ABSTRACT
In a BCR/ABL-expressing myeloid precursor cell line, p53 levels were markedly downmodulated. Expression of MDM2, the negative regulator of p53, was upregulated in a tyrosine kinase-dependent manner in growth factor-independent BCR/ABL-expressing cells, and in accelerated phase and blast crisis CML samples. Increased MDM2 expression was associated with enhanced mdm2 mRNA translation, which required the interaction of the La antigen with mdm2 5' UTR. Expression of MDM2 correlated with that of La and was suppressed by La siRNAs and by a dominant negative La mutant, which also enhanced the susceptibility to drug-induced apoptosis of BCR/ABL-transformed cells. By contrast, La overexpression led to increased MDM2 levels and enhanced resistance to apoptosis. Thus, La-dependent activation of mdm2 translation might represent an important molecular mechanism involved in BCR/ABL leukemogenesis.
Subject(s)
Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing , Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/physiology , Nuclear Proteins , Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Ribonucleoproteins/metabolism , Transcription Factors/metabolism , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Apoptosis/drug effects , Autoantigens , Blotting, Northern , Blotting, Western , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm , GRB2 Adaptor Protein , Growth Substances/metabolism , Humans , Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics , Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism , Mice , Protein Biosynthesis , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism , Proteins/metabolism , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2 , RNA, Small Interfering/genetics , RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology , RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Ribonucleoproteins/genetics , Transcription Factors/genetics , Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism , Up-Regulation , SS-B AntigenABSTRACT
The transcription factor C/EBPα is more potent than C/EBPß in inducing granulocitic differentiation and inhibiting BCR/ABL-expressing cells. We took a "domain swapping" approach to assess biological effects, modulation of gene expression, and binding to C/EBPα-regulated promoters by wild-type and chimeric C/EBPα/C/EBPß proteins. Wild-type and N-C/EBPα+ C/EBPß-DBD induced transcription of the granulocyte-colony stimulating factor receptor (G-CSFR) gene, promoted differentiation, and suppressed proliferation of K562 cells vigorously; instead, wild-type C/EBPß and N-C/EBPß+C/EBPα-DBD had modest effects, although they bound the G-CSFR promoter like wild-type C/EBPα and N-C/EBPα+C/EBPß-DBD. Chimeric proteins consisting of the TAD of VP16 and the DBD of C/EBPα or C/EBPß inhibited proliferation and induced differentiation of K562 cells as effectively as wild-type C/EBPα. Gene expression profiles induced by C/EBPα resembled those modulated by N-C/EBPα+C/EBPß-DBD, whereas C/EBPß induced a pattern similar to that of N-C/EBPß+C/EBPα-DBD. C/EBPα activation induced changes in the expression of more cell cycle- and apoptosis-related genes than the other proteins and enhanced Imatinib-induced apoptosis of K562 cells. Expression of FOXO3a, a novel C/EBPα-regulated gene, was required for apoptosis but not for differentiation induction or proliferation inhibition of K562 cells.
Subject(s)
CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Cell Cycle , Gene Expression Regulation , Promoter Regions, Genetic , Transcription, Genetic , Apoptosis/genetics , CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta/genetics , CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta/metabolism , CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins/genetics , Cell Differentiation/genetics , Forkhead Box Protein O3 , Forkhead Transcription Factors/biosynthesis , Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics , Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/biosynthesis , Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics , Humans , K562 Cells , Protein Structure, Tertiary , Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics , Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolismABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Akt/PKB is a serine/threonine kinase that has attracted much attention because of its central role in regulating cell proliferation, survival, motility and angiogenesis. Activation of Akt in breast cancer portends aggressive tumour behaviour, resistance to hormone-, chemo-, and radiotherapy-induced apoptosis and it is correlated with decreased overall survival. Recent studies have identified novel tumor-specific substrates of Akt that may provide new diagnostic and prognostic markers and serve as therapeutic targets. This study was undertaken to identify pAkt-interacting proteins and to assess their biological roles in breast cancer cells. RESULTS: We confirmed that one of the pAkt interacting proteins is the Elongation Factor EF1alpha. EF1alpha contains a putative Akt phosphorylation site, but is not phosphorylated by pAkt1 or pAkt2, suggesting that it may function as a modulator of pAkt activity. Indeed, downregulation of EF1alpha expression by siRNAs led to markedly decreased expression of pAkt1 and to less extent of pAkt2 and was associated with reduced proliferation, survival and invasion of HCC1937 cells. Proliferation and survival was further reduced by combining EF1alpha siRNAs with specific pAkt inhibitors whereas EF1alpha downregulation slightly attenuated the decreased invasion induced by Akt inhibitors. CONCLUSION: We show here that EF1alpha is a pAkt-interacting protein which regulates pAkt levels. Since EF1alpha is often overexpressed in breast cancer, the consequences of EF1alpha increased levels for proliferation, survival and invasion will likely depend on the relative concentration of Akt1 and Akt2.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms/metabolism , Peptide Elongation Factor 1/metabolism , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism , Breast Neoplasms/enzymology , Breast Neoplasms/genetics , Cell Cycle , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Movement/genetics , Cell Proliferation , Cell Survival/genetics , Female , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , Humans , Immunoprecipitation , Peptide Elongation Factor 1/antagonists & inhibitors , Peptide Elongation Factor 1/genetics , Phosphorylation , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics , RNA InterferenceABSTRACT
PURPOSE: MDM2 is a key negative regulator of p53 activity, and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP309, T>G change; rs 2279744) in its promoter increases the affinity for the transcription factor SP1, enhancing MDM2 expression. We carried out a pilot study to investigate the effect of this polymorphism on development and behavior of neuroblastoma, an extracranial pediatric tumor with unfrequent genetic inactivation of p53. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We genotyped the MDM2-SNP309 alleles of tumor DNA from 239 neuroblastoma patients and peripheral blood DNA from 237 controls. In 40 of 239 neuroblastomas, the MDM2-SNP309 alleles were also genotyped in peripheral blood DNA. Data were analyzed by two-sided Fisher's exact test, log-rank test, and Kaplan-Meier statistics. Where appropriate, data are reported with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: The frequency of both the T/G and G/G genotypes or the G/G or T/G genotype only was higher in neuroblastoma DNA samples than in controls: 60.3% (95% CI, 54.1-66.5) versus 47.3% (95% CI, 40.9-53.6), 30.4% (95% CI, 22.4-37.8) versus 15.0% (95% CI, 9.2-20.7), and 52.0% (95% CI, 45.0-59.9) versus 41.9% (95% CI, 35.3-48.5), respectively; Two-Sided Fisher's Exact Test P values were 0.006, 0.003, and 0.048, respectively; Odds ratios were 1.69 (95% CI, 1.18-2.43), 2.45 (95% CI, 1.37-4.39) and 1.51 (95% CI, 1.02-2.22), respectively. A significant association (P = 0.016) between heterozygous (T/G)/homozygous (G/G) genotypes at SNP309 and advanced clinical stages was also shown. Homozygous/heterozygous SNP309 variant carriers had a shorter 5-year overall survival than patients with the wild-type allele (P = 0.046; log-rank test). A shorter overall survival in patients with heterozygous/homozygous SNP309 was also observed in the subgroups with age at diagnosis >1 year and adrenal primary tumor (P = 0.024 and P = 0.014, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Data from this pilot study suggest that the MDM2 G/G and T/G-SNP309 alleles are markers of increased predisposition to tumor development and disease aggressiveness in neuroblastoma. However, additional studies with larger patient cohorts are required for a definitive assessment of the clinical relevance of these data.