Use of the Indigo CAT RX aspiration system during percutaneous coronary intervention.

BACKGROUND: The use of the Indigo CAT RX Aspiration System (Penumbra Inc.) during percutaneous coronary intervention has received limited study. METHODS: We retrospectively examined the clinical, angiographic, and procedural characteristics, outcomes, and follow-up of patients who underwent mechanical aspiration thrombectomy with the Indigo CAT RX system (Penumbra Inc.) at a large tertiary care hospital between January 2019 and April 2023. RESULTS: During the study period, 83 patients (85 lesions) underwent thrombectomy with the Indigo CAT RX. Mean patient age was 64.9 ± 14.48 years and 31.2% were women. The most common presentations were ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (MI) (66.2%) and non-ST-segment elevation MI (26.5%). A final thrombolysis in MI flow grade of 3 and final myocardial blush grade of 3 were achieved in 76% and 46% of the cases, respectively. Technical success was achieved in 88.9% of the cases that included Indigo CAT RX treatment only, compared with 57.1% of the cases that also included manual aspiration. There were no device-related serious adverse events. At 30-day postprocedure, the incidence of major adverse cardiac events (composite of cardiovascular death, recurrent MI, cardiogenic shock, new or worsening New York Heart Association Class IV heart failure, stroke) was 8.5%: 1.3% stroke (postprocedure, in-hospital), 1.3% MI, 6.1% cardiac death, and 7.5% developed cardiogenic shock. CONCLUSIONS: Use of the Indigo CAT RX system is associated with high technical success and acceptable risk of complications, including stroke.

International survey of chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention operators.

BACKGROUND: Contemporary chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) practice has received limited study. AIM: To examine the contemporary CTO PCI practice. METHODS: We performed an online, anonymous, international survey of CTO PCI operators. RESULTS: Five hundred forty-five CTO PCI operators and 190 interventional cardiology fellows with an interest in CTO PCI participated in this survey. Almost half were from the United States (41%), most (93%) were men, and the median h/week spent in the hospital was 58. Median annual case numbers were 205 (150-328) for PCIs and 20 (5-50) for CTO PCIs. Almost one-fifth (17%) entered CTO cases into registries, such as PROGRESS-CTO (55%) and EuroCTO (20%). More than one-third worked at academic institutions (39%), 31% trained dedicated CTO fellows, and 22% proctored CTO PCI. One-third (34%) had dedicated CTO PCI days. Most (51%) never discharged CTO patients the same day, while 17% discharged CTO patients the same day >50% of the time. After successful guidewire crossing, 38% used intravascular imaging >90% of the time. Most used CTO scores including J-CTO (81%), PROGRESS-CTO (35%), and PROGRESS-CTO complications scores (30%). Coronary artery perforation was encountered within the last month by 19%. On a scale of 0-10, the median comfort levels in treating coronary artery perforation were: covered stents 8.8 (7.0-10), coil embolization 5.0 (2.1-8.5), and fat embolization 3.7 (0.6-7.3). Most (51%) participants had a complication cart/kit and 25% conducted regular complication drills with catheterization laboratory staff. CONCLUSION: Contemporary CTO PCI practices vary widely. Further research on barriers to following the guiding principles of CTO PCI may improve patient outcomes.

Retrograde chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention via ipsilateral collaterals.

BACKGROUND: There is limited data on retrograde chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) via ipsilateral epicardial collaterals (IEC). AIMS: To compare the clinical and angiographic characteristics, and outcomes of retrograde CTO PCI via IEC versus other collaterals in a large multicenter registry. METHODS: Observational cohort study from the Prospective Global registry for the study of Chronic Total Occlusion Intervention (PROGRESS-CTO). RESULTS: Of 4466 retrograde cases performed between 2012 and 2023, crossing through IEC was attempted in 191 (4.3%) cases with 50% wiring success. The most common target vessel in the IEC group was the left circumflex (50%), in comparison to other retrograde cases, where the right coronary artery was most common (70%). The Japanese CTO score was similar between the two groups (3.13 ± 1.23 vs. 3.06 ± 1.06, p = 0.456); however, the IEC group had a higher Prospective Global Registry for the Study of Chronic Total Occlusion Intervention (PROGRESS-CTO) score (1.95 ± 1.02 vs. 1.27 ± 0.92, p < 0.0001). The most used IEC guidewire was the SUOH 03 (39%), and the most frequently used microcatheter was the Caravel (43%). Dual injection was less common in IEC cases (66% vs. 89%, p < 0.0001). Technical (76% vs. 79%, p = 0.317) and procedural success rates (74% vs. 79%, p = 0.281) were not different between the two groups. However, IEC cases had a higher procedural complications rate (25.8% vs. 16.4%, p = 0.0008), including perforations (17.3% vs. 9.0%, p = 0.0001), pericardiocentesis (3.1% vs. 1.2%, p = 0.018), and dissection/thrombus of the donor vessel (3.7% vs. 1.2%, p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: The use of IEC for retrograde CTO PCI was associated with similar technical and procedural success rates when compared with other retrograde cases, but higher incidence of periprocedural complications.

Validation of the BCIS CHIP Score in chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention.

BACKGROUND: The complex high-risk indicated percutaneous coronary intervention (CHIP) score is a tool developed using the British Cardiovascular Intervention Society (BCIS) database to define CHIP cases and predict in-hospital major adverse cardiac or cerebrovascular events (MACCE). AIM: To assess the validity of the CHIP score in chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS: We evaluated the performance of the CHIP score on 8341 CTO PCIs from the Prospective Global Registry for the Study of Chronic Total Occlusion Intervention (PROGRESS-CTO) performed at 44 centers between 2012 and 2023. RESULTS: In our cohort, 7.8% (n = 647) of patients had a CHIP score of 0, 50.2% (n = 4192) had a CHIP score of 1-2, 26.2% (n = 2187) had a CHIP score of 3-4, 11.7% (n = 972) had a CHIP score of 5-6, 3.3% (n = 276) had a CHIP score of 7-8, and 0.8% (n = 67) had a CHIP score of 9+. The incidence of MACCE for a CHIP score of 0 was 0.6%, reaching as high as 8.7% for a CHIP score of 9+, confirming that a higher CHIP score is associated with a higher risk of MACCE. The estimated increase in the risk of MACCE per one score unit increase was 100% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 65%-141%). The AUC of the CHIP score model for predicting MACCE in our cohort was 0.63 (95% CI: 0.58-0.67). There was a positive correlation between the CHIP score and the PROGRESS-CTO MACE score (Spearman's correlation: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.35-0.39; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The CHIP score has modest predictive capacity for MACCE in CTO PCI.

Impact of age over 70 years in the new allocation system on the outcomes of heart transplantation in the US.

BACKGROUND: United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) allocation criteria changed in 2018 to accommodate the increased prevalence of patients on a ventricular assist device as a bridge to heart transplant and prioritize sicker people in anticipation of a heart graft. We aimed to assess the impact of patient age in the new allocation policy on mortality following heart transplantation. Secondary outcomes included the effect of age ≥70 on post-transplant events, including stroke, dialysis, pacemaker, and rejection requiring treatment. METHODS: The UNOS Registry was queried to identify patients who underwent heart transplants alone in the US between 2000 and 2021. Patients were divided into groups according to their age (over 70 and under 70 years old). RESULTS: Patients aged over 70 were more likely to require dialysis during follow-up, but less likely to experience rejection requiring treatment, compared with patients aged <70. Age ≥70 in the new allocation system was a significant predictor of 1-year mortality (adjusted HR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.05-1.91; p = .024), but its effect on 5-year mortality was not significant after adjusting for potential confounders (adjusted HR: 1.27; 95% CI:.97-1.66; p = .077). Undergoing transplantation under the new allocation policy vs the old allocation policy was not a significant predictor of mortality in patients over 70 years old. CONCLUSIONS: Age ≥70 is a significant predictor of 1-year mortality following heart transplantation, but not at 5 and 10 years; however, the new allocation does not seem to have changed the outcomes for this group of patients.

Impact of proximal cap ambiguity on the procedural techniques and outcomes of chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention: Insights from the PROGRESS-CTO Registry.

BACKGROUND: Proximal cap ambiguity is a key parameter in the global chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) crossing algorithm. METHODS: We examined the baseline characteristics and procedural outcomes of 9718 CTO PCIs performed in 9498 patients at 41 US and non-US centers between 2012 and 2022. RESULTS: Proximal cap ambiguity was present in 35% of CTO lesions. Patients whose lesions had proximal cap ambiguity were more likely to have had prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery (37% vs. 24%; p < 0.001). Lesions with proximal cap ambiguity were more complex with higher J-CTO score (3.1 ± 1.0 vs. 2.0 ± 1.2; p < 0.001) and lower technical (79% vs. 90%; p < 0.001) and procedural (77% vs. 89%; p < 0.001) success rates compared with nonambiguous CTO lesions. The incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) was higher in cases with proximal cap ambiguity (2.5% vs. 1.7%; p < 0.001). The retrograde approach was more commonly used among cases with ambiguous proximal cap (50% vs. 21%; p < 0.001) and was more likely to be the final successful crossing strategy (29% vs. 13%; p < 0.001). The antegrade dissection and re-entry (ADR) "move-the-cap" techniques were also more common among cases with proximal cap ambiguity. CONCLUSIONS: Proximal cap ambiguity in CTO lesions is associated with higher utilization of the retrograde approach and ADR, lower technical and procedural success rates, and higher incidence of in-hospital MACE.

Impact of lesion length on the outcomes of chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention: Insights from the PROGRESS-CTO registry.

BACKGROUND: The impact of occlusion length on the procedural techniques and outcomes of chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has received limited study. METHODS: We examined the clinical and angiographic characteristics and procedural outcomes of 10,335 CTO PCIs at 42 US and non-US centers between 2012 and 2022. The cohort was divided into two groups based on lesion length (≥20 mm vs. <20 mm). RESULTS: Long lesions were present in 7208 (70%) patients. Comorbidities were more common in patients with long CTOs. Compared with short lesions, long lesions had higher J-CTO score (2.8 ± 1.1 vs. 1.3 ± 1; p < 0.001) and retrograde wiring was more often the initial (15.5% vs. 4.0%; p < 0.001) and successful (22.8% vs. 8.2%; p < 0.001) crossing strategy. Long lesions were more likely to require longer procedure (123 vs. 91 min; p < 0.001) and fluoroscopy (47.1 vs. 32.2 min; p < 0.001) time, larger contrast volume (218 vs. 200 mL; p < 0.001) and higher air kerma radiation dose (2.4 vs. 1.7 Gy; p < 0.001). After adjusting for potential confounders, long lesions were associated with lower technical success (odds ratio [OR]: 0.91 per 10 mm increase; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.88, 0.94) and higher major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) (OR: 1.08 per 10 mm increase; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.15). CONCLUSIONS: CTO PCI of long occlusions is independently associated with lower rates of technical success and higher rates of in-hospital MACE.

Balloon-assisted subintimal entry (BASE) in chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary interventions.

BACKGROUND: There is limited data on the use of the balloon-assisted subintimal entry (BASE) technique in chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS: We analyzed the baseline clinical and angiographic characteristics and outcomes of 155 CTO PCIs that utilized the BASE technique at 31 US and non-US centers between 2016 and 2023. RESULTS: The BASE technique was used in 155 (7.9%) of 1968 antegrade dissection and re-entry (ADR) cases performed during the study period. The mean age was 66 ± 10 years, 88.9% of the patients were men, and the prevalence of diabetes (44.6%), hypertension (90.5%), and dyslipidemia (88.7%) was high. Compared with 1813 ADR cases that did not use BASE, the target vessel of the BASE cases was more commonly the RCA and less commonly the LAD. Lesions requiring BASE had longer occlusion length (42 ± 23 vs. 37 ± 23 mm, p = 0.011), higher Japanese CTO (J-CTO) (3.4 ± 1.0 vs. 3.0 ± 1.1, p < 0.001) and PROGRESS-CTO (Prospective Global Registry for the Study of Chronic Total Occlusion Intervention chronic total occlusion) (1.8 ± 1.0 vs. 1.5 ± 1.0, p = 0.008) scores, and were more likely to have proximal cap ambiguity, side branch at the proximal cap, blunt/no stump, moderate to severe calcification, and proximal tortuosity. Technical (71.6% vs. 75.5%, p = 0.334) and procedural success (71.6% vs. 72.8%, p = 0.821), as well as major adverse cardiac events (MACE) (1.3% vs. 4.1%, p = 0.124), were similar in ADR cases that used BASE and those that did not. CONCLUSIONS: The BASE technique is used in CTOs with longer occlusion length, higher J-CTO score, and more complex angiographic characteristics, and is associated with moderate success but also low MACE.

Impact of preprocedural anemia on in-hospital and follow-up outcomes of chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention.

BACKGROUND: The impact of preprocedural anemia on the outcomes of chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has received limited study. METHODS: We examined the clinical and angiographic characteristics and procedural outcomes of 8633 CTO PCIs performed at 39 US and non-US centers between 2012 and 2023. Anemia was defined as a hemoglobin level of <13 g/dL in men and <12 g/dL in women. RESULTS: Anemia was present in 1652 (19%) patients undergoing CTO PCI. Anemic patients had a higher incidence of comorbidities, such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral arterial disease. CTOs in anemic patients were more likely to have complex angiographic characteristics, including smaller diameter, longer length, moderate to severe calcification, and moderate to severe proximal tortuosity. Anemic patients required longer procedure (119 vs. 107 min; p < 0.001) and fluoroscopy (45 vs. 40 min; p < 0.001) times but received similar contrast volumes. Technical success was similar between the two groups. In-hospital major adverse cardiac events (MACE) rates were higher in patients with anemia; however, this association was no longer significant after adjusting for confounding factors. Baseline anemia was independently associated with follow-up MACE (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 1.63; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07-2.49; p = 0.023) and all-cause mortality (adjusted HR: 3.03; 95% CI: 1.41-6.49; p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Preprocedural anemia is associated with more comorbidities, higher lesion complexity, longer procedure times, and higher follow-up MACE and mortality after CTO PCI.

Aortocoronary dissection during percutaneous coronary interventions for chronic total occlusion: Insights from the PROGRESS-CTO registry.

BACKGROUND: Aortocoronary dissection is a potentially serious complication of chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS: We examined the incidence, mechanisms, treatment, and outcomes of aortocoronary dissection among 12,117 CTO PCIs performed between 2012 and 2022 in a large multicenter CTO PCI registry. RESULTS: The incidence of aortocoronary dissection was 0.2% (n = 27). Most aortocoronary dissections occurred in the right coronary artery (96.3%, n = 26). The baseline clinical characteristics of patients with and without aortocoronary dissection were similar, except for dyslipidemia, which was less common in patients with aortocoronary dissection (70.4% vs. 86.0%; p = 0.019). The retrograde approach was used more commonly among cases complicated by aortocoronary dissection (59.3% vs. 31.0%; p = 0.002). Technical (74.1% vs. 86.6%; p = 0.049) and procedural (70.4% vs. 85.2%; p = 0.031) success rates were lower among aortocoronary dissection cases, with a similar incidence of in-hospital major adverse cardiovascular events (3.7% vs. 2.0%; p = 0.541). Of the 27 patients with aortocoronary dissection, 19 (70.4%) were treated with ostial stenting and 8 (29.6%) were treated conservatively without subsequent adverse clinical outcomes. No patients required emergency surgery. Follow-up was available for 22 patients (81.5%): during a mean follow up of 767 (±562) days, the incidence of in-stent restenosis was 11.1% (n = 3). CONCLUSIONS: Aortocoronary dissection occurred in 0.2% of CTO PCIs performed by experienced operators, was associated with lower technical and procedural success, and was treated most commonly with ostial stenting. None of the patients required emergency cardiac surgery.

Same day discharge versus overnight observation following chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention: Insights from the PROGRESS-CTO registry.

BACKGROUND: Same day discharge (SDD) following chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has received limited study. METHODS: We evaluated the clinical, angiographic, and procedural characteristics of patients discharged the same day versus those kept for overnight observation in the Prospective Global Registry for the Study of Chronic Total Occlusion Intervention (PROGRESS-CTO, NCT02061436). RESULTS: Of the 7181 patients who underwent CTO PCI, 943 (13%) had SDD. The SDD rate increased from 3% in 2015 to 21% in 2022. Patients with SDD were less likely to have a history of heart failure (21% vs. 26%, p = 0.005), chronic lung disease (10% vs. 15%, p = 0.001), or anemia (12% vs. 19%, p < 0.001). Technical success (87% vs. 88%, p = 0.289) was similar, but in-hospital major adverse cardiovascular events (0.0% vs. 0.4%, p = 0.041) were lower in SDD. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, prior myocardial infarction odds ratio (OR): 0.71 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.59-0.87, p = 0.001), chronic lung disease OR: 0.64 (95% CI: 0.47-0.88, p = 0.006), and increasing procedure time OR: 0.93 (95% CI: 0.91-0.95, p < 0.001, per 10-min increase) were associated with overnight observation, while radial-only access OR: 2.45 (95% CI: 2.03-2.96, p < 0.001) had the strongest association with SDD. In the SDD, 2 (0.4%) of 514 patients were readmitted, due to retroperitoneal bleeding (n = 1) and ischemic stroke (n = 1). CONCLUSION: The overall frequency of SDD after CTO PCI was 13% and has been increasing over time. SDD is feasible in select patients following CTO PCI, and radial-only access had the strongest association with SDD.

Incidence, mechanisms, treatment, and outcomes of donor vessel injury during percutaneous coronary interventions for chronic total occlusion.

BACKGROUND: Donor vessel injury is a potentially life-threatening complication of chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). AIMS: Our goal was to examine the incidence, mechanisms, treatment, and outcomes of patients with donor vessel injury in a large multicenter CTO PCI registry. METHODS: We analyzed the baseline clinical and angiographic characteristics, and procedural outcomes of 12,349 CTO PCIs performed between 2012 and 2022 at 44 centers. RESULTS: The incidence of donor vessel injury was 0.35% (n = 43). The baseline clinical characteristics of patients with and without donor vessel injury were similar. Cases complicated by donor vessel injury were more complex with higher Japanese CTO score (2.9 ± 1.1 vs. 2.4 ± 1.3; p = 0.004) and lower procedural success rate (69.8% vs. 85.2%; p = 0.004). The retrograde approach was used more commonly in donor vessel injury cases (68.9% vs. 30.9%; p < 0.001). Most (53.5%) donor vessel injuries were guide catheter-induced, whereas 20.9% were due to donor vessel thrombosis. Of the 43 patients with donor vessel injury, 36 (83.7%) were treated with stenting and seven (16.3%) received a left ventricular assist device. The incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) was significantly higher in cases with donor vessel injury (23.3% vs. 2.0%; p < 0.001). Of the 43 patients with donor vessel injury, five patients (11.6%) experienced acute myocardial infarction and four patients (9.3%) died. CONCLUSIONS: Donor vessel injury, occurred in 0.35% of CTO PCIs performed by experienced operators, was mainly due to guide catheter-induced dissection or thrombosis and was associated with lower procedural success and higher MACE.

External validation of the PROGRESS-CTO perforation risk score: Individual patient data pooled analysis of three registries.

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery perforation is one of the most feared and common complications of chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS: To assess the usefulness of the recently developed PROGRESS-CTO (NCT02061436) perforation risk score in independent cohorts. Individual patient-level data pooled analysis of three registries was performed. RESULTS: Of the 4566 patients who underwent CTO PCI at 25 centers, 196 (4.2%) had coronary artery perforation. Patients with perforations were older (69 ± 10 vs. 65 ± 10, p < 0.001), more likely to be women (19% vs. 13%, p = 0.009), more likely to have a history of prior coronary artery bypass graft (34% vs. 20%, p < 0.001), and unfavorable angiographic characteristics such as blunt stump (62% vs. 48%, p < 0.001), proximal cap ambiguity (52% vs. 34%, p < 0.001), and moderate-severe calcification (60% vs. 49%, p = 0.002). Technical success was lower in patients with perforations (73% vs. 88%, p < 0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the PROGRESS-CTO perforation risk model was 0.76 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72-0.79), with good calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow p = 0.97). We found that the CTO PCI perforation risk increased with higher PROGRESS-CTO perforation scores: 0.3% (score 0), 2.3% (score 1), 3.1% (score 2), 5.5% (score 3), 7.5% (score 4), 14.6% (score 5). CONCLUSION: Given the good discriminative performance, calibration, and the ease of calculation, the PROGRESS-CTO perforation score may facilitate assessment of the risk of perforation in patients undergoing CTO PCI.

Impact of new allocation system on length of stay following heart transplantation in the United States.

BACKGROUND: United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) allocation criteria changed in 2018 to accommodate the increased prevalence of ventricular assist device use as a bridge to heart transplant, which consequently prioritized sicker patients. We aimed to assess the impact of this new allocation policy on the length of stay following heart transplantation. Secondary outcomes include other risk factors for prolonged hospitalization and its effect on mortality and postoperative complications. METHODS: The UNOS Registry was queried to identify patients who underwent isolated heart transplants in the United States between 2001 and 2023. Patients were divided into quartiles according to their respective length of stay. RESULTS: A total of 57 020 patients were included, 15 357 of which were allocated with the new system. The median hospital length of stay was 15 days (mean 22.7 days). Length of stay was longer in the new allocation era (25 ± 30 vs. 22 ± 27 days, p < .001). The longer length of stay was associated with increased 5-year mortality in the new allocation system (aHR: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.15, 1.20; p-value: < .001). CONCLUSION: Longer hospital stays and associated observed increased risk for mortality in the era after the allocation criteria change reflect the rationale of this shift which was to prioritize heart transplants for sicker patients. Further studies are needed to track the progress of surgical and perioperative management of these studies over time.

An algorithmic approach to balloon undilatable coronary lesions.

Balloon undilatable lesions are lesions that have been successfully crossed by both a guidewire and a balloon but cannot be expanded despite multiple high-pressure balloon inflations. Balloon undilatable lesions can be de novo or in-stent. We describe a systematic, algorithmic approach to treat both de novo and in-stent balloon undilatable lesions using various techniques, such as high-pressure balloon inflation, plaque modification balloons, intravascular lithotripsy, very high-pressure balloon inflation, coronary atherectomy, laser coronary angioplasty, and extraplaque lesion crossing. Knowledge of the various techniques can increase the efficiency, success and safety of the procedure.

Validation of the J-Channel Score for retrograde channel crossing in the PROGRESS-CTO registry.

Successful collateral channel (CC) crossing is essential for the success of retrograde chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Based on the Japanese CTO PCI expert registry, the J-Channel score was developed to predict CC crossing. We examined the performance of the J-Channel score in patients who underwent retrograde CTO-PCI at 31 centers between 2013-2023 as part of the Prospective Global Registry for the Study of CTO Intervention (PROGRESS-CTO). We observed an association between successful CC crossing and the J-Channel score, its predictive efficacy was modest for both wire and microcatheter crossing.

Left ventricular myocardial work improves in response to treatment and is associated with survival among patients with light chain cardiac amyloidosis.

AIMS: Complete haematologic response to treatment for light chain cardiac amyloidosis (AL-CA) may lead to improvement of myocardial function and better outcomes. We sought to evaluate the effect of response to treatment for AL-CA on echocardiographic indices of myocardial deformation and work and their prognostic significance. METHODS AND RESULTS: Sixty-one patients treated for AL were enrolled and underwent echocardiographic assessment at baseline and at 1 year. Patients were stratified according to haematologic response as complete or not complete responders. A significant reduction in median N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) (2771-1486 pg/mL; P < 0.001) and posterior wall thickness (13-12 mm; P = 0.002) and an increase in global work index (GWI) (1115-1356 mmHg%; P = 0.018) was observed at 1 year. Patients with complete response (CR) had a more pronounced decrease in intraventricular septum thickness (14.2-12.0 mm; P = 0.006), improved global longitudinal strain (GLS) (-11.6 to -13.1%; P for interaction = 0.045), increased global constructive work (1245-1436 mmHg%; P = 0.008), and GWI (926-1250 mmHg%, P = 0.002) compared with non-CR. Furthermore, deltaGLS (ρspearman = 0.35; P < 0.001) and deltaGWI (ρspearman = -0.32; P = 0.02) correlated with delta NT-proBNP. Importantly, patients with GLS and GWI response had a better prognosis (log-rank P = 0.048 and log-rank P = 0.007, respectively). After adjustment for Mayo stage, gender, and response status, deltaGLS [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.404, P = 0.046 per 1% increase] and deltaGWI (HR = 0.996, P = 0.042 per 1mmHg% increase) were independent predictors of survival. CONCLUSION: Complete haematologic response to treatment is associated with improved left ventricular myocardial work indices, and their change is associated with improved survival in AL-CA.

Radiation dose during contemporary percutaneous coronary interventions for chronic total occlusion: insights from the PROGRESS-CTO registry.

Chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is associated with high radiation doses. In this manuscript, we examined the contemporary trends and determinants of radiation dose in the PROGRESS CTO (Prospective Global Registry for the Study of CTO Intervention; Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT02061436) registry. Radiation dose during CTO PCI did not change significantly since 2020, highlighting the need for innovation and operator education to further maintain radiation safety.

Interventional cardiologists' perspectives and knowledge towards artificial intelligence.

BACKGROUND: Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly utilized in interventional cardiology (IC) and holds the potential to revolutionize the field. METHODS: We conducted a global, web-based, anonymous survey of IC fellows and attendings to assess the knowledge and perceptions of interventional cardiologists regarding AI use in IC. RESULTS: A total of 521 interventional cardiologists participated in the survey. The median age range of participants was 36 to 45 years, most (51.5%) practice in the United States, and 7.5% were women. Most (84.7%) could explain well or somehow knew what AI is about, and 63.7% were optimistic/very optimistic about AI in IC. However, 73.5% believed that physicians know too little about AI to use it on patients and most (46.1%) agreed that training will be necessary. Only 22.1% were currently implementing AI in their personal clinical practice, while 60.6% estimated implementation of AI in their practice the next 5 years. Most agreed that AI will increase diagnostic efficiency, diagnostic accuracy, treatment selection, and healthcare expenditure, and decrease medical errors. The most tried AI-powered tools were image analysis (57.3%), ECG analysis (61.7%), and AI-powered algorithms (45.9%). Interventional cardiologists practicing in academic hospitals were more likely to have AI tools currently implemented in their clinical practice and to use them, women had a higher likelihood of expressing concerns regarding AI, and younger interventional cardiologists were more optimistic about AI integration in IC. CONCLUSIONS: Our survey suggests a positive attitude of interventional cardiologists regarding AI implementation in the field of IC.

Iso-osmolar vs low-osmolar contrast agents for coronary optical coherence tomography: a blinded prospective randomized controlled study.

BACKGROUND: The impact of contrast type on coronary optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging has received limited research. METHODS: We conducted a blinded, prospective, single-center, randomized, controlled crossover study comparing iso-osmolar contrast media (IOCM) with low-osmolar contrast media (LOCM) in patients undergoing clinically indicated coronary OCT imaging. Patients were randomly assigned to undergo OCT imaging with either IOCM or LOCM as the initial contrast medium. Following a washout period, a second run of OCT imaging of the same coronary vessel was performed using the other contrast medium. RESULTS: A total of 62 patients were randomized to IOCM first (n = 31) or LOCM first (n = 31). Mean patient age was 65.9 ± 11.2 years and 74.2% were male, with high prevalence of dyslipidemia (82.3%) and prior myocardial infarction (41.9%). Percutaneous coronary intervention was performed in 60 cases (96.8%) and the left anterior descending artery was the most common target vessel (53.3%). The contrast volume used for OCT imaging was similar for IOCM and LOCM (8.0 [6.9, 9.0] mL vs 8.0 [6.7, 9.0] mL; P = .89), as was the length of clear OCT images (70.0 [62.8, 74.0] mm for IOCM vs 70.0 [64.0, 74.0] mm for LOCM; P = .65). Electrocardiographic changes were observed in 11 runs with IOCM (ventricular repolarization changes in 9 runs and premature ventricular contractions [PVCs] in 2 runs) vs 12 runs with LOCM (ventricular repolarization changes in 9 runs and PVCs in 3 runs). CONCLUSIONS: The use of IOCM in coronary OCT is associated with similar contrast volume and clear imaging length when compared with LOCM.