Determination of four homogeneous subgroups of patients with antiphospholipid syndrome: a cluster analysis based on 509 cases.

OBJECTIVE: APS is a heterogeneous disease with different phenotypes. Using an unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis, we aimed to determine distinct homogeneous phenotypes among APS patients. METHODS: We performed an observational, retrospective study of APS patients enrolled in the French multicentre 'APS and SLE' registry who met the Sydney classification criteria. The clustering process involved an unsupervised multiple correspondence analysis followed by a hierarchical ascendant clustering analysis; it used 27 variables selected to cover a broad range of APS clinical and laboratory manifestations. RESULTS: These analyses included 509 patients, mainly women (77.8%). Mean (s.d.) age at APS diagnosis was 36.2 (14.6) years, and mean follow-up since diagnosis 10.3 (8.5) years. This hierarchical classification cluster analysis yielded four homogeneous groups of patients: cluster 1, mostly with venous thromboembolism without any associated autoimmune disease; cluster 2, older, lowest proportion of women, history of arterial events, and/or with migraines, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or dyslipidaemia; cluster 3, younger, highest proportion of women, associated SLE or other autoimmune diseases, and a history of venous thromboembolism or pregnancy morbidity; and cluster 4, mainly with a history of catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome, aPL-associated nephropathy, and pregnancy morbidity, with frequent triple positivity and more deaths (16.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Our study applied an unsupervised clustering method to distinguish four homogeneous APS patient subgroups that were predominantly venous; arterial; associated with SLE or another autoimmune disease; and arterial microthrombotic. Heterogeneous pathophysiological mechanisms may explain these findings.

Severe Libman-Sacks endocarditis complicating antiphospholipid syndrome: a retrospective analysis of 23 operated cases.

OBJECTIVE: Data on severe heart valve disease (HVD), including Libman-Sacks endocarditis, associated with SLE and/or APS requiring valvular surgery are scarce. We thus conducted a retrospective study, aimed at describing and clarifying clinical, laboratory, echocardiographic, histopathological and evolutional features of SLE and/or APS patients with severe associated-HVD. METHODS: An observational retrospective multicentric analysis of 23 adults with SLE and/or APS and HVD between 1996 and 2019 and available histopathological report evaluating long-term follow-up. RESULTS: Twenty-three individuals (20 females, median age 37 [range 17-76] years) were included. All had APS (thrombotic in 22, with an arterial phenotype in 15 and with catastrophic APS [CAPS] in six), and 11 (47%) had SLE. Systemic underlying disease had been diagnosed prior to HVD in 12 (52%). In 10 patients (43%), HVD was complicated by cerebral stroke prior to surgery. Twenty patients (87%) had only one pathological valve, the mitral valve in 18 patients (78%). Valvular thickening (n = 19) and valvular regurgitation (n = 19) were the most frequently reported lesions. Fifteen (62%) patients underwent mechanical valve replacement, six (26%) conservative valve repair (five were later re-operated after a median time of 1 [0-4] year), and two (9%) underwent biological valve replacement. Nine patients (39%) presented early-onset post-operative complications, including three CAPS immediately after surgery and one death. After surgery, 18 patients (78%) had normal postoperative valvular function, but almost half of the patients (43%) had post-operative neurological sequelae (median follow-up of 6 [2-20] years). CONCLUSION: Severe HVD leading to surgery was strongly associated with thrombotic APS, especially arterial phenotypes. Half of the reported patients presented cerebral stroke complicating the HVD. Valvular surgery carried a significant risk of CAPS.

CATASTROPHIC ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME AND POSTERIOR OCULAR INVOLVEMENT: Case Series of 11 Patients and Literature Review.

PURPOSE: To describe the posterior ophthalmic manifestations of catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome. METHODS: Retrospective case series of patients presenting with catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome and posterior segment ocular manifestations. The main outcomes were the type of posterior segment manifestations at catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome diagnosis, specifically retinal vascular occlusion, vasculitis, or choroidopathy, and the final best-corrected visual acuity. RESULTS: This study included 23 patients (11 cases treated by the authors and 12 published case reports); 21 (91%) of them female. Their median age at diagnosis was 28 years (range, 16-79 years). Ophthalmologic manifestations were usually bilateral (n = 19, 83%) and involved vascular occlusive retinopathy (n = 17, 74%), choroidopathy (n = 11, 48%), or retinal vasculitis (n = 1, 4%). Final best-corrected visual acuity was not significantly worse than the best-corrected visual acuity at diagnosis (P = 0.16). Retinal vascular occlusions were associated with poorer final visual acuity than choroidopathy (P = 0.002). After a median follow-up of 14 months (range, 2-132 months), nearly half the patients (n = 11, 48%) had permanent vision loss including best-corrected visual acuity of <20/400 for 4 patients. CONCLUSION: Posterior ophthalmic manifestations of catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome were mainly bilateral retinal vascular occlusion, which had the worst visual prognosis, followed by choroidopathy and retinal vasculitis. Permanent visual loss was common.

Risk factors for hydroxychloroquine retinopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control study with hydroxychloroquine blood-level analysis.

OBJECTIVE: HCQ is an essential medication in SLE, proven to lengthen survival and reduce flares. Its use, however, is limited by its rare but severe ophthalmological complications. Here, we aimed to analyse factors associated with HCQ retinopathy including HCQ blood levels. METHODS: This case-control study compared SLE patients with and without HCQ retinopathy, defined by abnormal results for at least two of the following ophthalmological tests: automated visual fields, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) and fundus autofluorescence. We compared clinical and laboratory findings to assess risk factors for HCQ retinopathy. RESULTS: The study included 23 patients with confirmed retinopathy (cases) and 547 controls. In the univariate analysis, age (P < 0.001), height (P = 0.045), creatinine clearance (P < 0.001), haemoglobin concentration (P = 0.01), duration of HCQ intake, (P < 0.001), higher cumulative HCQ dose (P < 0.001) and geographical origin (West Indies and sub-Saharan Africa) (P = 0.007) were associated with the risk of retinopathy, while HCQ blood levels were not. In the multivariate analysis, only cumulative dose (P = 0.016), duration of intake (P = 0.039), creatinine clearance (P = 0.002) and geographical origin (P < 0.0001, odds ratio 8.7) remained significantly associated with retinopathy. CONCLUSION: SLE patients on HCQ should be closely monitored for retinopathy, especially those from the West Indies or sub-Saharan Africa, or with renal insufficiency, longer HCQ intake or a high cumulative dose. Although reducing the daily dose of HCQ in patients with persistently high HCQ blood levels seems logical, these concentrations were not associated with retinopathy in this study with controls adherent to treatment.

Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome following the introduction of rivaroxaban.

Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome is the most severe complication of antiphospholipid syndrome. Vitamin K antagonists are the reference treatment for preventing relapsing thrombotic complications in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Direct oral anticoagulants are nonetheless sometimes used in this setting. We report two cases of women who were triple-positive for antiphospholipid antibodies and developed catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome in the week after the introduction of rivaroxaban. The first patient, who had had a previous thrombotic event, had multiorgan failure 3 days after vitamin K antagonists was replaced by rivaroxaban, and the second developed a similar clinical presentation 7 days after introduction of the same treatment. Both catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome episodes were successfully treated with heparin followed by vitamin K antagonists, corticosteroids, and plasmapheresis. These two cases highlight for the inefficacy of rivaroxaban preventing severe thrombotic events such as catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome and thus provide further support for recommendations that vitamin K antagonists must remain the reference anticoagulant in patients with triple-positive antiphospholipid antibodies.

Efficacy and safety of biologics in relapsing polychondritis: a French national multicentre study.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy and the safety of biologics in a cohort of patients with relapsing polychondritis (RP). METHODS: We conducted a French multicentre retrospective cohort study including patients treated with biologics for RP. Efficacy outcomes were clinical response (partial or complete) and complete response during the first 6 months of exposure, plus daily corticosteroid dose at 6 months. Other outcomes were adverse drug reactions (ADRs), persistence of biologics and factors associated with a response. RESULTS: This study included 41 patients exposed to 105 biologics (tumour-necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors, n=60; tocilizumab, n=17; anakinra, n=15; rituximab, n=7; abatacept, n=6). Overall response rate during the first 6 months of exposure was 62.9%. Complete response rate was 19.0%. Reduced corticosteroid doses were highly variable among patients. ADRs were mostly infections (n=42). Reasons for biologic withdrawal (73.3%) were insufficient efficacy (34.3%; ranging from 23.5% for tocilizumab to 72.7% for etanercept), loss of efficacy (18.1%) and ADRs (20.9%; mostly for anakinra: 46.7%). Persistence was comparable among biologic classes. Among TNF inhibitors, the highest persistence was observed with adalimumab. Differences in clinical response rates were observed depending on biologics and organ involvement. There were trends towards a lower response rate in cases with associated myelodysplastic syndrome and for a higher response rate for nasal/auricular chondritis, sternal chondritis and concomitant exposure to non-biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. CONCLUSIONS: This study describes the efficacy of biologics for refractory RP. However, the number of complete responses was low and there were concerns about the risk of ADRs, particularly infections.

Systemic inflammatory and autoimmune manifestations associated with myelodysplastic syndromes and chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia: a French multicentre retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: We describe myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)-associated systemic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases (SIADs), their treatments and outcomes and the impact of SIADs on overall survival in a French multicentre retrospective study. METHODS: In this study, 123 patients with MDS and SIADs were analysed. RESULTS: Mean age was 70 years (s.d. 13) and the male:female ratio was 2. The SIADs were systemic vasculitis in 39 (32%) cases, CTD in 31 (25%) cases, inflammatory arthritis in 28 (23%) cases, a neutrophilic disorder in 12 (10%) cases and unclassified in 13 cases (11%). The SIADs fulfilled the usual classification criteria in 75 (66%) cases, while complete criteria were not reached in 21 (19%) cases. A significant association was shown between chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML) and systemic vasculitis (P = 0.0024). One hundred and eighteen (96%) SIAD patients were treated (91% with steroids), with an 83% response to first-line treatment, including 80% for steroids alone. A second-line treatment for SIADs was required for steroid dependence or relapse in 48% of cases. The effect of MDS treatment on SIADs could be assessed in 11 patients treated with azacytidine and SIAD response was achieved in 9/11 (80%) and 6/11 (55%) patients at 3 and 6 months, respectively. Compared with 665 MDS/CMML patients without SIADs, MDS/CMML patients with SIADs were younger (P < 0.01), male (P = 0.03), less often had refractory anaemia with ring sideroblasts (P < 0.01), more often had a poor karyotype (16% vs 11%, P = 0.04) and less frequently belonged to low and intermediate-1 International Prognostic Scoring System categories, but no survival difference was seen between patients with MDS-associated SIADs and without SIADs (P = 0.5). CONCLUSION: The spectrum of SIADs associated to MDS is heterogeneous, steroid sensitive, but often steroid dependent.

Maternal use of hydroxychloroquine is associated with a reduced risk of recurrent anti-SSA/Ro-antibody-associated cardiac manifestations of neonatal lupus.

BACKGROUND: A recent case-control study suggested a benefit of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in lowering the risk of cardiac manifestations of neonatal lupus (cardiac-NL) in pregnancies of anti-SSA/Ro-positive patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. A historical cohort assembled from 3 international databases was used to evaluate whether HCQ reduces the nearly 10-fold increase in risk of recurrence of cardiac-NL independently of maternal health status. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two hundred fifty-seven pregnancies of anti-SSA/Ro-positive mothers (40 exposed and 217 unexposed to HCQ) subsequent to the birth of a child with cardiac-NL were identified from 3 databases (United States, England, and France). Exposure was defined as the sustained use of HCQ throughout pregnancy with initiation before 10 weeks of gestation. The recurrence rate of cardiac-NL in fetuses exposed to HCQ was 7.5% (3 of 40) compared with 21.2% (46 of 217) in the unexposed group (P=0.050). Although there were no deaths in the exposed group, the overall case fatality rate of the cardiac-NL fetuses in the unexposed group was 21.7%. In a multivariable analysis that adjusted for database source, maternal race/ethnicity, and anti-SSB/La status, HCQ use remained significantly associated with a decreased risk of cardiac-NL (odds ratio, 0.23; 95% confidence interval, 0.06-0.92; P=0.037). Similar results were obtained with propensity score analysis, an alternative approach to adjust for possible confounding by indication. CONCLUSION: Aggregate data from a multinational effort show that in mothers at high risk of having a child with cardiac-NL, the use of HCQ may protect against recurrence of disease in a subsequent pregnancy.

Hydroxychloroquine in systemic lupus erythematosus: results of a French multicentre controlled trial (PLUS Study).

INTRODUCTION: Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an important medication for treating systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Its blood concentration ([HCQ]) varies widely between patients and is a marker and predictor of SLE flares. This prospective randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study sought to compare standard and adjusted HCQ dosing schedules that target [HCQ] ≥1000 ng/ml to reduce SLE flares. PATIENTS AND METHODS: [HCQ] was measured in 573 patients with SLE (stable disease and SELENA-SLEDAI≤12) treated with HCQ for at least 6 months. Patients with [HCQ] from 100 to 750 ng/ml were randomised to one of two treatment groups: no daily dose change (group 1) or increased HCQ dose to achieve the target [HCQ] (group 2). The primary end point was the number of patients with flares during 7 months of follow-up. RESULTS: Overall, mean [HCQ] was 918±451 ng/ml. Active SLE was less prevalent in patients with higher [HCQ]. A total of 171 patients were randomised and followed for 7 months. SLE flare rates were similar in the two groups (25% in group 1 vs 27.6% in group 2; p=0.7), but a significant spontaneous increase in [HCQ] in both groups between inclusion and randomisation strongly suggested improved treatment adherence. Patients at the therapeutic target throughout follow-up tended to have fewer flares than those with low [HCQ] (20.5% vs 35.1%, p=0.12). CONCLUSIONS: Although low [HCQ] is associated with higher SLE activity, adapting the HCQ dose did not reduce SLE flares over a 7-month follow-up.

Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome and pregnancy: an experience of 13 cases.

OBJECTIVE: Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS) is a life-threatening disease caused by the onset of rapidly progressive and widespread small-vessel thromboses in the presence of aPLs. The aim of this study was to examine pregnancy-related CAPS. METHODS: Retrospective series of 13 patients with pregnancy-related CAPS with special focus on the follow-up. RESULTS; Eleven patients had known APS and had been treated with low-molecular-weight heparin (n = 10), aspirin (n = 8), oral anticoagulants (n = 1), HCQ (n = 3) and/or steroids (n = 1) during pregnancy. The most frequent manifestations of CAPS were cutaneous (n = 11), hepatic (n = 11), renal (n = 10), cardiac (n = 8) and neurological (n = 5). CAPS usually followed haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count (HELLP) syndrome (n = 12), which was associated with pre-eclampsia (n = 6) or with eclampsia (n = 3). No maternal death was observed. The perinatal mortality of 54% was related to prematurity with a mean gestational age of 26.6 weeks at onset of CAPS or HELLP syndrome. During a mean follow-up of 4.8 years (range 2-8 years), seven new pregnancies occurred in five patients and led to one miscarriage, four successful pregnancies and two HELLP syndrome with pre-eclampsia or eclampsia that occurred at 28 weeks gestation in both cases despite optimal treatment. No relapse of CAPS was observed. Two mothers suddenly died 2.5 and 6 years after CAPS. CONCLUSION: The occurrence of HELLP syndrome in a patient with APS should raise the suspicion of CAPS in the following days, and anticoagulation should be maintained post-partum or post-abortum. Subsequent pregnancies are at very high risk.

Precipitating factors of catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: the role of anticoagulant treatment in a series of 112 patients.

BACKGROUND: The prevention of catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS), a rare complication of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), is a major goal. OBJECTIVES: We analyzed its precipitating factors, focusing on anticoagulation immediately before CAPS episodes. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed patients in the French multicenter APS/systemic lupus erythematosus database with at least 1 CAPS episode. Then we compared each patient with known APS before CAPS with 2 patients with non-CAPS APS matched for age, sex, center, and APS phenotype. RESULTS: We included 112 patients with CAPS (70% women; mean age, 43 ± 15 years). At least 1 standard precipitating factor of CAPS was observed for 67 patients (64%), which were mainly infections (n = 28, 27%), pregnancy (n = 23, 22%), and surgery (n = 16, 15%). Before the CAPS episode, 67 (60%) patients already had a diagnosis of APS. Of the 61 treated with anticoagulants, 32 (48%) received vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), 23 (34%) heparin, and 2 (3%) a direct oral anticoagulant. They were less likely than their matched patients with APS without CAPS to receive VKA (48% vs 66%, p = .001). Among those treated with VKA, 72% had a subtherapeutic international normalized ratio (ie, <2) versus 28% in patients with APS without CAPS (p < .001). Finally, excluding pregnant patients (n = 14) for whom we could not differentiate the effect of treatment from that of pregnancy, we were left with 47 cases, 32 (68%) of whom had recently begun a direct oral anticoagulant, planned bridging therapy, or had VKA treatment with international normalized ratio <2. CONCLUSION: These results strongly suggest that suboptimal anticoagulation management can trigger CAPS in patients with thrombotic APS.

Cutaneous Involvement in Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome in a Multicenter Cohort of 65 Patients.

Importance: Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS) is a severe, rare complication of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), but cutaneous involvement has not yet been adequately described. Objective: To describe cutaneous involvement during CAPS, its clinical and pathological features, and outcomes. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study was a retrospective analysis of patients included in the French multicenter APS/systemic lupus erythematosus register (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02782039) by December 2020. All patients meeting the revised international classification criteria for CAPS were included, and patients with cutaneous manifestations were analyzed more specifically. Main Outcomes and Measures: Clinical and pathological data as well as course and outcome in patients with cutaneous involvement during CAPS were collected and compared with those in the register without cutaneous involvement. Results: Among 120 patients with at least 1 CAPS episode, the 65 (54%) with skin involvement (43 [66%] women; median [range] age, 31 [12-69] years) were analyzed. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome was the first APS manifestation for 21 of 60 (35%) patients with available data. The main lesions were recent-onset or newly worsened livedo racemosa (n = 29, 45%), necrotic and/or ulcerated lesions (n = 27, 42%), subungual splinter hemorrhages (n = 19, 29%), apparent distal inflammatory edema (reddened and warm hands, feet, or face) (n = 15, 23%), and/or vascular purpura (n = 9, 14%). Sixteen biopsies performed during CAPS episodes were reviewed and showed microthrombi of dermal capillaries in 15 patients (94%). These lesions healed without sequelae in slightly more than 90% (58 of 64) of patients. Patients with cutaneous involvement showed a trend toward more frequent histologically proven CAPS (37% vs 24%, P = .16) than those without such involvement, while mortality did not differ significantly between the groups (respectively, 5% vs 9%, P = .47). Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study, half the patients with CAPS showed cutaneous involvement, with a wide spectrum of clinical presentations, including distal inflammatory edema. Skin biopsies confirmed the diagnosis in all but 1 biopsied patient.

The immune paradox of sarcoidosis and regulatory T cells.

Sarcoidosis is characterized by extensive local inflammation (granuloma, cytokine secretion) associated with anergy (poor response to antigens in vitro and in vivo). We postulated that this paradoxical situation would correspond to a disequilibrium between effector and regulatory T lymphocytes (T reg cells). We show that CD4+CD25(bright)FoxP3+ cells accumulate at the periphery of sarcoid granulomas, in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and in peripheral blood of patients with active disease. These cells exhibited powerful antiproliferative activity, yet did not completely inhibit TNF-alpha production. Sarcoidosis is therefore associated with a global T reg cell subset amplification whose activity would be insufficient to control local inflammation. At the same time, peripheral T reg cells exert powerful antiproliferative activity that may account for the state of anergy. Altogether, these findings advance our conceptual understanding of immune regulation in a way that resolves the immune paradox of sarcoidosis and permit us to envisage a profound clinical impact of T reg cell manipulation on immunity.

Activated and resting regulatory T cell exhaustion concurs with high levels of interleukin-22 expression in systemic sclerosis lesions.

OBJECTIVE: Transforming growth factor-ß is considered to play a key role in the process of fibrosis in systemic sclerosis (SSc) and in the development of regulatory T cells (Treg) and pro-inflammatory Th17 T cells producing interleukin 17 (IL-17) and IL-22. The authors therefore postulated that SSc could be characterised by a marked Treg/Th17 imbalance. Previous works did not distinguish between the different subsets of Treg and the non-regulatory FoxP3(+) cells leading to inconsistent results. METHODS: Combined phenotypic and functional analysis of Th17 cells and FoxP3(+)CD4 T cells, discriminating activated Tregs and resting Tregs from non-regulatory FoxP3(+) T cells, in blood and skin of SSc patients. RESULTS: In early disease stages, there is a decreased proportion of activated Tregs. A concomitant resting Treg deficit becomes more apparent with disease progression. Active and diffuse forms of the disease are characterised by a relatively higher proportion of all FoxP3(+) subsets, including non-regulatory T cells. No peripheral or local IL-17 amplification was observed. However, the authors found significantly increased IL-22 transcription levels in SSc lesional skin, as compared with healthy skin. Cytofluorometry confirmed the existence in SSc patients and controls of a distinct subset of T cells producing IL-22 in the absence of IL-17. CONCLUSION: SSc pathogenesis does not appear to be linked to IL-17-, but rather to IL-22-producing cells with skin-homing potential and a concomitant quantitative Treg defect. Active and diffuse forms of the disease are associated with a FoxP3 signature. Altogether, our data depict a status of regulatory/pro-inflammatory T cell imbalance in SSc.

Eosinophilic fasciitis (Shulman disease): new insights into the therapeutic management from a series of 34 patients.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse therapeutic management of eosinophilic fasciitis (EF). METHODS: We reviewed 34 adult patients with biopsy-proven EF. Analyses focused on the therapeutic management, including treatment modalities, responses and associated or predictive factors. RESULTS: Thirty-four patients were included with a diagnosis age of 53 (15) years. They were featured by cutaneous manifestations (88%) including morphoea (41%), myalgia (86%) and hypereosinophilia (85%). Thirty-two patients (94%) were eligible for treatment evaluation and all received CSs as a first-line therapy. Fifteen patients (47%) received methylprednisolone pulses (MPPs) at treatment initiation and 14 patients (44%) received an immunosuppressive drug (ISD), usually MTX (86%), as a second-line therapy. Complete remission was achieved for 69% of patients, remission with disability 19% and failure 12%. A poor outcome was associated with a diagnosis time delay of >6 months [odds ratio (OR) = 14.7] and the lack of MPPs (OR = 12.9). CONCLUSION: Our study reports new insights into the therapeutic management of EF: (i) CS treatment remains the standard therapy for EF, taken alone or in association with an ISD; (ii) MPPs at initiation of treatment are associated with a better outcome and a lower need of ISD use; (iii) an ISD, usually MTX, might be useful as a second-line therapy, mainly in patients with morphoea-like lesions. Naturally, these practical conclusions should be confirmed by a prospective and multicentre study.

Rituximab plus Peg-interferon-alpha/ribavirin compared with Peg-interferon-alpha/ribavirin in hepatitis C-related mixed cryoglobulinemia.

Treatment of hepatitis C (HCV)-mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) may target either the viral trigger (HCV) or the downstream B-cell clonal expansion. Prospective cohort study of 38 HCV-MC patients who received a combination of rituximab (375 mg/m(2)) once a week for 1 month followed by Peg-interferon-alpha (Peg-IFN-alpha; 2a, 180 microg or 2b, 1.5 microg/kg) weekly plus ribavirin (600-1200 mg) daily for 48 weeks were compared with 55 HCV-MC patients treated by Peg-IFN-alpha/ribavirin with the same modalities. In the whole population of HCV-MC patients (n = 93), a complete clinical response was achieved in 73.1% (68 of 93), cryoglobulin clearance in 52.7% (49 of 93), and a sustained virologic response in 59.1% (55 of 93). Compared with Peg-IFN-alpha/ribavirin, rituximab plus Peg-IFN-alpha/ribavirin-treated patients had a shorter time to clinical remission (5.4 +/- 4 vs 8.4 +/- 4.7 months, P = .004), better renal response rates (80.9% vs 40% of complete response, P = .040), and higher rates of cryoglobulin clearance (68.4% vs 43.6%, P = .001) and clonal VH1-69(+) B-cell suppression (P < .01). Treatment was well tolerated with 11% of discontinuation resulting from antiviral therapy and no worsening of HCV RNA under rituximab. Our findings indicate that rituximab combined with Peg-IFN-alpha/ribavirin is well tolerated and more effective than Peg-IFN-alpha/ribavirin in HCV-MC.

Health Outcomes of 215 Mothers of Children With Autoimmune Congenital Heart Block: Analysis of the French Neonatal Lupus Syndrome Registry.

OBJECTIVE: Transplacental passage of maternal anti-SSA and anti-SSB antibodies, potentially associated with maternal autoimmune diseases, can cause neonatal lupus syndrome. Given the paucity of data in this setting, we report short- and long-term outcomes of mothers of offspring with congenital heart block (CHB). METHODS: This retrospective study included anti-SSA/SSB antibody-positive mothers of fetuses with high-degree CHB and focused on their health status before pregnancy, at CHB diagnosis, and thereafter. RESULTS: We analyzed 215 women with at least 1 pregnancy with CHB. Prior to this diagnosis, only 52 (24%) mothers had been diagnosed with an autoimmune disease, mainly systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE; n = 26, 12%) and Sjögren syndrome (SS; n = 16, 7%). Six more were diagnosed with an autoimmune disease during the index pregnancy. Of the 157 mothers (73%) with no such diagnosis at childbirth, 77 (49%) developed one after a median follow-up of 11 years (range: 21 days to 54 years). By the end of follow-up, 135 women (63%) had an autoimmune disease diagnosis, mainly SLE (n = 54, 25%) and SS (n = 72, 33%). Three patients with SLE had renal involvement, and only 6 (3%) had required an immunosuppressive drug at any point. The symptoms best predicting autoimmune disease development were arthralgia and myalgia (P < 0.001), dry syndrome (P = 0.01), and parotid swelling (P = 0.05). CONCLUSION: One-quarter of the patients had an autoimmune disease diagnosis at the time of the fetal CHB diagnosis. Nearly half of those without an initial diagnosis progressed during follow-up, most without severe manifestations. Severe diseases such as lupus nephritis were rarely seen, and immunosuppressive drugs were rarely required.

Aseptic Abscess Syndrome: Clinical Characteristics, Associated Diseases, and up to 30 Years' Evolution Data on a 71-Patient Series.

Aseptic abscess (AA) syndrome is a rare type of inflammatory disorder involving polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), often associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This study sought to describe the clinical characteristics and evolution of this syndrome in a large cohort. We included all patients included in the French AA syndrome register from 1999 to 2020. All patients fulfilled the criteria outlined by André et al. in 2007. Seventy-one patients were included, 37 of which were men (52.1%), of a mean age of 34.5 ± 17 years. The abscesses were located in the spleen (71.8%), lymph nodes (50.7%), skin (29.5%), liver (28.1%), lung (22.5), and rarer locations (brain, genitals, kidneys, ENT, muscles, or breasts). Of all the patients, 59% presented with an associated disease, primarily IBD (42%). They were treated with colchicine (28.1%), corticosteroids (85.9%), immunosuppressants (61.9%), and biologics (32.3%). A relapse was observed in 62% of cases, mostly in the same organ. Upon multivariate analysis, factors associated with the risk of relapse were: prescription of colchicine (HR 0.52; 95% CI [0.28-0.97]; p = 0.042), associated IBD (HR 0.57; 95% CI [0.32-0.99]; p = 0.047), and hepatic or skin abscesses at diagnosis (HR 2.14; 95% CI [1.35-3.40]; p = 0.001 and HR 1.78; 95% CI [1.07-2.93]; p = 0.024, respectively). No deaths occurred related to this disease. This large retrospective cohort study with long follow up showed that AA syndrome is a relapsing systemic disease that can evolve on its own or be the precursor of an underlying disease, such as IBD. Of all the available treatments, colchicine appeared to be protective against relapse.

Active immunisation of human interferon α transgenic mice with a human interferon α Kinoid induces antibodies that neutralise interferon α in sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

OBJECTIVES: Interferon α (IFNα) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and is considered a target for its treatment. In the current study, the ability of active immunisation with a human (hu) IFNα2b Kinoid (IFN-K) to break B cell tolerance to IFNα and to induce huIFNα-neutralising antibodies in mice immunotolerant to huIFNα2b was assessed. METHODS: IFN-K was manufactured by crosslinking huIFNα2b to keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH). Transgenic mice expressing huIFNα2b received by intramuscular injection either saline or polymerised huIFNα2b as controls, or IFN-K, emulsified in ISA51vg adjuvant. RESULTS: All of the huIFNα2b-expressing mice immunised with IFN-K generated neutralising antibodies against huIFNα2b. In addition, these antibodies neutralised all 13 subtypes of huIFNα. They also neutralised IFNα activity in sera collected from 10 different patients with active SLE. However, the antibodies did not bind to huIFNγ or huIFNß. Finally, cellular activation assays showed that immunisation with IFN-K did not induce memory T cells reactive to native huIFNα2b, whereas it did induce memory cells reactive to KLH. CONCLUSION: These results show that active immunisation with IFN-K induces polyclonal antibodies that neutralise all subtypes of huIFNα as well as IFNα in sera from patients with SLE by breaking humoral but not cellular tolerance to IFNα. This suggests that immunisation with IFN-K is a promising new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of SLE.