Outcome of early surgery in infantile esotropia: Our experience in tertiary care hospital.

BACKGROUND: Infantile esotropia is a convergent strabismus presenting before 6 months of age and is the most common strabismus disorder presenting in the ophthalmology OPD. The dilemma of whether to go for early surgery and how early has been a matter of research for the last 50 years. We describe our results of surgery in infantile esotropia at variable age groups, as well as with different reoperation rates and compare with the results in western literature. METHODS: A prospective study was carried out through a review of 113 cases operated for infantile esotropia between February 2013 and August 2014. The variables studied were: age at surgery, type of fixation, refractive error, associated nystagmus, inferior oblique overaction or dissociated vertical deviation (DVD), type of surgery performed and pre- and postoperative deviation angles. RESULTS: There were 67 male and 46 female cases of infantile esotropia. The age group of patients varied from 6 months to 12 years. Latent nystagmus was seen in 22 cases, inferior oblique overaction in 49 cases and DVD (mild) in 14 cases. Bimedial rectus recession was done in 78 cases and recession-resection in non-dominant eye in remaining 35 cases. The postoperative residual deviation was <10 PD in 102 cases, between 10 and 16 PD in 5 cases and more than 16 PD in 6 cases. Only 6 cases (5.3%) required reoperation for correction of residual deviation. CONCLUSION: The authors recommend surgery before 12 months in all cases of infantile esotropia. The reoperation rates in the current study were considerably low.

Anterior segment changes on ultrasound biomicroscopy after intravitreal anti vascular endothelial growth factor injection.

BACKGROUND: Intravitreal injections are standard of care today and have the potential to change the anatomy of the anterior segment of the eye. This research was undertaken to evaluate the changes in anterior segment anatomy after intravitreal anti vascular endothelial growth factor (anti VEGF) injections. METHODS: We conducted a prospective interventional case series at a quaternary care center where patients undergoing intravitreal injection had pre and post injection ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) and intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement after intravitreal anti VEGF injection of 0.05 ml volume. RESULTS: 75 eyes of 75 patients as per inclusion criteria were studied. A transient rise in IOP post intravitreal injection was found immediately after the injection. The mean rise from baseline was 17 mmHg immediately after injection and IOP returned to normal within 30 min in all cases. Angle measurement done as per established techniques revealed no significant changes in the angles and anterior chamber. CONCLUSION: Intravitreal anti VEGF injections had no readily apparent short term concerns. IOP rise was transient and no case was found to have IOP high enough to cause concern for interruption of the optic nerve perfusion or statistically significant narrowing of the anterior chamber angle.

Computer and visual display terminals (VDT) vision syndrome (CVDTS).

Computer and visual display terminals have become an essential part of modern lifestyle. The use of these devices has made our life simple in household work as well as in offices. However the prolonged use of these devices is not without any complication. Computer and visual display terminals syndrome is a constellation of symptoms ocular as well as extraocular associated with prolonged use of visual display terminals. This syndrome is gaining importance in this modern era because of the widespread use of technologies in day-to-day life. It is associated with asthenopic symptoms, visual blurring, dry eyes, musculoskeletal symptoms such as neck pain, back pain, shoulder pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, psychosocial factors, venous thromboembolism, shoulder tendonitis, and elbow epicondylitis. Proper identification of symptoms and causative factors are necessary for the accurate diagnosis and management. This article focuses on the various aspects of the computer vision display terminals syndrome described in the previous literature. Further research is needed for the better understanding of the complex pathophysiology and management.

Development of computerized color vision testing as a replacement for Martin Lantern.

BACKGROUND: Development and standardization of computerized color vision testing as a replacement for Martin Lantern test. Non-randomized comparative trial. METHODS: All candidates of SSB, Allahabad, reporting for SMB underwent color vision testing at the eye dept by computerized eye test and currently available tests. RESULTS: All candidates were subjected to Ishihara chart testing and those found to be CP III were subjected to the confirmatory test on Martin Lantern and the Software. Candidates requiring CP I standards for eligibility were tested on the same on Martin Lantern and on the new software method. On comparison between the Standard Martin Lantern and the Software, the results were consistent and comparable with 82 patients testing CP I on the Martin Lantern and 81 on the software. Of the CP III patients, 253 tested positive on the Standard lantern test as compared to 251 on the software and of the CP IV group, 147 tested positive on the Standard lantern and 149 by the software method. CONCLUSION: It was found that the software replicated the existing Martin Lantern accurately and consistently. The Martin Lantern Software can be used as a replacement for existing old Lanterns which are not in production since the early 20th century.

Clinical evaluation of Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty (DALK) for stromal corneal opacities.

BACKGROUND: Corneal scars are commonly formed following many diseases of the eye like trauma, inflammation and infections. They lead to permanent diminution of vision which can be managed by Penetrating Keratoplasty (PK). PK is removing diseased as well as healthy tissues and is associated with many post-operative complications. Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty (DALK) is a relatively newer procedure which replaces only the diseased stroma, leaving the original corneal endothelium intact. This procedure is associated with lesser incidence of post-operative complications. METHODS: The study was conducted at a large tertiary care centre. 10 patients with stromal corneal scars were subjected to DALK and results were analysed after 06 months. Poor quality donor corneal tissue of B- and C grade was used in all cases. RESULTS: 7 out of 10 patients (70%) undergoing DALK had post-operative visual acuity of 6/24 or better. 03 patients who did not have adequate recovery of visual acuity were due to over-riding of the graft in 01 case (10%), fungal keratitis in 01 case (10%) and interface haze in 01 case (10%). CONCLUSION: DALK is a promising new technique for management of superficial corneal stromal scars using poor quality donor corneal tissue. Initial results are encouraging with minimal complications.

An insight into the altered ophthalmic dynamics during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Purpose: The objective of this survey-based study was to examine the effects of personal protective measures taken at the level of instrument and surgeon during the pandemic on the optics in ophthalmology. Methods: The study involved an online questionnaire of 24 questions which was distributed to ophthalmologists practicing in several hospitals, including residents and fellows undergoing training in ophthalmology in India. The responses were collected through an online data collection tool (Google forms). The participants could choose from multiple options provided to them in each question. Results: A total of 285 participants out of 296 had used modified methods for examining and performing surgical procedures during the pandemic, while 78.7% (265) of the participants acknowledged having encountered difficulty in interpreting the ocular findings of patients while examining in personal protective equipment. Moreover, 58.7% (198) of our study respondents also reported that there was significant worsening of the quality of ophthalmological examination with pandemic-appropriate measures and 84.8% (286) of our study participants also felt that these measures have significantly added to the time of examination, hence increasing the risk of exposure to both patient and doctor. Conclusion: The workplace study has highlighted the crucial aspects of optics in ophthalmology during the pandemic. The protective measures taken during the pandemic have significantly worsened the quality of ophthalmological examination and increased the time taken to perform outpatient department-based and surgical procedures in ophthalmology.

Prevalence and effectiveness of innovative techniques in ophthalmic surgical training during COVID-19 pandemic in India.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the various innovative surgical training techniques prevalent among ophthalmology residents in India during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: This was a prospective cross-sectional study. An online survey questionnaire was completed by ophthalmology residents from different parts of the country. The survey consisted of questions related to the impact of the pandemic on training, innovative training techniques adapted during the pandemic and their effectiveness, and COVID-19 duty-related information. RESULTS: A total of 147 responses were obtained. The mean age was 29.3 years (range: 24-40 years, SD: ±3.82). Of which, 87 (59.2%) respondents were females. A total of 61 (41.5%) respondents reported practicing steps of ocular surgeries on goat eye, 69 (46.9%) on model eye/vegetables/fruits, 30 (20.4%) on surgical simulators, and 26 (17.7%) utilized 3-D virtual images and videos. In addition, 22 (15%) respondents reported never using any such techniques. Furthermore, 130 (88.4%) respondents reported practicing steps of cataract surgery, 52 (35.4%) practiced steps of open globe repair, and steps of trabeculectomy were reported by 24 (16.3%). The steps that were reported to be practiced most are incision or tunnel construction by 108 (73.5%), suturing by 92 (62.6%), capsulorrhexis by 91 (61.9%), primary wound repair by 82 (55.8%), and conjunctival peritomy by 75 (51%). CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates that residents across the country are adapting to the present scenario by utilizing several innovative methods to sharpen their surgical acumen. The current pandemic situation can serve as an impetus to emphasize upon the institutes and medical regulatory bodies to appropriately remodel the residency curriculum.

Macular degeneration in a case of Reiter's disease.

Posterior uveitis is not a documented feature of Reiter's disease. We describe here a patient of Reiter's disease, who after a bout of dysentery in January 2002 developed macular edema of the right eye with visual acuity of 6/36. In December 2002, she was found to have phlyctenular conjunctivitis. In June 2004, when she reported with scaly plaques over both palms, repeat ophthalmological examination revealed macular degeneration of the right eye. The simultaneous occurrence of Reiter's disease and macular degeneration in this patient may be fortuitous but the immunological basis of both diseases suggests a possible association.

Free volume study on calcification process in an intraocular lens after cataract surgery.

An opacified intraocular lens explanted from a patient in the postoperative period after phacoemulsification was investigated to find the cause of opacification. From the UV-visible and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) measurements, the opacification in the present case seems to be due to calcification of the intraocular lens and not due to modification in the UV absorber material of the lens. The average free volume size of the intraocular lens both in unimplanted and explanted state were obtained from positron lifetime spectroscopy (PLS). Further, the combined FTIR and PLS results indicate that calcium gets into the free volume cavities of the intraocular lens matrix as a cationic moiety, may be in the form of Ca(++). The small decrease in glass transition temperature of the calcified lens seems to indicate the plasticizing action of calcium ions. The present results could be of some use in the design of the intraocular lens material in which calcification would be minimum.