Automating water quality analysis using ML and auto ML techniques.

Generation of unprocessed effluents, municipal refuse, factory wastes, junking of compostable and non-compostable effluents has hugely contaminated nature-provided water bodies like rivers, lakes and ponds. Therefore, there is a necessity to look into the water standards before the usage. This is a problem that can greatly benefit from Artificial Intelligence (AI). Traditional methods require human inspection and is time consuming. Automatic Machine Learning (AutoML) facilities supply machine learning with push of a button, or, on a minimum level, ensure to retain algorithm execution, data pipelines, and code, generally, are kept from sight and are anticipated to be the stepping stone for normalising AI. However, it is still a field under research. This work aims to recognize the areas where an AutoML system falls short or outperforms a traditional expert system built by data scientists. Keeping this as the motive, this work dives into the Machine Learning (ML) algorithms for comparing AutoML and an expert architecture built by the authors for Water Quality Assessment to evaluate the Water Quality Index, which gives the general water quality, and the Water Quality Class, a term classified on the basis of the Water Quality Index. The results prove that the accuracy of AutoML and TPOT was 1.4 % higher than conventional ML techniques for binary class water data. For Multi class water data, AutoML was 0.5 % higher and TPOT was 0.6% higher than conventional ML techniques.

Sustainable approach on removal of toxic metals from electroplating industrial wastewater using dissolved air flotation.

This research paper concentrates on the removal of heavy metal from wastewater which was produced from an electroplating industry. Here, the Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) treatment process is carried out to remove toxic metals such as chromium, cadmium, nickel, lead, and copper using Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) as a collector. The best-optimized conditions for the maximum removal of all the metal ions about 97.39% was achieved at pH 8, contact time of 60 min, surfactant dosage of 0.2 g, and the pressure of 137.89 kPa. At optimized conditions, the treated water consists of 2.71 mg/L of chromium, 1.13 mg/L of cadmium, 10.24 mg/L of nickel, 0.06 mg/L of lead, and 1.14 mg/L of copper. The used surfactant SDS was found as an environmentally friendly compound as prescribed by the Environmental Protection Agency. It is inferred that the flotation kinetics that manifests the rate of recovery and time for all the metal ions follow first-order kinetics. Further, the removal rate constant (k) increases with decreasing the initial metal ion concentration. Overall, the result of this work propounds that the DAF process plays as a promising technique to eliminate noxious pollutants from the wastewater.

Immobilization of hydrochar in cellulose beads for eradicating paracetamol from synthetic and sewage water.

Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose polymer was used as a support matrix in immobilizing activated hydrochar derived from bamboo using hydrothermal carbonization. The structural and textural morphology of the beads were studied using FTIR, XRD, SEM/EDS, BET and TGA. Activated hydrochar showed a rough surface with irregular spherical shaped structure. Various oxygenated functional groups in composite beads and activated hydrochar were identified that assist in interaction with PARA pollutant. TGA analysis showed weight loss at three stages 200 °C, 365 °C and 710 °C that leads to complete disintegration of composite beads. BET analysis showed a variation in the surface area between activated hydrochar and beads which could be due to air drying process. Batch adsorption test was conducted for investigating the efficiency of beads in removing PARA from water. Pseudo-second order and Langmuir isotherm fitted the best highlighting chemical mode of adsorption with homogenous interaction on the adsorbent surface. 48.12 mg g-1 was the maximum adsorption capacity estimated from sorption between beads and PARA. For practical applications beads were effectively used in reducing COD levels of PARA spiked sewage water with the defined experimental parameters. Ethanol would be effectively used as regenerating solvent in recycling the beads for the betterment of cost reduction. The activated hydrochar immobilized cellulose beads would be successfully applied as adsorbent in removing target pollutants from water thereby reducing the hurdles faced with respect to fine particles in water treatment.

A review on the applicability of adsorption techniques for remediation of recalcitrant pesticides.

Pesticide has revolutionised the agricultural industry by reducing yield losses and by enhancing productivity. But indiscriminate usage of such chemicals can negatively impact human health and ecosystem balance as certain pesticides can be recalcitrant in nature. Out of some of the suggested sustainable techniques to remove the pesticide load from the environment, adsorption is found to be highly efficient and can also be implemented on a large scale. It has been observed that natural adsorption that takes place after the application of the pesticide is not enough to reduce the pesticide load, hence, adsorbents like activated carbon, plant-based adsorbents, agricultural by-products, silica materials, polymeric adsorbents, metal organic framework etc are being experimented upon. It is becoming increasingly important to choose adsorbents which will not leave any secondary pollutant after treatment and the cost of production of such adsorbent should be feasible. In this review paper, it has been established that certain adsorbent like biochar, hydrochar, resin, metal organic framework etc can efficiently remove pesticides namely chlorpyrifos, diazinon, 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid, atrazine, fipronil, imidacloprid etc. The mechanism of adsorption, thermodynamics and kinetic part have been discussed in detail with respect to the pesticide and adsorbent under discussion. The reason behind choosing an adsorbent for the removal of a particular pesticide have also been explained. It is further highly recommended to carry out a cost analysis before implementing an absorbent because inspite of its efficacy, it might not be cost effective to use it for a particular type of pesticide or contaminant.

Two-step fabrication of cellulose embedded Fe3O4/Fe3+ composite beads as catalyst in degradation of sulfamethoxazole in floating bed reactor.

In this study, magnetite particles were successfully embedded in sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as beads using FeCl3 as the cross-linker in two step-method and it was used as a Fenton-like catalyst to degrade sulfamethoxazole in aqueous solution. The surface morphology and functional groups influence of the Na-CMC magnetic beads was studied using FTIR and SEM analysis. The nature of synthesized iron oxide particles was confirmed as magnetite using XRD diffraction. The structural arrangement of Fe3+ and iron oxide particles with CMC polymer was discussed. The influential factors for SMX degradation efficiency were investigated including the pH of the reaction medium (4.0), catalyst dosage (0.2 g L-1) and initial SMX concentration (30 mg L-1). The results showed that under optimal conditions 81.89% SMX degraded in 40 min using H2O2. The reduction in COD was estimated to be 81.2%. SMX degradation was initiated neither by the cleaving of C-S nor C-N followed by some chemical reactions. Complete mineralization of SMX was not achieved which could be due to an insufficient amount of Fe particles in CMC matrix that are responsible for the generation of *OH radicals. It was explored that degradation followed first order kinetics. Fabricated beads were successfully applied in a floating bed column in which the beads were allowed to float in sewage water spiked with SMX for 40 min. A total reduction of 79% of COD was achieved in treating sewage water. The beads could be used 2-3 times with significant reduction in catalytic activity. It was found that the degradation efficiency was attributed to a stable structure, textural property, active sites and *OH radicals.

An efficient electrochemical degradation of toxic pollutants in wastewater using BiOBr/BiVO4 hierarchical structured electrode material.

The electrochemical degradation of alizarin red dye was studied using bismuth oxyhalide attached to bismuth vanadate nanocomposite synthesized via a simple solvothermal method. The electrochemical degradation of alizarin red dye was treated at current densities of 3 and 5 mA cm-1 for 30 min under different supporting electrolyte mediums (NaCl and KCl). Also, the electrochemical degradation of BiOBr/BiVO4 electrode shows higher degradation percentages of 97 and 99 for NaCl and KCl electrolyte solutions, which are higher degradation percentages than pure BiVO4 electrode (88 and 91 for NaCl and KCl). Also, the BiOBr/BiVO4 electrode shows 100% COD reduction during the 30th min of alizarin red dye using both NaCl and KCl electrolyte solutions. This may indicate that the prepared BiOBr/BiVO4 electrode shows an efficient electrode material for the degradation of textile dyes.

Facile route for synthesis of Fe0/Fe3C/γ-Fe2O3 carbon composite using hydrothermal carbonization of sugarcane bagasse and its use as effective adsorbent for sulfamethoxazole removal.

Non-toxic mesoporous magnetic carbon composite was synthesised from hydrothermal carbonization of sugarcane bagasse with Iron (III) nitrate nonahydrate in two steps along with thermo-chemical oxidation process using sodium hydroxide. IR spectrum exposed the presence of oxygenated functional groups and FeO whereas XRD analysis revealed the availability of Fe0/Fe3C/γ-Fe2O3 at varying intensities. SEM analysis showed the spherical shaped carbon is well encapsulated with iron particles. Textural studies showed that after thermo-chemical activation intensified the surface area on composites to about 491.474 m2 g-1 thereby, promoting improved porosity on the carbon matrix. The fabricated composite showed magnetization of 32.84 emu g-1 and SMX adsorption capacity as 169.49 mg g-1. Kinetics and isotherm studies revealed that removal of SMX fitted well in Pseudo-second order and Langmuir models. The mode of interaction of SMX on magnetic carbon composites with respect to different pH was studied showing that π-π electron donor interaction (EDA), hydrophobic interaction, charge assisted hydrogen bond formation were responsible for SMX removal. The selectivity nature of magnetic composite with respect to SMX was studied in the presence of multiple pollutant. Use of magnetic carbon helps in industrialising the material to high level due to their unique property in separation and recycling. Application of hydrothermal carbonization is found to be applicable for wet solid substance thereby evolving structural carbon compound.

Sodium alginate/magnetic hydrogel microspheres from sugarcane bagasse for removal of sulfamethoxazole from sewage water: Batch and column modeling.

Magnetic carbon were synthesized from sugarcane bagasse using hydrothermal carbonization followed by thermal activation was converted to solid state as beads (hydrogels SACFe) using sodium alginate and applied as adsorbent in removal sulfamethoxazole in batch and column mode. From adsorption parameter analysis it was confirmed that 0.6 g L-1 SACFe was effective in removing 50 mg L-1 of SMX at pH 6.2. Sorption of SMX on SACFe beads followed Elovich kinetics and Freundlich isotherm. It was further confirmed that sorption occurred on heterogeneous surface of SACFe beads with chemisorption as rate limiting step. Maximum adsorption capacity was obtained as 58.439 mg g-1 pH studies revealed that charged assisted hydrogen bonding, EDA interactions are some of the mechanism that favoured removal of SMX. From column studies it was found that bead height of 2 cm and flow rate of 1.5 mL min-1 found to be best in removing pollutant. Thomas model fitted better the experimental data stating that improved interaction between adsorbent and adsorbate act as major driving force tool in obtaining maximum sorption capacity. Breakthrough curve was completely affected by varied flow rate and bed height. Column adsorption was effective in reducing COD and BOD levels of sewage which are affected by toxic pollutants and miscellaneous compounds. Feasibility analysis showed that SACFe beads could be employed for real-time applications as it is cost, energy effective and easy recovery.

Analysis and prediction of water quality using deep learning and auto deep learning techniques.

Natural water sources like ponds, lakes and rivers are facing a great threat because of activities like discharge of untreated industrial effluents, sewage water, wastes, etc. It is mandatory to examine the water quality to ensure that only safe water is available for consumption. Traditional methods of water quality inspection are a cumbersome process and hence, Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be used as a catalyst for this process. AutoDL is an upcoming field to automate deep learning pipelines and enables model creation and interpretation with minimal code. However, it is still in the nascent stage. This work explores the suitability of adopting AutoDL for Water Quality Assessment by drawing a comparison between AutoDL and a conventional models and analysis to foresee the quality of the water, an appropriate class based on Water Quality Index segregating water bodies into different classes. The accuracy of conventional DL is 1.8% higher than that of AutoDL for binary class water data. The accuracy of conventional DL is 1% higher than that of AutoDL for multiclass water data. The accuracy of conventional model was ~98% to ~99% whereas AutoDL method yielded ~96% to ~98%. However, the AutoDL model ease the task of finding the appropriate DL model and proved better efficiency without manual intervention.

Enhanced adsorptive removal of sulfamethoxazole from water using biochar derived from hydrothermal carbonization of sugarcane bagasse.

This research work primarily focussed on the production of biochar from sugarcane bagasse through HTC followed by NaOH activation at inert atmosphere for removing SMX from water. The biochar was characterized for structural morphology and presence of functional groups. XRD and FTIR analysis confirmed that presence of aromatized graphitic structure accumulated with oxygenated functional groups are responsible for the elimination of SMX. SEM analysis portrayed the sphere-shaped structure of biochar with hydrophobic groups interior and hydrophilic groups exterior. BET isotherm revealed the active surface area equal to 1099 m2/g with high coverage of mesopores structure. Pzpc of adsorbent is evaluated to 6.5 stating that effective removal of SMX depends on ionization effects induced due to reaction medium. Kinetics study revealed the sorption of SMX followed chemical interaction pertaining to Elovich model. Isotherm studies revealed that Freundlich model fitted well stating heterogeneous mode of interaction. Immobilization of SMX on surface of ABC is due to charge assisted hydrogen bonding and π-π interaction with graphitized carbon, showing maximum sorption capacity of 400 mg/g through spontaneous reaction. The results suggested that HTC derived biochar had great adsorption affinity with respect to pH towards SMX and could be employed as an effective sorbent in cleaning water contaminants.

Effectiveness of a biogenic composite derived from cattle horn core/iron nanoparticles via wet chemical impregnation for cadmium (II) removal in aqueous solution.

The objective of the current study was focused on the potential adsorption capability of a biogenic hydroxyapatite/iron nanoparticles-based composite tailored for the elimination of toxic pollutant, Cd(II) ions. Morphological along with physicochemical properties of composites were analyzed by different techniques including Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). It has been noticed an increase in cell parameters of prepared composites with an increase in the amount of nanoparticles. The best adsorbent was found to be the one with a 5% amount of nanoparticles (P400Fe(5%)). The kinetics studies have shown that the pseudo-first-order-models were in good agreement for the removal of Cd(II) ions onto P400Fe(5%) at any concentration, suggesting a physisorption mechanism. Besides, isotherms analysis has consistently revealed Freundlich as the model better explained the isotherm data, with a maximum removal capacity of 392.3 mg g-1, higher compared to many adsorbents. Thermodynamically, the removal adsorption process of Cd(II) ions onto the composite favorable, exothermic, and spontaneous. The regeneration study has been also investigated with reusability used until four cycles. The overall results pointed out the suitability and efficiency of the prepared biogenic composite for the elimination of metal pollutants in wastewater.