The King-Devick test in mixed martial arts: the immediate consequences of knock-outs, technical knock-outs, and chokes on brain functions.

The aim of this prospective cohort study was to determine the effect of an 'event,' defined as a knock-out (KO), technical knock-out (TKO), choke, or submission, on King-Devick (K-D) test times in mixed martial arts (MMA) athletes. MMA athletes (28.3 ± 6.6 years, n = 92) underwent K-D testing prior to and following a workout or match. Comparison of baseline and post-workout/match K-D times to assess any significant change. K-D tests worsened (longer) in a majority of athletes following an 'event' (N = 21) (49.6 ± 7.8 s vs 46.6 ± 7.8 s, p = 0.0156, Wilcoxon signed-rank test). K-D tests improved (shorter) following a standard workout or match in which no 'event' occurred in a majority of cases (n = 69) (44.2 ± 7.2 s vs 49.2 ± 10.9 s, p = <0.0001, Wilcoxon signed-rank test). Longer duration (worsening) of post-match K-D tests occurred in most athletes sustaining an 'event'; K-D tests shortened (improved) in a majority of athletes not sustaining an 'event'. Our study suggests MMA athletes suffering an 'event' may have sustained a brain injury similar to a concussion.

Facilitating diversity of thought in learning environments for nursing students.

Human capital development is one of the goals of higher education and a decrease in open dialogue threatens these ideals and aspirations. A recent survey of undergraduate students showed that many students censor their point of view. There are many potential reasons for this, but it could be secondary to the current sociopolitical climate. Having educators who encourage and model open dialogue while supporting diversity of thought would provide alternative perspectives and innovation. Encouraging diversity of thought will enhance understanding of other's perspectives and unleash creative problem solving to address concerns in nursing practice and facilitate innovative research. The purpose of this article is to present strategies that can be employed to promote diversity of thought among nursing students in a learning environment. Exemplars are presented illustrating some of the strategies discussed.

Micromachined Accelerometers With Optical Interferometric Read-Out and Integrated Electrostatic Actuation.

A micromachined accelerometer device structure with diffraction-based optical detection and integrated electrostatic actuation is introduced. The sensor consists of a bulk silicon proof mass electrode that moves vertically with respect to a rigid diffraction grating backplate electrode to provide interferometric detection resolution of the proof-mass displacement when illuminated with coherent light. The sensor architecture includes a monolithically integrated electrostatic actuation port that enables the application of precisely controlled broadband forces to the proof mass while the displacement is simultaneously and independently measured optically. This enables several useful features such as dynamic self-characterization and a variety of force-feedback modalities, including alteration of device dynamics in situ. These features are experimentally demonstrated with sensors that have been optoelectronically integrated into sub-cubic-millimeter volumes using an entirely surface-normal, rigid, and robust embodiment incorporating vertical cavity surface emitting lasers and integrated photodetector arrays. In addition to small form factor and high acceleration resolution, the ability to self-characterize and alter device dynamics in situ may be advantageous. This allows periodic calibration and in situ matching of sensor dynamics among an array of accelerometers or seismometers configured in a network.