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1.
Bol Asoc Med P R ; 97(3 Pt 2): 168-77, 2005.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16320907

ABSTRACT

Prosthetic valve infective endocarditis represents a defined pathological entity which follows an epidemiological and nosological pattern in accordance to an arbitrary classification. Chronologically it is divided into the entities of early and late prosthetic valve endocarditis, each with its own unique characteristics. The clinical features, complications and diagnosis do not vary much from native valve endocarditis. There are clear and precise indications to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of this entity which differ from native valve endocarditis.


Subject(s)
Aortic Valve , Endocarditis, Bacterial/etiology , Heart Valve Prosthesis/adverse effects , Mitral Valve , Prosthesis-Related Infections , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Antibiotic Prophylaxis , Echocardiography , Echocardiography, Transesophageal , Electrocardiography , Endocarditis, Bacterial/diagnosis , Endocarditis, Bacterial/drug therapy , Endocarditis, Bacterial/microbiology , Endocarditis, Bacterial/surgery , Humans , Prosthesis-Related Infections/diagnosis , Prosthesis-Related Infections/drug therapy , Prosthesis-Related Infections/microbiology , Prosthesis-Related Infections/surgery , Risk Factors , Time Factors
2.
P R Health Sci J ; 23(3): 207-15, 2004 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15631176

ABSTRACT

Extended-spectrum Beta (beta)-lactamases (ESBLs) have emerged as an important mechanism of resistance to B-lactam antibiotics in gram-negative bacteria (GNB). They are enzymes that hydrolyze older B-lactam antibiotics as well as broad-spectrum cephalosporins and monobactams. ESBL producers have been reported in many bacteria but special attention has been paid to the ones in E.coli and Klebsiella spp. Detection of the ESBLs by the clinical laboratory is a special challenge. Surveillance to monitor resistance is important to decide when detection of ESBLs must be started. This study determined the prevalence of ESBL producers in the strains E.coli and K.pneumoniae at the San Juan VA Medical Center, and characterized their phenotypes to evaluate the importance to identify these bacteria as a standard routine procedure in the institution. All E.coli and K.pneumoniae isolated from Jan 1 to Mar 31, 2003 were evaluated according to National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) screening criteria for suspected ESBL producers. Phenotypic confirmation of the ESBL production was performed using the Etest method. A total of 112/253 (44%) E.coli and 72/137 (53%) K.pneumoniae were identified as suspected ESBL producers. Etest was performed in 60% of the E.coli and 57% of the K.pneumoniae suspected to be ESBL producers. The overall ESBL prevalence for E.coli was 25% and in K.pneumoniae was 26%. Most E.coli ESBL-producers were from urine while the K.pneumoniae were from sputum. ESBL-producers were isolated from different sources including pleural and synovial fluids, blood, and skin besides urine and sputum. According to susceptibility results, the most reliable antibiotic in predicting a negative ESBL was cefpodoxime (CPD), and in the strains studied, the ESBL producers were consistently resistant to aztreonam (ATM). A large proportion (95%) of ESBL producing K.pneumoniae were susceptible to cefepime (CEP). Of the ESBL producing E.coli, 24% were susceptible. In the case of E.coli ESBLproducers, Cefepime can be considered as a therapeutic option if susceptibilities are available. Automated identification and sensitivity systems are valid alternatives for routine evaluation of B-lactam resistance but when increased resistance is documented in GNB and/or ESBL prevalence is high, ESBL detection should be performed. All confirmed ESBL producers should be reported resistant to all penicillins, cephalosporins, and aztreonam in spite of having susceptible ranges with routine susceptibility tests. Inappropriate antibiotic selection in infections caused by these organisms is associated with treatment failures, poor clinical outcomes, increased mortality and longer hospital stays.


Subject(s)
Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology , Escherichia coli/enzymology , Klebsiella Infections/microbiology , Klebsiella pneumoniae/enzymology , beta-Lactamases/analysis , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Bacterial Typing Techniques , Escherichia coli/isolation & purification , Escherichia coli Infections/drug therapy , Hospitals, Veterans/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Klebsiella Infections/drug therapy , Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolation & purification , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Phenotype , Puerto Rico , beta-Lactam Resistance , beta-Lactams/therapeutic use
3.
P R Health Sci J ; 23(1): 19-24, 2004 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15125215

ABSTRACT

Infections in the elderly patient are a challenge, since the classical signs of infection are absent or ill defined. The present paper describes the presentation, diagnosis, clinical manifestations and treatment for a selected group of potential serious infections including influenza, bacterial pneumonia, urinary tract infections as well as infections caused by multiresistant bacteria, like vacomycin-resistant enterococcus and methicillin resistant S. aureus. We conclude with the need for prevention in the older person with the use of vaccines, specifically the influenza and pneumococcal vaccine as well as the prevention of urinary infections. Influenza is a significant cause of morbidity, whose ill effects can be prevented in many older persons with the use of a vaccine. The use in prophylaxis and treatment of antiviral agents like amantadine, rimatadine, and oseltamivir is presented. Bacterial pneumonia is one of the leading causes of death in the USA among the older persons. The emergence of drug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae leads to the consideration as empiric therapy the newer fluoroquinolones or the use of third or fourth generation cephalosporis. Of importance is the use of pneumococcal vaccine among people age 60 or above. The frequency of urinary tract infections among the elderly is of primary although in many instances important do not require treatment. When infection of the urinary tract is diagnosed, most authors use a fluoroquinolone as empiric theraphy. The emergence of multiresistant bacteria like methicillin resistant S. aureus and or vancomycin resistant enterococci leads to the need to consider new agents like quinipristin-dalfopristin, linezolid and deptomycin in the management of such patients.


Subject(s)
Influenza, Human , Pneumonia, Bacterial , Urinary Tract Infections , Age Factors , Aged , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Drug Resistance, Bacterial/drug effects , Humans , Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage , Influenza, Human/diagnosis , Influenza, Human/prevention & control , Influenza, Human/therapy , Middle Aged , Pneumococcal Vaccines/administration & dosage , Pneumonia, Bacterial/diagnosis , Pneumonia, Bacterial/prevention & control , Pneumonia, Bacterial/therapy , Urinary Tract Infections/diagnosis , Urinary Tract Infections/prevention & control , Urinary Tract Infections/therapy
4.
P R Health Sci J ; 23(1): 25-33, 2004 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15125216

ABSTRACT

Antibiotics are frequently prescribed in the older person, the dosification needs special care, since the pharmacokinetic parameters changes with aging and the side effects can be different in the older person. The creatinine clearance changes and we must modify the way we prescribe such antibiotics to the elderly, calculating. The variety of antibiotics now available led us to consider this paper in which we have presented the antimicrobial agents that can be considered in the treatment of the older person. We present several groups: the penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems and betalactamase inhibitors or the great betalactam group. Other trimetroprin-sulfame-thoxazole, the newer macrolides (azithromycin and clarithromycin) as well as the aminoglycosides, vancomycin, clindamycin, metroridazole. The indications and contraindications are presented and reviewed.


Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Age Factors , Aged , Aminoglycosides/administration & dosage , Aminoglycosides/therapeutic use , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacokinetics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Infective Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use , Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary/administration & dosage , Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary/therapeutic use , Carbapenems/administration & dosage , Carbapenems/therapeutic use , Cephalosporins/administration & dosage , Cephalosporins/therapeutic use , Drug Interactions , Fluoroquinolones/administration & dosage , Fluoroquinolones/therapeutic use , Humans , Macrolides/administration & dosage , Macrolides/therapeutic use , Monobactams/administration & dosage , Monobactams/therapeutic use , Penicillins/administration & dosage , Penicillins/therapeutic use , Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination/administration & dosage , Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination/therapeutic use , beta-Lactamase Inhibitors
5.
Bol Asoc Med P R ; 95(6): 42-50, 2003.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15449791

ABSTRACT

Infections in the older person are common and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Infections of the urinary tract, skin and soft tissue infections including decubitus ulcers, antibiotics associated diarrhea and lower respiratory tract infections are particularly important in the elderly because of their frequency. While most initial antibiotic therapy is empiric, its important before treatment to try to document the etiology for better use of antibiotics. Infections of the urinary tract are frequently and potentially serious in the elderly, they must be separated from asymptomatic bacteriuria that requires no therapy. Upper and lower urinary tract infections are frequently caused by aerobic gram negative bacilli and or enterococci. Most authors prefer the use of fluoroquinolones to manage such infections. The elderly with decubitus ulcer presents a problem in management, since these are frequent polymicrobic infections in which anaerobes play an important role. The initial therapy usually involves the combination of a fluoroquinolone plus an antianaerobic agent like clindamycin. C. difficile diarrhea as frequent in nursing home residents as well as the older person with prior antibiotics. The treatment should be with metronidazole and avoid the use of vancomycin. Pneumonias in the elderly can be acquired in the community, the nursing home or during a hospitalization. The etiologic agents that predominate change from S. pneumoniae and atypicals in those from the community to an increase in gram negative pneumonia. The initial treatment as started by most authors as well as guidelines include the use of a new fluoroquinolone like gatifloxacin alone or in combination with a beta-lactamic agent like ceftriaxone. For those infections acquired in the hospital therapy with third or fourth generation cephalosporins, carbapenems, beta-lactams with betalactamase inhibitors alone or in combination with an aminoglucoside and or vancomycin if MRSA is suspected is accepted therapy.


Subject(s)
Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use , Pneumonia/drug therapy , Pressure Ulcer/drug therapy , Skin Diseases, Infectious/drug therapy , Urinary Tract Infections/drug therapy , Aged , Humans , Pneumonia/diagnosis , Pneumonia/microbiology , Pressure Ulcer/diagnosis , Pressure Ulcer/microbiology , Skin Diseases, Infectious/diagnosis , Skin Diseases, Infectious/microbiology , Urinary Tract Infections/diagnosis , Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology
6.
Bol. Asoc. Méd. P. R ; 84(1): 21-5, ene. 1992.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-176697

ABSTRACT

After almost forty years of its introduction, erythromycin will not be the exclusive member of the macrolide group of antibiotic agents, but a new generation of its derivatives which surpass it in pharmacological properties and clinical efficacy will also be available. Clarithromycin, a 14-membered derivative, has shown acid stability, longer half-life, lower protein binding and higher lung tissue penetration. Its exceedingly high activity against erythromycin-susceptible gram-positive cocci, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Legionella pneumophila makes it and important alternative choice in the therapy of respiratory tract infections. Also, it has shown high activity against Chlamydia trachomatis, and high urinary clearance of this unmetabolized molecule, important properties which would render it a special role in the treatment of genitourinary tract infections. Azithromycin, a 15-membered derivative has shown enhanced basicity (due to the nitrogen atom in its lactone ring), longer half-life and lower protein bindings. Its exceptional activity against Hemophilus influenzae, Branhamella catarrhalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Ureaplasma urealyticum and gram-negative bacteria, and its high concentration in tonsillar, pulmonary, prostatic and female reproductive tract tissues, assigns it an honorific place among the macrolides in the therapy against respiratory tract and genitourinary tract infections. Its role against T. gondii deserves further study, but points out this agent as a promise against this parasite


Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Anti-Bacterial Agents/adverse effects , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacokinetics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Bacteria/drug effects , Drug Interactions , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Drug Resistance, Microbial
7.
Bol. Asoc. Méd. P. R ; 83(8): 346-8, ago. 1991.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-108086

ABSTRACT

Nosocomial infections with cytomegalovirus are on area of great concern and controversy within the medical community. With the advent of organ transplantation there rave been an increased number of susceptible individuals. In the past most cases were confined to newborn nurseries and the neonatal intensive care unit. It is of great interested that recent evidence suggests that health care providers are at no greater risk of acquiring CMV infection inside the hospital setting when compared to a representative control group within the same community. This paper will review some of the literature that deals with the nosocomial transmission of CMV. We will try to emphasize transmission, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of CMV infection


Subject(s)
Cytomegalovirus Infections/transmission , Cross Infection/transmission , Cytomegalovirus Infections/diagnosis , Cytomegalovirus Infections/prevention & control , Cross Infection/diagnosis , Cross Infection/prevention & control
8.
P. R. health sci. j ; 6(2): 113-8, Aug. 1987. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-66509

ABSTRACT

Dengue es una enfermedad viral transmitida por el mosquito hembra de Aedes aegypti; es endémico con brotes espidémicos periódicos en Puerto Rico y en el Caribe. Hay en el momento tres serotipos de dengue en Puerto Rico. Las manifestaciones clínicas de dengue en Puerto Rico se presentan desde una perspectiva histórica. Dengue en Puerto Rico ha evolucionado de una enfermedad son consecuencias clínicas en los años de 1960 a una enfermedad devastadora con manifestaciones hemorrágicas en los años 1980, al Síndrome de "Dengue Shcok" en 1987. Se presenta la manera para realizar el diagnóstico clínico y el manejo del paciente con dengue. Se enfatiza el reconocimiento temprano de la enfermedad, el hacer la prueba torniquete y hematocritos seriados y el reemplazo agresivo de líquidos endovenosos con soluciones de cristaloides o de coloides en el SDS. La mejor manera de tratar el dengue es eliminando el vector, por lo tanto, la prevención


Subject(s)
Humans , Dengue/epidemiology , Shock, Hemorrhagic/epidemiology , Dengue/diagnosis , Dengue/therapy , Puerto Rico , Shock, Hemorrhagic/diagnosis , Shock, Hemorrhagic/etiology , Shock, Hemorrhagic/therapy
9.
Bol. Asoc. Méd. P. R ; 77(4): 143-50, abr. 1985. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-32400

ABSTRACT

Estamos presentando una serie de medidas que se pueden utilizar para el control de infección del paciente tanto hospitalizado como ambulatorio con el Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida (SIDA). Específicamente se menciona la manera y las precauciones que debe tener el personal médico y paramédico en el hospital, el personal fuera del hospital así como las personas que bregan con los cadáveres y funerarios; se definen las guías a seguir por los dentistas que bregan con estos pacientes y se mencionan las precauciones que se deben tomar en cada uno de los procedimientos intrahospitalarios a los que se somenten estos pacientes y así evitar la transmisión de infecciones


Subject(s)
Humans , Infections/prevention & control , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control , Ambulatory Care , Blood Banks/standards , Hospitalization , Laboratory Infection/prevention & control , Risk , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/transmission
10.
Bol. Asoc. Méd. P. R ; 84(1): 26-30, ene. 1992.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-176698

ABSTRACT

We have presented the microbiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of disseminated histoplasmosis. Emphasis is presented on the manifestations in the HIV infected patient


Subject(s)
Humans , Histoplasmosis , Histoplasmosis/diagnosis , Histoplasmosis/drug therapy , Histoplasmosis/epidemiology , Histoplasmosis/etiology
11.
Bol. Asoc. Méd. P. R ; 81(8): 300-7, ago. 1989. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-78612

ABSTRACT

El Parvovirus humano (PVH), como otros Parvovirus, es capaz de replicarse autónomamente, mide 23mm y tiene ácido deoxiribonucléico de cadena sencilla como material genético. La infección en humanos da lugar a un cuadro viral no específico durante el prodromo seguido por viremia. Esta puede dar lugar a diferentes tipos de erupciones (incluyendo el síndrome de eritema infeccioso) y/o artropatías. También se le ha asociado a un aumento en abortos espontáneos en mujeres embarazadas con infección aguda y es la causa de las crisis aplásticas en pacientes con anemias hemolíticas. Múltiples Parvovirus serológicamente diferentes al PVH se encuentran en las heces fecales y son la causa principal de la gastroenteritis infecciosa aguda no bacteriana en personas mayores de cinco años de edad


Subject(s)
Pregnancy , Humans , Male , Female , Parvoviridae Infections/complications , Parvoviridae Infections/epidemiology , Parvoviridae Infections/transmission , Parvoviridae/classification , Parvoviridae/genetics
12.
Bol. Asoc. Méd. P. R ; 77(5): 191-4, mayo 1985. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-32276

ABSTRACT

La eficacia y seguridad de aztreonam fue evaluada en 23 pacientes con infecciones agudas de tejido blando que incluían celulitis, úlceras, abscesos e infecciones de herida. Los pacientes recibieron las siguientes dosis endovenosas de aztreonam: 16 pacientes recibieron 1gm cada 8 horas, 5 pacientes recibieron 1gms cada 8 horas y 2 pacientes recibieron 0.5gm cada 8 horas. Una segunda droga fue administrada concomitantemente con aztreonam por vía endovenosa en la siguiente forma: 20 pacientes recibieron nafcilina 2gms cada 4 horas y 3 pacientes recibieron clindamicina 0.6gm cada 6 horas. La mayoría de los pacientes estaban seriamente enfermos con condiciones subyacentes como diabetes mellitus de un promedio de duración de 14 años (límites entre 2 y 40 años) en 19 de 23 pacientes (82%). Escherichia coli fue el organismo aislado más frecuentemente. La respuesta clínica demostró cura en 23/23 pacientes tratados. La respuesta bacteriológica demostró cura en 20/23 pacientes. Hubo 3 fallas bacteriológicas: la primera fue una superinfección con Pseudomonas maltophilia la segunda fue una pulmonía adquirida en el hospital y la tercera fue una superinfección con flora mixta (Enterococo, Staphylococcus aureus y Enterobacter aerogenes). No se documentaron efectos adversos serios. Aztreonam resultó ser un agente efectivo, seguro y valioso en el tratamiento de infecciones agudas de tejido blando causadas por bacilos aeróbicos gram-negativos susceptibles


Subject(s)
Humans , Clindamycin/therapeutic use , Diabetes Mellitus/complications , Foot Diseases/drug therapy , Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , Lactams/therapeutic use , Nafcillin/therapeutic use , Drug Therapy, Combination , Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria
13.
Bol. Asoc. Méd. P. R ; 80(5): 169-72, mayo 1988.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-67561

ABSTRACT

El síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (SIDA) es una infección que de alguna forma u otra envuelve todas las áreas de la práctica médica. La condición afecta a ambos sexos en poblaciones selectas. En Puerto Rico se estima que un 2% en poblaciones definidas de mujeres embarazadas está infectada. El manejo de este tipo de paciente es importante por las implicaciones epidemiológicas que representa. El trabajo presenta una serie de guías para el manejo de este tipo de paciente desde la etapa pre-parto hasta el período post-parto. Estas guías no son substituto para las precauciones universales


Subject(s)
Pregnancy , Humans , Female , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/therapy , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/therapy , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , Candidiasis/etiology , Candidiasis/drug therapy , Cytomegalovirus Infections/drug therapy , Cytomegalovirus Infections/etiology , Opportunistic Infections/etiology , Opportunistic Infections/drug therapy , Ketoconazole/therapeutic use , Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/drug therapy , Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/etiology , Sulfamethoxazole/therapeutic use
14.
Bol. Asoc. Méd. P. R ; 82(3): 125-8, mar. 1990.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-83269

ABSTRACT

La osteomielitis en pacientes con insuficiencia vascular periférica (IVP) tiene unas características que hacen que su manejo sea complicado y controversial. Por lo general, conlleva un curso prolognado de antibióticos endovenosos de amplio espectro, con la consecuente hospitalización, mayor riesgo de efectos secundarios y alto costo. Durante los últimos años los investigadores han desarrollado las fluoroquinolonas, que pueden ayudar a simplificar dicho tratamiento. Estos agentes son inhibidores de la síntesis de ácido desoxirribonucleico bacteriano. Entre estos, ciprofloxacin es uno de los más activos. Esta se caracteriza por ser de amplio espectro, se absorbe rápidamente al administrarse por via oral, el paciente lo tolera bien, se puede dar solo dos veces al día, alcanza concentraciones terapéuticas en hueso y ha probado ser más efectiva que otros antibióticos en iguales condiciones. Aunque el desarrollo de resistencia en contra de esta no ha sido clínicamente significativa, si se ha reportado. Nos corresponde a los médicos la responsabilidad de usar las quinolonas correctamente para evitar el desarrollo de resistencia. Actualmente, ciprofloxacin esta indicada para el tratamiento de osteomielitis en pacientes con IVP, si está documentada bacteriológicamente. No debe usarse empíricamente. Nosotros administramos 750 mg cada 12 horas durante 3 a 6 meses. No presentamos a ciprofloxacin como una panacea, sino como una alternativa efectiva, con indicaciones específicas que pueden disminuir el costo del tratamiento de la osteomielitis asociada a IVP


Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use , Ciprofloxacin/therapeutic use , Vascular Diseases/complications , Osteomyelitis/drug therapy , Perna/blood supply , Ciprofloxacin/pharmacokinetics , Ciprofloxacin/pharmacology , Osteomyelitis/complications , Drug Resistance, Microbial
15.
Bol. Asoc. Méd. P. R ; 83(2): 65-8, feb. 1991.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-97776

ABSTRACT

Cryptosporidio en un parásito que se caracteriza entre otras enfermedades por la formación de diarreas crónicas acuosos. El curso de la enfermedad depende mayormente del estado inmunológico del paciente. Las diarreas pueden causar hasta un 80% de mortalidad en pacientes inmunosuprimidos como de SIDA. Aunque hasta el momento no existe ningún tipo de terapia efectiva, resultados prometedores se le han atribuido al uso de Espiromicina, Eritromicina, Somatostatina y sus análogos, y a Zidovudina


Subject(s)
Humans , Cryptosporidiosis , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , Cryptosporidiosis/diagnosis , Cryptosporidiosis/drug therapy , Cryptosporidiosis/parasitology , Cryptosporidiosis/transmission , Somatostatin/analogs & derivatives , Somatostatin/therapeutic use , Spiramycin/therapeutic use , Zidovudine/therapeutic use
16.
Bol. Asoc. Méd. P. R ; 83(12): 548-51, dic. 1991. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-117749

ABSTRACT

Las personas infectadas por el virus immunodeficiencia humana frecuentemente tienen manifestaciones clínicas de disfunción del sistema nervioso central. Esto puede ser envolvimiento primario o procesos secundários como infecciones o tumores. El trabajo que presentamos es un resumen corto de las manifestaciones radiológicas de afectación del sistema nervioso central en pacientes con SIDA según se ve en CT o MRI. Incluimos los hallazgos radiológicos de encefalitis por HIV-1, toxoplasmosis, linfoma primario del SNC, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, encefalitis por CMV, virus de herpes y varicella. Esperamos que este trabajo ayude en el manejo del paciente con SIDA


Subject(s)
Humans , Central Nervous System , Central Nervous System Diseases/diagnosis , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/diagnosis , Tomography Scanners, X-Ray Computed , Central Nervous System/pathology , Central Nervous System Diseases/complications , Opportunistic Infections/complications , Opportunistic Infections/diagnosis , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications
17.
Bol. Asoc. Méd. P. R ; 83(11): 487-8, nov. 1991.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-117759

ABSTRACT

Se presenta la escrofulosis desde una perspectiva histórica recalcando su importancia en la era de infección por el VIH. Se repasa la epidemiología de esta enfermedad micobacteriana y el rol de las micobacterias no tuberculosas y M. tuberculosis. Se discuten las alternativas diagnósticas y terapéuticas


Subject(s)
Humans , HIV-1 , Opportunistic Infections/epidemiology , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Tuberculosis, Lymph Node/epidemiology , Incidence , Opportunistic Infections/diagnosis , Opportunistic Infections/etiology , Opportunistic Infections/therapy , HIV Infections/complications , HIV Infections/diagnosis , HIV Infections/therapy , Tuberculosis, Lymph Node/diagnosis , Tuberculosis, Lymph Node/etiology
18.
Bol. Asoc. Méd. P. R ; 83(3): 109-11, mar. 1991.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-100936

ABSTRACT

El virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) es un retrovirus responsable de la condición conocida como SIDA y se presenta desde su perspectiva biológica. Se describe la estructura viral y su relación a la patogénesis de la infección y a su relación con las manifestaciones de la enfermedad. La tecnología para la detección de infección por el virus se describe al igual que la importancia de seropositividad. Las manifestaciones se describen en relación al virus y también a la posible intervención. No tenemos otra alternativa que no sea educación


Subject(s)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , HIV , HIV/isolation & purification , HIV/pathogenicity , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/diagnosis , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/therapy
19.
Bol. Asoc. Méd. P. R ; 83(4): 154-6, abr. 1991.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-107889

ABSTRACT

Los vibrios halofílicos son bacterías gram-negativas en forma de bacilos curvos que requieren altas concentraciones de sal para sobrevivir. Usualmente se encuentran en el medio ambiente marino a través del mundo. Las infeccioens causadas por estos organismos están usualmente asociados con la ingesta de marisco o la exposición de alguna herida a agua de mar. La presentación clínica y severidad de estas infecciones es muy variada. La presentación más común son síntomas no muy severos de gastroenteritis, pero puden ocurrir infecciones de tejido blando y septicemias presentando mortalidad elevada especialmente en pacientes con condiciones hepáticas pre-existentes. La detección temprana e inicio de tratamiento adequado con tetraciclina es de suma importancia debido a la rápida progresión de esta infección


Subject(s)
Vibrio Infections , Seawater , Vibrio Infections/diagnosis , Vibrio Infections/drug therapy , Vibrio Infections/epidemiology , Vibrio Infections/etiology , Vibrio Infections/prevention & control , Water Microbiology
20.
Bol. Asoc. Méd. P. R ; 82(1): 8-17, ene. 1990. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-82779

ABSTRACT

Los macrólidos, lincosaminas, tetraciclinas y cloramfenicol son antibióticos no relacionamento estructuralmente que comparten como mecanismo de acción la inhibición de la síntesis de proteínas. A pesar de sus diferencias individuales, se pueden clasificar como agentes de amplio espectro con uso en el manejo de una gran variedad de infecciones. A consecuencia de la similitud entre estos compuestos en cuanto a mecanismos de acción, el uso concurrente o en secuencia de los mismos debe ejercer-se con cautela. Dicha práctica podría resultar en antagonismo entre los agentes o en la inducción de resistencia bacteriana. Es importante, por tanto, entender la función de estos antibióticos y la interacciones potenciales que existen entre ellos. Se discuten las indicaciones, interacciones, mecanismos de acción, efectos adversos y contraindicaciones


Subject(s)
Chloramphenicol/therapeutic use , Clindamycin/therapeutic use , Erythromycin/therapeutic use , Lincomycin/therapeutic use , Tetracyclines/therapeutic use , Chloramphenicol/adverse effects , Chloramphenicol/pharmacokinetics , Chloramphenicol/pharmacology , Clindamycin/adverse effects , Clindamycin/pharmacokinetics , Clindamycin/pharmacology , Drug Interactions , Erythromycin/adverse effects , Erythromycin/pharmacokinetics , Erythromycin/pharmacology , Lincomycin/pharmacokinetics , Tetracyclines/adverse effects , Tetracyclines/pharmacokinetics , Tetracyclines/pharmacology
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