ABSTRACT
We report a rare and unusual case of invasive Enterobius vermicularis infection in a fallopian tube. The patient was a 23-year-old Malaysian woman who presented with suprapubic pain and vaginal bleeding. A clinical diagnosis of ruptured right ovarian ectopic pregnancy was made. She underwent a laparotomy with a right salpingo-oophorectomy. Histopathological examination of the right fallopian tube showed eggs and adult remnants of E. vermicularis, and the results were confirmed using PCR and DNA sequencing.
Subject(s)
Enterobiasis/diagnosis , Enterobius/isolation & purification , Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/diagnosis , Pregnancy, Ectopic/diagnosis , Salpingitis/diagnosis , Animals , DNA, Helminth/chemistry , DNA, Helminth/genetics , Enterobiasis/pathology , Enterobiasis/surgery , Fallopian Tubes/parasitology , Fallopian Tubes/pathology , Female , Histocytochemistry , Humans , Laparoscopy , Malaysia , Ovariectomy , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/parasitology , Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/pathology , Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/surgery , Salpingectomy , Salpingitis/parasitology , Salpingitis/pathology , Salpingitis/surgery , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Young AdultABSTRACT
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in Malaysia. Recently, a new nomenclature was introduced for breast cancers with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) immunohistochemistry (IHC) 1+, or 2+ with negative in situ hybridization (ISH), i.e., HER2-low breast cancer. In current clinical practice, these breast cancers are reported as HER2-negative. Clinical trials have shown that HER2-low breast cancer benefits from targeted therapy with anti-HER2 antibody-drug conjugates. Unfortunately, various challenges and obstacles are faced by local pathologists in HER2 testing, which may jeopardize the standard of care for patients with HER2-low breast cancer. This consensus guideline aims to elucidate standard practices pertaining to HER2 testing and HER2-low interpretation in Malaysia. Topics discussed among a panel of local experts include tissue sampling and handling, assay and antibody selection, result interpretation and reporting, and quality assurance. Practice recommendations made in this consensus guideline reflect current international guidelines and, where appropriate, adapted to the Malaysian landscape.