Activity of DNA Repair Systems in the Cells of Long-Lived Rodents and Bats.

Damages of various origin accumulated in the genomic DNA can lead to the breach of genome stability, and are considered to be one of the main factors involved in cellular senescence. DNA repair systems in mammalian cells ensure effective damage removal and repair of the genome structure, therefore, activity of these systems is expected to be correlated with high maximum lifespan observed in the long-lived mammals. This review discusses current results of the studies focused on determination of the DNA repair system activity and investigation of the properties of its key regulatory proteins in the cells of long-lived rodents and bats. Based on the works discussed in the review, it could be concluded that the long-lived rodents and bats in general demonstrate high efficiency in functioning and regulation of DNA repair systems. Nevertheless, a number of questions around the study of DNA repair in the cells of long-lived rodents and bats remain poorly understood, answers to which could open up new avenues for further research.

Use of qPCR to Evaluate Efficiency of the Bulky DNA Damage Removal in Extracts of Mammalian Cells with Different Maximum Lifespan.

Proteins of nucleotide excision repair system (NER) are responsible for detecting and removing a wide range of bulky DNA damages, thereby contributing significantly to the genome stability maintenance within mammalian cells. Evaluation of NER functional status in the cells is important for identifying pathological changes in the body and assessing effectiveness of chemotherapy. The following method, described herein, has been developed for better assessment of bulky DNA damages removal in vitro, based on qPCR. Using the developed method, NER activity was compared for the extracts of the cells from two mammals with different lifespans: a long-lived naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber) and a short-lived mouse (Mus musculus). Proteins of the H. glaber cell extract have been shown to be 1.5 times more effective at removing bulky damage from the model DNA substrate than the proteins of the M. musculus cell extract. These results are consistent with the experimental data previously obtained. The presented method could be applied not only in fundamental studies of DNA repair in mammalian cells, but also in clinical practice.

Methods for Assessment of Nucleotide Excision Repair Efficiency.

Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is responsible for removing a wide variety of bulky adducts from DNA, thus contributing to the maintenance of genome stability. The efficiency with which proteins of the NER system recognize and remove bulky adducts depends on many factors and is of great clinical and diagnostic significance. The review examines current concepts of the NER system molecular basis in eukaryotic cells and analyzes methods for the assessment of the NER-mediated DNA repair efficiency both in vitro and ex vivo.