and 2 hours after exiting the bar. PM2.5 recordings were also measured. RESULTS: Repeated-measures analysis of variance found significant decreases in FEV1, FVC and FEF25-75%, and peak expiratory flow after ETS exposure compared with baseline that remained significantly decreased after a 2-hour recovery period. CONCLUSIONS: Acute exposure to ETS in a natural environment significantly attenuates lung function. A subgroup experienced heightened reductions in lung function.

Measurement of interleukin 16.

Interleukin 16 (IL-16) is a chemoattractant immunomodulatory cytokine that initiates its cellular responses through interaction with membrane-expressed CD4. The protein may be detected by a number of methods; the choice of protocol will depend on the ultimate object of a particular experiment. The first method presented is the use of ELISA to measure IL-16 in cell culture supernatants or biological fluids. For some applications, such as identification of IL-16 in an unknown fluid or medium or direct assessment of its bioactivity, functional assays of IL-16-induced responses may be more appropriate. The chemotactic effects of IL-16 on CD4+ T cells and its specific inhibition may be measured using anti-IL-16 antibodies; the same approach may also be applied to monocytes or eosinophils. Another effect of IL-16 is the induction of CD25, which can be assayed using immunological staining. Finally, cell cycle progression in target cells can be measured by the incorporation of radiolabeled thymidine and confirmed by inhibition with neutralizing antibody.