CETARS/CAR Practice Guideline on Imaging the Pregnant Trauma Patient.

Imaging of pregnant patients who sustained trauma often causes fear and confusion among patients, their families, and health care professionals regarding the potential for detrimental effects from radiation exposure to the fetus. Unnecessary delays or potentially harmful avoidance of the justified imaging studies may result from this understandable anxiety. This guideline was developed by the Canadian Emergency, Trauma and Acute Care Radiology Society (CETARS) and the Canadian Association of Radiologists (CAR) Working Group on Imaging the Pregnant Trauma Patient, informed by a literature review as well as multidisciplinary expert panel opinions and discussions. The working group included academic subspecialty radiologists, a trauma team leader, an emergency physician, and an obstetriciangynaecologist/maternal fetal medicine specialist, who were brought together to provide updated, evidence-based recommendations for the imaging of pregnant trauma patients, including patient safety aspects (eg, radiation and contrast concerns) and counselling, initial imaging in maternal trauma, specific considerations for the use of fluoroscopy, angiography, and magnetic resonance imaging. The guideline strives to achieve clarity and prevent added anxiety in an already stressful situation of injury to a pregnant patient, who should not be imaged differently.

Development of Ridge Ensemble Standardized Drought Index (RESDI) for improving drought characterization and future assessment.

Global warming upsets the environmental balance and leads to more frequent and severe climatic events. These extreme events include floods, droughts, and heatwaves. These widespread extreme events disrupt various sectors of ecosystems directly. However, among all these events, drought is one of the most prolonged climatic events that significantly destroys the ecosystem. Therefore, accurate and efficient assessment of droughts is necessary to mitigate their detrimental impacts. In recent years, several drought indices based on global climate models (GCMs) of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) have been proposed to quantify and monitor droughts. However, each index has its advantages and limitations. As each index ensembles different models by using different statistical approaches, it is well known that the margin of error is always a part of statistics. Therefore, this study proposed a new drought index to reduce the uncertainty involved in the assessment of droughts. The proposed index named the Ridge Ensemble Standardized Drought Index (RESDI) is based on the innovative ensemble approach termed ridge parameters and distance-based weighting (RDW) scheme. And the development of this RDW scheme is based on two types of methods i.e., ridge regression and divergence-based method. In this research, we ensemble 18 different GCMs of CMIP6 using the RDW scheme. A comparative analysis of the RDW scheme is performed against the simple model average (SMA) and Bayesian model averaging (BMA) schemes at 32 locations on the Tibetan plateau. The comparison revealed that RDW has less mean absolute error (MAE) and root-mean-square error (RMSE). Therefore, the developed RESDI based on RDW is used to project drought properties under three distinct shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) scenarios: SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5, across seven different time scales (1, 3, 7, 9, 12, 24, and 48). The projected data is then standardized by using the K-components Gaussian mixture model (K-CGMM). In addition, the study employs steady-state probabilities (SSPs) to determine the long-term behavior of drought. The outcome of this research shows that "normal drought (ND)" has the highest probability of occurrence under all scenarios and time scales.

Development of an assessment framework for the proposed Multi-Scalar Seasonally Amalgamated Regional Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (MSARSPEI) for regional drought classifications in global warming context.

Drought hazard is one of the main consequences of global warming and climate change. Unlike other natural disasters, drought has complex climatic features. Therefore, accurate drought monitoring is a challenging task. This paper proposes a framework for assessing drought classifications at the regional level. The proposed framework provides a new drought monitoring indicator called Multi-Scalar Seasonally Amalgamated Regional Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (MSARSPEI). MSARSPEI is an amalgam of the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration (SPEI) (Vicente-Serrano et al., 2010) and Regionally Improved Weighted Standardized Drought Index (RIWSDI) (Jiang et al., 2020). In the proposed framework, the Boruta algorithm of feature selection is configured to ensemble monthly time series data of evaporation in various meteorological stations located in specific regions. Further, the framework suggests the standardization of the Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) of K-Component Gaussian (K-CG) mixture distribution function for obtaining MSARSPEI data. The application of the proposed framework is based on seven different regions of Pakistan. For comparative analysis, this paper compared the performance of MSARSPE with SPEI using Pearson correlation. Outcomes associated with this research show that the proposed regional drought index has a strong correlation with the competing indicator in various time scales. In addition, the study assessed the spatial extent of various drought classifications under MSARSPEI. In summation, this research concludes that the choice of the MSARSPEI is rationally valid and more appropriate for the regional assessment of drought under the global warming scenario.

Overnight attending radiologist coverage decreases imaging-related emergency department recalls by at least 90.

PURPOSE: Benefits of overnight attending radiologist final reports are debated, often stating low resident discrepancy rates, usually assessed retrospectively. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of overnight final reporting on the recall rates for patients in the emergency department (ED) receiving overnight imaging. METHODS: Retrospective matched cohorts of two separate years prior (prior-16 and prior-17) and 1 year after (post-18) introduction of overnight attending radiologist final reporting. Patients receiving imaging between 22:00 and 07:00 h and returned to ED within 48 h of initial visit discharge were electronically identified. String matching identified return visits possibly related to imaging completed on first visit. Identified return visit notes were scored by three observers individually. Unclear and discrepant cases were resolved by consensus meeting, using full patient charts where needed. Incidences were provided and logistic regression analysis defined if coverage model was a predictor for recall. Odds ratios were calculated. RESULTS: ED patient count with imaging completed overnight in prior-16 was 9200, in prior-17 was 9543, and in post-18 was 9992. The number of overnight imaging studies performed was respectively 13,883, 14,463, and 15,112. Imaging-related ED recalls were respectively 54, 61, and 7, a decrease with the new coverage model of 89% to true and at least 90% of expected recalls.Logistic regression demonstrated that coverage model was a significant predictor of ED recalls with chi-square of 59.86 and p < 0.001, an R2 of 0.03 (Hosmer and Lemeshow). Compared to post-18, ED patients had an odds ratio of 8.42 (prior-16) and 9.18 (prior-17) to be called back to ED. CONCLUSION: Overnight final reporting significantly decreases ED recalls for patients receiving diagnostic imaging overnight. While numbers are low even prior to rollout, the number should be minimized wherever possible to diminish patient anxiety and discomfort, reduce ED overcrowding and expedite definitive management. KEY MESSAGES/WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: Section 1: What is already known on this subject • Radiology resident preliminary report discrepancy rates are low. • Overnight attending radiologist coverage is a model increasingly applied in academic and large non-academic centers. • Patient recalls to the ED are a burden to the patient and impact patient throughput in (over)crowded EDs. Section 2: What this study adds • First study to look at the impact of overnight attending final reports on the recall rate for ED patients with overnight imaging performed. • While absolute numbers are low, there is a significant decrease in patients returning to ED for imaging related issues after introducing overnight attending coverage. • Resident autonomy can be preserved and training enhanced while increasing patient safety and comfort.

Emergent Comprehensive Imaging of the Major Trauma Patient: A New Paradigm for Improved Clinical Decision-Making.

Modern advances in the medical imaging layered onto sophisticated trauma resuscitation strategies in highly organized regionalized trauma systems have created a paradigm shift in the management of severely injured patients. Although immediate exploratory surgery to identify and control life-threatening injuries still has its place, accelerated image acquisition and interpretation procedures now make it rare for trauma surgeons in major centers to venture into damage control surgery unaided by computed tomography (CT) or other imaging, particularly in cases of blunt trauma. Indeed, because of the high incidence of clinically occult injuries associated with major mechanism trauma, and even lower energy trauma in frail or elderly patients, CT imaging has become as invaluable as physical examination, if not more so, in critical decision-making in support of optimal outcomes. In particular, whole-body computed tomography (WBCT) completed promptly after initial assessment of a major trauma provides a quick, comprehensive survey of injuries that enables better surgical planning, obviates the need for multiple subsequent studies, and permits specialized reconstructions when needed. For those at risk for problematic occult injury after modest trauma, WBCT facilitates safer discharge planning and simplified follow-up. Through standardized guidelines, streamlined protocols, synoptic reporting, accessible web-based platforms, and active collaboration with clinicians, radiologists dedicated to trauma and emergency imaging enable clearer understanding of complex injuries in high-risk patients which leads to superior clinical decision-making. Whereas dated dogma has long warned that the CT scanner is the last place to take a challenging trauma patient, modern practice suggests that, more often than not, early comprehensive imaging can be done safely and efficiently and is in the patient's best interest. This article outlines how the role of diagnostic imaging for major trauma has evolved considerably in recent years.

Cinematic Rendering of Traumatic Intrathoracic Gastric Herniation.

Online supplemental material is available for this article.

Nuts, cereals, seeds and legumes proteins derived emulsifiers as a source of plant protein beverages: A review.

Milk beverages derived from plant-based protein have attracted the interest of consumers and researchers as a health-promoting functional food. It can also be considered as a substitute for animal milk due to various allergy concerns associated with dairy milk. The plant-based emulsions are directed to prevent diet-related chronic diseases including diabetes, cardiovascular, obesity and other disorders due to the presence of healthy long-chain unsaturated fatty acids as compared to bovine milk. Further, associations between nutritional contents (vitamins, minerals and low fat) and pharmacological properties of plant-based protein may have extra beneficial effects. The review aims to summarize the four different groups of plant sources (nuts, cereals, seeds and legumes) used for the preparation of plant-based milk beverages. In addition, it also provides a detailed review of the general characteristics and functional properties of these plant sources. Physicochemical composition, protein and fats quality, functional properties, effect of heat and high-pressure treatment is also provided in detail. It also covers fats digestibility, protein stability, protein solubility and digestibility. Furthermore, the effect of processing, possible comparative study and potential applications in healthcare have been discussed.

Gender Disparity Among Leaders of Canadian Academic Radiology Departments.

OBJECTIVE. Underrepresentation of women in the top hierarchy of academic medicine exists despite women comprising more than half of the medical school graduates and residency positions. The purpose of this study is to analyze and quantify the relationship of gender, research productivity, and career advancement in Canadian academic radiology departments. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Seventeen academic radiology departments with affiliated residency programs in Canada were searched for publicly available data on faculty to generate a database for gender and academic profiles of the radiologists. Bibliometric data were collected using Scopus archives. The associations of gender, academic ranks, and leadership positions were assessed, and a p value of ≤ 0.05 was defined as significant. Significant variables were analyzed using a multivariate linear regression model. RESULTS. Of 1266 faculty members, gender information and academic rank were available for 932 faculty members: 597 (64.05%) were men and 335 (35.95%) were women (χ2 = 21.82; p < 0.0001). Of a total of 563 assistant professors, 331 (58.79%) were men and 232 (41.21%) were women; of 258 associate professors, 177 (68.60%) were men and 81 (31.40%) were women; and of 111 professors, 89 (80.18%) were men and 22 (19.82%) were women. The gender gap widens at higher academic ranks, displaying a threefold drop in the ratio of women holding the rank of full professor (6.57%) compared with 14.91% male professors; 29.55% of women radiologists have first-in-command leadership positions compared with 70.45% of men. A comparable or higher h-index is noted for women Canadian radiologists after adjusting for number of citations, number of publications, and years of active research. CONCLUSION. Canadian academic radiology departments have fewer women radiologists in senior faculty and leadership positions. Our study results show that Canadian female radiologists at the professor level have more publications than their male counterparts.

Bayesian network based procedure for regional drought monitoring: The Seasonally Combinative Regional Drought Indicator.

Drought is a complex natural hazard. It occurs due to a prolonged period of deficient in rainfall amount in a certain region. Unlike other natural hazards, drought hazard has a recurrent occurrence. Therefore, comprehensive drought monitoring is essential for regional climate control and water management authorities. In this paper, we have proposed a new drought indicator: the Seasonally Combinative Regional Drought Indicator (SCRDI). The SCRDI integrates Bayesian networking theory with Standardized Precipitation Temperature Index (SPTI) at varying gauge stations in various month/seasons. Application of SCRDI is based on five gauging stations of Northern Area of Pakistan. We have found that the proposed indicator accounts the effect of climate variation within a specified territory, accurately characterizes drought by capturing seasonal dependencies in geospatial variation scenario, and reduces the large/complex data for future drought monitoring. In summary, the proposed indicator can be used for comprehensive characterization and assessment of drought at a certain region.

State of the Art Imaging Review of Blunt and Penetrating Cardiac Trauma.

Traumatic cardiovascular injuries are only second to the central nervous system injuries as a cause of death in young adult population. Multidetector computed tomography is the gold standard diagnostic modality in patients with blunt or penetrating chest trauma and clinical suspicion of cardiac injury. The imaging spectrum of cardiac injuries includes but not limits to pericardial rupture, myocardial contusions, valve rupture, coronary artery injuries, cardiac herniations, and cardiac tamponade. In this review article, we discuss clinical presentation, types, and mechanism of cardiac trauma with emphasis on the imaging findings and illustrations in blunt, penetrating traumatic, and iatrogenic cardiac injuries.

Changes in Approach to Solid Organ Injury: What the Radiologist Needs to Know.

This review aims to examine the challenges facing radiologists interpreting trauma computed tomography (CT) images in this era of a changing approach to management of solid organ trauma. After reviewing the pearls and pitfalls of CT imaging protocols for detection of traumatic solid organ injuries, we describe the key changes in the 2018 American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Organ Injury Scales for liver, spleen, and kidney and their implications for management strategies. We then focus on the important imaging findings in observed in patients who undergo nonoperative management and patients who are imaged post damage control surgery.

Dual-Energy CT: A Paradigm Shift in Acute Traumatic Abdomen.

Abdominal trauma, one of the leading causes of death under the age of 45, can be broadly classified into blunt and penetrating trauma, based on the mechanism of injury. Blunt abdominal trauma usually results from motor vehicle collisions, fall from heights, assaults, and sports and is more common than penetrating abdominal trauma, which is usually seen in firearm injuries and stab wounds. In both blunt and penetrating abdominal trauma, an optimized imaging approach is mandatory to exclude life-threatening injuries. Easy availability of the portable ultrasound in the emergency department and trauma bay makes it one of the most commonly used screening imaging modalities in the abdominal trauma, especially to exclude hemoperitoneum. Evaluation of the visceral and vascular injuries in a hemodynamically stable patient, however, warrants intravenous contrast-enhanced multidetector computed tomography scan. Dual-energy computed tomography with its postprocessing applications such as iodine selective imaging and virtual monoenergetic imaging can reliably depict the conspicuity of traumatic solid and hollow visceral and vascular injuries.

Gender Differences in Leadership Positions Among Academic Nuclear Medicine Specialists in Canada and the United States.

OBJECTIVE: Despite equal representation of genders among medical students, women continue to be underrepresented in the field of academic diagnostic radiology. These differences are manifest across subspecialties in academic medicine and even in diagnostic radiology. There are limited data available addressing diversity among nuclear medicine specialists. Thus, our primary objective was to compare gender representation in academic and leadership positions among faculty members in nuclear medicine in Canada and the United States. Our secondary objective was to study the influences to account for the existing disparity in academic nuclear medicine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using the Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database (FREIDA) and Canadian Resident Matching Service (CaRMS), we created a database of faculty members in nuclear medicine. For assessment of academic performance, the h-index, number of publications, number of citations, and years of active research were extracted using Scopus. RESULTS: The academic ranks of 237 faculty members were used for analysis; of this group, 16.95% of associate professors were female. Women were less frequently represented in higher academic ranks, and women were also less frequently represented in leadership ranks (13.6% female vs 86.4% male). The h-index was comparable across genders. CONCLUSION: Female nuclear medicine specialists are underrepresented in academic and leadership positions compared with their male counterparts. This difference in numbers is unlikely to be because of academic performance given that both genders had comparable academic performance metrics in our study. The results show the need for devising strategies to promote diversity in academic and leadership positions across nuclear medicine specialists.

Influences for Gender Disparity in the Radiology Societies in North America.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of our study was to outline the gender distribution in leadership positions in the North American radiology societies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A review of North American radiology societies was conducted to identify committee members and those holding leadership positions. The Scopus database was queried for research productivity metrics of these individuals. Gender, university affiliation, and academic rank were identified from departmental websites. The chi-square test was used to assess for differences in gender distribution, and nonparametric analyses were applied to determine gender differences in continuous variables. RESULTS: Of 2826 radiology society committee members, men outnumbered women 67.4% (n = 1906) to 32.6% (n = 920). There were 696 society leadership positions, of which men held 501 (72.0%) and women held 195 (28.0%) (p < 0.003). Additionally, 26.3% of all men held leadership positions compared with 21.2% of all women (p = 0.0032). Overall, men had a higher median h-index (14 [range, 0-113] vs 11 [range, 0-73]), number of publications (52 [range, 2-1264] vs 35 [range, 2-428]), and number of citations (880 [range, 0-54,813] vs 483.5 [range, 0-17,332]) than women (p < 0.001). Across university academic ranks of assistant and associate professor, research productivity metrics were similar between genders, but interestingly, female representation decreased with increasing academic rank. A higher proportion of men held a university rank of professor than women (39.5% vs 33.4%; p = 0.0017) with parity at the levels of assistant and associate professors. CONCLUSION: Gender disparity exists in the leadership positions in North American radiology societies. We have attempted to study the relationship between gender, academic rank, and h-index with leadership roles in these societies.

Academic musculoskeletal radiology: influences for gender disparity.

INTRODUCTION: Research productivity is one of the few quintessential gauges that North American academic radiology departments implement to determine career progression. The rationale of this study is to quantify the relationship of gender, research productivity, and academic advancements in the musculoskeletal (MSK) radiology to account for emerging trends in workforce diversity. METHODS: Radiology residency programs enlisted in the Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database (FREIDA), Canadian Resident Matching Service (CaRMS) and International Skeletal Society (ISS) were searched for academic faculty to generate the database for gender and academic profiles of MSK radiologists. Bibliometric data was collected using Elsevier's SCOPUS archives, and analyzed using Stata version 14.2. RESULTS: Among 274 MSK radiologists in North America, 190 (69.34%) were men and 84 (30.66%) were women, indicating a statistically significant difference (χ2 = 6.34; p value = 0.042). The available number of female assistant professors (n = 50) was more than half of the male assistant professors (n = 88), this ratio however, plummeted at higher academic ranks, with only one-fourth of women (n = 11) professors compared to men (n = 45). The male MSK radiologist had 1.31 times the odds of having a higher h-index, keeping all other variables constant. CONCLUSIONS: The trend of gender disparity exists in MSK radiology with significant underrepresentation of women in top tiers of academic hierarchy. Even with comparable h-indices, at the lower academic ranks, a lesser number of women are promoted relative to their male colleagues. Further studies are needed to investigate the degree of influence research productivity has, in determining academic advancement of MSK radiologists.

Development of maximum relevant prior feature ensemble (MRPFE) index to characterize future drought using global climate models.

Drought is one of the foremost outcomes of global warming and global climate change. It is a serious threat to humans and other living beings. To reduce the adverse impact of drought, mitigation strategies as well as sound projections of extreme events are essential. This research aims to strengthen the robustness of anticipated twenty-first century drought by combining different Global Climate Models (GCMs). In this article, we develop a new drought index, named Maximum Relevant Prior Feature Ensemble index that is based on the newly proposed weighting scheme, called weighted ensemble (WE). In the application, this study considers 32 randomly scattered grid points within the Tibetan Plateau region and 18 GCMs of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) of precipitation. In this study, the comparative inferences of the WE scheme are made with the traditional simple model averaging (SMA). To investigate the trend and long-term probability of various classes, this research employs Markov chain steady states probability, Mann-Kendall trend test, and Sen's Slope estimator. The outcomes of this research are twofold. Firstly, the comparative inference shows that the proposed weighting scheme has greater efficiency than SMA to conflate GCMs. Secondly, the research indicates that the Tibetan Plateau is projected to experience "moderate drought (MD)" in the twenty-first century.

Initial Imaging of Pregnant Patients in the Trauma Bay-Discussion and Review of Presentations at a Level-1 Trauma Centre.

Trauma is the leading non-obstetric cause of maternal and fetal mortality and affects an estimated 5-7% of all pregnancies. Pregnant women, thankfully, are a small subset of patients presenting in the trauma bay, but they do have distinctive physiologic and anatomic changes. These increase the risk of certain traumatic injuries, and the gravid uterus can both be the primary site of injury and mask other injuries. The primary focus of the initial management of the pregnant trauma patient should be that of maternal stabilization and treatment since it directly affects the fetal outcome. Diagnostic imaging plays a pivotal role in initial traumatic injury assessment and should not deviate from normal routine in the pregnant patient. Radiographs and focused assessment with sonography in the trauma bay will direct the use of contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT), which remains the cornerstone to evaluate the potential presence of further management-altering injuries. A thorough understanding of its risks and benefits is paramount, especially in the pregnant patient. However, like any other trauma patient, if evaluation for injury with CT is indicated, it should not be denied to a pregnant trauma patient due to fear of radiation exposure.

Insights from the molecular docking analysis of gambogic acid with the Chikungunya spike glycoprotein E2.

Chikungunya fever is a mosquito-borne disease caused by the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and has drawn substantial attention in recent years. So far, no effective treatment is available in the form of drugs or vaccines. In this study, we aimed to screen some drugs against the pathogenic Chikungunya virus through a molecular docking approach. As a fact, the spike E2 protein plays an important role in viral attachment to the human host cell, binding to a cell receptor MXRA8. The molecules screened for in-silico interaction against MXRA8 were selected with top hit based on binding affinity. The existing intermolecular bonds were investigated further in the active site of the protein that interacts with the top-hit ligands. Gambogic acid (guttic acid) was depicted as the furthermost potential inhibitor when compared to the others it had the lowest binding affinity (-10.9 kcal/mol). Gambogic acid, as a potential antiviral agent against the spike E2 protein, could be a promising candidate.

Equity, diversity & inclusion in academic radiology: An elusive dream.

BACKGROUND: Disparities in sex and race/ethnicity continue to persist in the academic radiology. This study addresses the sex/racial underrepresentation and evolution in the academic radiology. PURPOSE: To evaluate academic radiology temporal trends disparities by analyzing sex and race/ethnicity diversity in academic degree and tenure status. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional analysis conducted using American Association of Medical College database between 2007 and 2018. Trends in academic degree, tenure status, race/ethnicity, and sex assessed with linear regression analysis and Poisson regression model for annual percent change with statistical significance of p < 0.05. RESULTS: Out of 107,213 radiologists 72%, n = 76,893 males and 64%, n = 68,738 white faculty with 1277 males and 872 females. White MD-degree radiologists constitute 67.2%, Asian (20.9%), Black (2.5%), Hispanic (3.2%), multiple (3.4%), unknown (1.8%) and "other" (1%) races with a similar PhD/other doctoral and dual-degree. White faculty recruitment trend (n2007 = 955, n2018 = 703) and representation (-0.82% per year; 95% CI, -1.00 to -0.63; p < 0.0001) decreased, while Asian URM decreased respectively (n2007 = 152, n2018 = 205) (0.68% per year; 95% CI, 0.58 to 0.77; p < 0.0001). Females were underrepresented in all categories. CONCLUSION: URM and females are underrepresented in academic radiology. Academic degree types and tenure track may contribute to White and male academic radiologists overrepresentation.

National Institutes of Health: Gender Differences in Radiology Funding.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE: Radiology has traditionally remained one of the most male-dominated specialties, although a higher proportion of women are now beginning to occupy roles as academic radiologists than their male counterparts. The present study investigated trends in National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding within Diagnostic Radiology stratified by gender, and correlated with measures of academic output, including h-index. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data on funding was obtained from the online NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools Expenditure and Results for fiscal years 2016-2019, and information regarding each Principal Investigator (PI) was obtained from the Scopus database and departmental websites. Mann-Whitney U tests were performed on collected data for statistical comparison of continuous variables. RESULTS: Of the 2929 grants included in this analysis, 1789 (61.07%) were awarded to male PIs and 1140 (38.9%) to female PIs.  Among PIs holding a PhD degree, male PIs had a higher mean grant amount ($619,807.00) compared to female PIs ($158,486.00). CONCLUSION: Although female representation within academic radiology has been increasing, the mean NIH grants awarded to women is less than that awarded to men. Reasons for this are numerous and may include differential prioritization of career objectives among men and women, although such rationalization is inevitably speculative in nature. Significant gender differences in NIH funding were seen at the PhD level, and the strongest correlation between NIH funding and academic output was observed for the h-index of female PIs. These results underscore the fact that women are ostensibly being held to a higher academic standard than men in terms of funding decisions.