Revision of the Total Diet Study food list and diets.

The foods and diets of FDA's Total Diet Study have been revised according to current food consumption patterns. A representative subset of 234 foods, selected from aggregated NFCS and NHANES II data, is collected and analyzed by the Kansas City Field Office Laboratory for 11 essential minerals and more than 120 chemical contaminants. The daily intake by weight of these 234 foods has been extrapolated to represent 100% of the usual diet for eight age-sex groups. These extrapolated food intakes will be used to assess daily contaminant and mineral intakes. The revised food list and diets will be used until the results of another national food consumption survey show the necessity to further revise the diets for the Total Diet Study Program.

A review of iodine toxicity reports.

This article summarizes case reports, population studies, and experimental studies from the literature concerning adverse effects of exposure to iodine from the mid-1880s to 1988. Exposure to excessive iodine through foods, dietary supplements, topical medications, and/or iodinated contrast media has resulted in thyroiditis, goiter, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, sensitivity reactions, or acute responses for some individuals. Reports of maternal iodine exposure during pregnancy or lactation affecting newborn or nursing infants are cited. Susceptibility to excess iodine is discussed as well as the relationship between dose and response. It is concluded that some individuals can tolerate very high levels of iodine with no apparent side effects and that iodine intakes less than or equal to 1.000 mg/day are probably safe for the majority of the population, but may cause adverse effects in some individuals. Determination of maximum tolerable levels of iodine intake will require human experimental studies at levels between 0.150 and 1.000 mg/day for normal subjects, subjects with autonomous thyroid tissue, and iodine-sensitive subjects.

Molybdenum, nickel, cobalt, vanadium, and strontium in total diets.

The 234 foods from a 1984 collection of the Food and Drug Administration's Total Diet Study were analyzed for the trace elements molybdenum, nickel, cobalt, vanadium, and strontium by plasma emission spectrometry. Daily intakes of these elements were then estimated for eight age-sex groups on the basis of results from national food consumption surveys. The contribution of food commodity groups to the daily intake of the five elements and the distribution of the elements in the 234 foods were also determined. Results from this study were compared with those reported earlier from other laboratories.

Derivation of daily values used for nutrition labeling.

Daily Values (DVs) are the daily dietary intake standards used for nutrition labeling. Information on the derivation of DVs is important for dietetics professionals and nutrition educators who use DVs to educate and instruct patients and students about diet planning and evaluation and about adherence to modified diets. The first daily intake standards for nutrition labeling were established in 1973 and were referred to as the US Recommended Daily Allowances (US RDAs). They were based on the 1968 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) developed by the National Academy of Sciences. These intake standards were mandatory for 8 and optional for 12 food components on nutrition labels. Regulations revising the daily intake standards for nutrition labeling were published in 1993. The new standards included Reference Daily Intakes (RDIs) for 19 food components and Daily Reference Values (DRVs) for 8 food components. The RDIs were based on the 1973 US RDAs, and the DRVs were based on consensus recommendations. On the nutrition label, the RDIs and DRVs are referred to as DVs. Percent DVs are mandatory on nutrition labels for 10 food components and optional for 16 food components. In 1995, DVs were established by regulation for 6 additional food components; these DVs are optional for nutrition labels. The DVs established in 1995 were based on information from the 1980 and 1989 revisions of the RDAs and Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intakes. Currently, percent DVs are mandatory on nutrition labels for 10 food components and optional for 22. Optional percent DVs become mandatory if claims are made about the food components or if the food components are added to the food through fortification or as food additives.

Final regulations for the nutrition labeling of raw fruits, vegetables, and fish.

In August 1996, the US Food and Drug Administration published regulations that revised the guidelines for voluntary nutrition labeling of raw fruits, vegetables, and fish; revised the criteria for retailers' compliance with the guidelines; and updated the nutrition labeling values for the 20 most frequently consumed raw fruits, vegetables, and fish. These actions were in response to the requirements of the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990 and make the voluntary nutrition labeling program more consistent with mandatory nutrition labeling of other foods. The provisions of the final rule are important for dietitians who develop nutrition education materials for retail stores and for dietitians who instruct patients and clients in selecting foods according to nutrition labeling information.

Daily intakes of nine nutritional elements: analyzed vs. calculated values.

The daily intakes for eight age-sex groups (infants, young children, and male and female teenagers, adults, and older adults) of nine nutritional elements (sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, and manganese) were obtained by laboratory analysis of the Food and Drug Administration's 234 Total Diet Study (TDS) foods and by use of the USDA Nutrient Data Base for Standard Reference. Food substitutions were required for eight TDS foods that had no direct counterparts in the USDA database. When corrections were made for missing values for magnesium, zinc, copper, and manganese in the USDA database, average percent differences between the two methods (USDA-TDS) for the age-sex groups were -2.6 for iron, 0.6 for manganese, 0.9 for zinc, 5 for potassium and phosphorus, 7 for magnesium, 8 for sodium and calcium, and 11.0 for copper. Data in the USDA database (when corrected for missing values) provided estimates of daily intakes of nine nutritional elements that were similar to those obtained by use of data from laboratory analysis in the TDS.

Total diet study nutritional elements, 1982-1989.

Daily intakes of sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc, selenium, iodine, copper, and manganese for eight age-sex groups are presented for 1982 to 1989. Compared with the intakes recommended by the National Academy of Sciences, sodium intakes (which did not include discretionary salt) exceeded the estimated minimum requirement; intakes of potassium, phosphorus, selenium, and iodine were adequate for all groups; and copper intakes were low (less than 80% of the suggested intake) for all groups. In addition, calcium, magnesium, iron, and manganese were low in the diets of teenage girls; calcium, magnesium, and iron were low in the diets of adult women; calcium, magnesium, and zinc were low in the diets of older women; calcium and zinc were low in the diets of 2-year-olds; and magnesium was low in the diets of teenage boys and older men. The primary food group source for each element was dairy products for potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and iodine; grain products for sodium, iron, and manganese; and animal flesh for zinc, selenium, and copper.

Nutrition labeling of raw fruit, vegetables, and fish.

In response to certain requirements of the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990 (the 1990 amendments), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) developed a voluntary nutrition labeling program for the 20 most frequently consumed raw fruit, vegetables, and fish in the United States. FDA used data on retail sales and food consumption to identify which foods to include in the program and developed guidelines for retailers to use in setting up the labeling program in their stores. FDA provided interim nutrition labeling data for retail use. These data are to be revised and updated at least every 2 years. A representative sample of 2,000 grocery stores will be used to assess compliance of retailers with the nutrition labeling guidelines. Substantial compliance with the guidelines is defined as compliance by 60% of the 2,000 stores.

Total diet study: determination of iodine intake by neutron activation analysis.

Composite food samples from adult, infant, and toddler market baskets of the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Total Diet Study for Fiscal Year 1980 were analyzed for iodine by neutron activation analysis (NAA) at the FDA NAA laboratory at the National Bureau of Standards. The mean iodine content of the total diets was 412, 397, and 410 micrograms, per day for adult (2,900 kcal per day), infant, and toddler diets, respectively. These intakes correspond with 275%, 882%, and 586% of the adult, infant, and toddler Recommended Dietary Allowances, respectively. Dairy products and iodate-containing breads were major dietary sources of iodine. The iodine values for total diets reported here, determined by NAA, are from 11% to 15% higher than those determined by colorimetric analysis at FDA's Kansas City Field Office Laboratory.

Nutritional elements in U.S. diets: results from the Total Diet Study, 1982 to 1986.

Through the Food and Drug Administration's Total Diet Study, the levels of 11 nutritional elements (sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, and iodine) in the diets of eight age-sex groups were determined for the 4 years between 1982 and 1986. The 234 Total Diet Study foods, which are representative of the U.S. food supply, were purchased, prepared for consumption, and analyzed for the elements four times each year. The results were combined with national food consumption data to estimate intakes for 6- to 11-month-old infants, 2-year-old children, 14- to 16-year-old boys and girls, 25- to 30-year-old men and women, and 60- to 65-year-old men and women. Six elements (calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, and manganese) were low (less than 80% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance or below the low end of the Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intake range) for three or more of the age-sex groups. Six elements were of concern for teenage girls and adult women, five for older women, three for 2-year-old children, two for teenage boys and older men, and only one for infants and adult men. Sodium levels (which did not include discretionary salt) were elevated for 2-year-old children and teenage boys, and iodine was elevated for all age-sex groups. A significant trend was noted only for iodine, the intake of which decreased during the 4-year period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Food sources and dietary intakes of vitamin K-1 (phylloquinone) in the American diet: data from the FDA Total Diet Study.

OBJECTIVE: To identify important food sources and estimate dietary intake of vitamin K-1 (phylloquinone) in the American diet. DESIGN: Core foods from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Total Diet Study (TDS), which was based on the 1987-88 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (NFCS), were analyzed for vitamin K-1. These nutrient values were then applied to the FDA TDS consumption model. SUBJECTS: Of the NFCS participants within the 14 selected age-gender groups, 3,634 who had 3 days of dietary data were included in the FDA TDS consumption model. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Vitamin K-1 intakes were estimated for each of the age-gender groups; the percentage contribution of each food item to total intake of vitamin K-1 was calculated from the FDA TDS model. RESULTS: Of the 14 age-gender groups selected, the 25- to 30-year-old women and men consumed less than the current Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for vitamin K. In contrast, formula-fed infants had estimated vitamin K-1 intakes six times greater than the RDA. All other groups consumed amounts within the recommended daily intakes but lower than 90 micrograms/day. The top contributors to total vitamin K-1 intake were dark-green vegetables, although the fats and oils added to mixed dishes and desserts were also important contributors. The proportion of vitamin K-1 obtained from vegetables increased with age. APPLICATIONS: The data identify important dietary sources of vitamin K-1 in the American diet. This knowledge can be used to develop dietary assessment instruments for use in epidemiologic studies.

Mineral content of market samples of fluid whole milk.

Results from the Food and Drug Administration's Total Diet Study on the nutrient element content of fluid whole cow's milk are presented and compared with previously published values. Whole milk was collected and analyzed yearly from 1975 through 1985. Yearly and overall means were similar for all elements except iron and iodine. The iron content of milk was generally low, but several samples had high levels. The distribution of iodine in whole milk was quite wide (0.002 to 0.094 mg/100 gm). The iodine content of milk is affected by the level of iodine added to cattle feed and by the use of iodophor sanitizing solutions used by the dairy industry. Overall mean levels of the elements in milligrams per 100 gm whole milk were: sodium, 42; potassium, 134; calcium, 106; phosphorus, 83; magnesium, 9.8; iron, 0.07; zinc, 0.37; copper, 0.009; manganese, 0.004; iodine, 0.034; and selenium, 0.001. Coefficients of variation were high (67% to 117%) for iron, copper, manganese, selenium, and iodine but ranged from 18% to 26% for the other elements. An 8-fl oz serving of whole milk is an excellent source of iodine, calcium, phosphorus, and potassium. It also provides some sodium, magnesium, zinc, and selenium but is not a reliable source of iron, copper, or manganese.

FDA's Factored Food Vocabulary for food product description.

The Food and Drug Administration's Factored Food Vocabulary (FFV) uses standardized language to describe characteristics of food products that are important for food safety and nutritional quality. Each food product is described by a set of descriptors from the following factors: product type; food source; part of plant or animal; physical state, shape, or form; degree of preparation; cooking method; treatment applied; preservation method; packing medium; container or wrapping; food contact surface; and user group. The purpose of the vocabulary is to facilitate retrieval of food composition, food consumption, food contamination, and other food-related data relative to these factors. The major advantages of this system are flexibility with specificity, enhanced searchability with economy, and ease of change and updating.

A network model for improving access to food and nutrition data.

In this article we propose a network in which existing food composition and consumption databases are linked through a master database of complete and detailed food descriptions. The proposal arises from an analysis of the importance of food data, their descriptive and analytical nature, and their uses. Lack of detail and standardization in food description hinders the retrieval of food and nutrition data from various databases and the integration of such data. Standardized food descriptions can be developed and maintained in the master database, which can then serve as the interface to the many existing databases of analytical data (especially food composition data) and to databases containing data on food production, consumption, and effects, thereby linking these databases in a coordinated system, or network. The ability to link food-related databases by standardized food descriptions offers a powerful tool for scientists and practitioners in the field of food and nutrition.

Mineral content of foods and total diets: the Selected Minerals in Foods Survey, 1982 to 1984.

The 234 foods of the FDA's Total Diet Study were collected four times per year form mid-1982 to mid-1984 and analyzed for 11 essential minerals. Daily intakes of the minerals were estimated for eight age-sex groups of the U.S. population. Levels of calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, and manganese were low (less than 80% of the RDA or below the low end of the Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intake range) for some or all age-sex groups. Those most at risk of low intakes were young children, teenage girls, adult women, and older women. Non-discretionary sodium intake exceeded the upper Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intake range for two age-sex groups, and iodine was considerably above the RDA for all age-sex groups. Levels of potassium, phosphorus, and selenium were adequate for all groups.

Selected minerals in foods surveys, 1974 to 1981/82.

The levels of 11 essential minerals in food commodity groups and total diets of adult males, infants, and toddlers were summarized from the Selected Minerals in Foods Survey, Fiscal Years (FY) 1974 through mid-1982, of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to evaluate the sources and adequacy of those minerals in the diets. The three diets were adequate in calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, manganese, and selenium; low in copper; and elevated in sodium and iodine. Iron was adequate in adult male but not in infant or toddler diets, and zinc was adequate in infant but somewhat low in adult male and toddler diets. Dairy products; meat, fish, and poultry; grain and cereal products; and fruits and vegetables were the major sources of the 11 minerals. Some statistically significant differences in mineral levels were found among years for total diets and food commodity groups. Regression analysis indicated several linear trends in the mineral content of food commodity groups but no linear trends in the mineral levels of total diets. FDA continues to monitor the levels of minerals in food and diets through the revised Total Diet Study program, which began in mid-FY82.

Dihydro-vitamin K1: primary food sources and estimated dietary intakes in the American diet.

Dihydro-vitamin K1 was recently identified as a dietary form of vitamin K produced during the hydrogenation of vitamin K1-rich vegetable oils. Dihydro-vitamin K1 is absorbed, with measurable levels in human plasma following dietary intake. To determine the primary food sources of dihydro-vitamin K1 in the American diet, 261 foods from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Total Diet Study (TDS) were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Of these foods, 36 contained dihydro-vitamin K1. Fast-food items that were otherwise poor sources of vitamin K1, such as french fries and fried chicken, contained appreciable amounts of dihydro-vitamin K1 (36 and 18 micrograms/100 g, respectively). These nutrient values were then applied to the FDA TDS consumption model to determine average dietary intake of dihydro-vitamin K1 in 14 age-gender groups. With the exception of infants, all age-gender groups had estimated mean daily dihydro-vitamin K1 intakes of 12-24 micrograms, compared to mean daily vitamin K1 intakes of 24-86 micrograms. The vitamin K1 and dihydro-vitamin K1 intakes were summed, and the dietary contribution of dihydro-vitamin K1 was expressed as a percentage of total vitamin K intake. Children reported the highest intakes of dihydro-vitamin K1 (30% of total vitamin K intake), followed by a progressive decrease in percentage contribution with age. There are currently no data on the relative bioavailability of dihydro-vitamin K1 but given its abundance in the American diet, this hydrogenated form of vitamin K warrants further investigation.

Heart failure: clinical implications of systolic and diastolic dysfunction.

Morbidity and mortality from congestive heart failure (CHF) remain high for older patients with systolic or diastolic dysfunction. These two disease processes differ in clinical manifestations, physical findings, treatment options, and prognosis. No one physical findings is diagnostic, which underlines the importance of assessing LV function with Doppler echocardiography. Diastolic dysfunction has been shown to increase with age, although most data demonstrating effective medical therapy for CHF applies to patients with systolic dysfunction. The treatment of older patients with preserved systolic function and CHF is therefore difficult, due to incomplete understanding of diastolic dysfunction and limited data about specific drug therapies.

Influence of feeding time and diet on time of parturition in multiparous ewes.

Three hundred three pregnant ewes were randomly allotted to treatments in a 2 (diet) X 2 (feeding time) factorial arrangement 10 d before the first lambs were due in two lambing seasons to study the effect of time of feeding and diet on time of lambing. Behavioral activities were observed to determine if there was a relationship to time of parturition. All ewes were fed .5 kg ground whole corn per day plus either: alfalfa hay fed at 2200 each day, alfalfa hay fed at 1000 each day, alfalfa haylage fed at 2200 each day or alfalfa haylage fed at 1000 each day. Lambing data from 1983 and 1984 were combined across years because no treatment X year interactions (P greater than .05) were detected. Average time of day for lambing did not differ (P greater than .05) among treatments. In general, no differences due to treatments were observed in lambing time or behavioral activities studied. When data were pooled across treatments, two peak lambing times were observed. These peak times for lambing were from 0300 to 0700 (22.1%) and from 1500 to 1900 (22.5%). During these two 4-h periods (8 h total) 44.6% of the ewes gave birth.

History of the Food and Drug Administration's Total Diet Study (Part II), 1987-1993.

The Total Diet Studies conducted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) provide yearly information on levels of pesticide residues, contaminants, and nutrients in the food supply and diets of specific age-sex groups. They also identify trends and changes in the levels of these substances in the food supply and in diets over time. Results are useful in making policy decisions regarding the safety of the food supply, food additives, pesticide use, nutrient fortification, and food labeling. This paper provides information on studies performed by FDA from 1987 to 1993.