Effect of empagliflozin on ectopic fat stores and myocardial energetics in type 2 diabetes: the EMPACEF study.

BACKGROUND: Empagliflozin is a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor that has demonstrated cardiovascular and renal protection in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). We hypothesized that empaglifozin (EMPA) could modulate ectopic fat stores and myocardial energetics in high-fat-high-sucrose (HFHS) diet mice and in type 2 diabetics (T2D). METHODS: C57BL/6 HFHS mice (n = 24) and T2D subjects (n = 56) were randomly assigned to 12 weeks of treatment with EMPA (30 mg/kg in mice, 10 mg/day in humans) or with placebo. A 4.7 T or 3 T MRI with 1H-MRS evaluation-myocardial fat (primary endpoint) and liver fat content (LFC)-were performed at baseline and at 12 weeks. In humans, standard cardiac MRI was coupled with myocardial energetics (PCr/ATP) measured with 31P-MRS. Subcutaneous (SAT) abdominal, visceral (VAT), epicardial and pancreatic fat were also evaluated. The primary efficacy endpoint was the change in epicardial fat volume between EMPA and placebo from baseline to 12 weeks. Secondary endpoints were the differences in PCr/ATP ratio, myocardial, liver and pancreatic fat content, SAT and VAT between groups at 12 weeks. RESULTS: In mice fed HFHS, EMPA significantly improved glucose tolerance and increased blood ketone bodies (KB) and ß-hydroxybutyrate levels (p < 0.05) compared to placebo. Mice fed HFHS had increased myocardial and liver fat content compared to standard diet mice. EMPA significantly attenuated liver fat content by 55%, (p < 0.001) but had no effect on myocardial fat. In the human study, all the 56 patients had normal LV function with mean LVEF = 63.4 ± 7.9%. Compared to placebo, T2D patients treated with EMPA significantly lost weight (- 2.6 kg [- 1.2; - 3.7]) and improved their HbA1c by 0.88 ± 0.74%. Hematocrit and EPO levels were significantly increased in the EMPA group compared to placebo (p < 0.0001, p = 0.041). EMPA significantly increased glycosuria and plasma KB levels compared to placebo (p < 0.0001, p = 0.012, respectively), and significantly reduced liver fat content (- 27 ± 23 vs. - 2 ± 24%, p = 0.0005) and visceral fat (- 7.8% [- 15.3; - 5.6] vs. - 0.1% [- 1.1;6.5], p = 0.043), but had no effect on myocardial or epicardial fat. At 12 weeks, no significant change was observed in the myocardial PCr/ATP (p = 0.57 between groups). CONCLUSIONS: EMPA effectively reduced liver fat in mice and humans without changing epicardial, myocardial fat or myocardial energetics, rebutting the thrifty substrate hypothesis for cardiovascular protection of SGLT2 inhibitors. Trial registration NCT, NCT03118336. Registered 18 April 2017, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03118336.

Association between extremely preterm caesarean delivery and maternal depressive and anxious symptoms: a national population-based cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether caesarean delivery before 26 weeks of gestation was associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety in mothers in comparison with deliveries between 26 and 34 weeks. DESIGN: Prospective national population-based EPIPAGE-2 cohort study. SETTING: 268 neonatology departments in France, March to December 2011. POPULATION: Mothers who delivered between 22 and 34 weeks and whose self-reported symptoms of depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale: CES-D) and anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: STAI) were assessed at the moment of neonatal discharge. METHODS: The association of caesarean delivery before 26 weeks with severe symptoms of depression (CES-D ≥16) and anxiety (STAI ≥45) was assessed by weighted and design-based log-linear regression model. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Severe symptoms of depression and anxiety in mothers of preterm infants. RESULTS: Among the 2270 women completing CES-D and STAI questionnaires at the time of neonatal discharge, severe symptoms of depression occurred in 25 (65.8%) women having a caesarean before 26 weeks versus in 748 (50.6%) women having a caesarean after 26 weeks. Caesarean delivery before 26 weeks was associated with severe symptoms of depression compared with caesarean delivery after 26 weeks (adjusted relative risk [aRR] 1.42, 95% CI 1.12-1.81) adjusted to neonatal birthweight and severe neonatal morbidity among other factors. There was no evidence of an association between mode of delivery and symptoms of anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: Mothers having a caesarean delivery before 26 weeks' gestation are at high risk of symptoms of depression and may benefit from specific preventive care. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: Mothers having caesarean delivery before 26 weeks' gestation are at high risk of symptoms of depression.

The impact of chorionicity on pregnancy outcome and neurodevelopment at 2 years old among twins born preterm: the EPIPAGE-2 cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the short- and mid-term outcomes of preterm twins by chorionicity of pregnancy. DESIGN: Prospective nationwide population-based EPIPAGE-2 cohort study. SETTING: 546 maternity units in France, between March and December 2011. POPULATION: A total of 1700 twin neonates born between 24 and 34 weeks of gestation. METHODS: The association of chorionicity with outcomes was analysed using multivariate regression models. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: First, survival at 2-year corrected age with or without neurosensory impairment, and second, perinatal, short-, and mid-term outcomes (survival at discharge, survival at discharge without severe morbidity) were described and compared by chorionicity. RESULTS: In the EPIPAGE 2 cohort, 1700 preterm births were included (850 twin pregnancies). In all, 1220 (71.8%) were from dichorionic (DC) pregnancies and 480 from monochorionic (MC) pregnancies. MC pregnancies had three times more medical terminations than DC pregnancies (1.67 versus 0.51%, P < 0.001), whereas there were three times more stillbirths in MC than in DC pregnancies (10.09 versus 3.78%, P < 0.001). Both twins were alive at birth in 86.6% of DC pregnancies compared with 80.0% among MC pregnancies (P = 0.008). No significant difference according to chorionicity was found regarding neonatal deaths and morbidities. Likewise, for children born earlier than 32 weeks, the 2-year follow-up neurodevelopmental results were not significantly different between DC and MC twins. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that MC pregnancies have a higher risk of adverse outcomes. However, the outcomes among preterm twins admitted to neonatal intensive care units are similar irrespective of chorionicity. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: Monochorionicity is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes, but outcomes for preterm twins are comparable irrespective of their chorionicity.

Prognostic impact of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and cancer-associated fibroblasts in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma of the body and tail undergoing resection.

BACKGROUND: The prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer remains poor and novel therapeutic targets are required urgently. Treatment resistance could be due to the tumour microenvironment, a desmoplastic stroma consisting of cancer-associated fibroblasts and tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). The aim of the study was to evaluate the prognostic value of TILs and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in pancreatic cancer of the body and tail. METHODS: Using tissue microarray from resected left-sided pancreatic cancer specimens, the immunohistochemistry of TILs (cluster of differentiation (CD) 45, CD3, CD4, FoxP3 and CD8), CAFs (vimentin and α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA)) and functional markers (PD-L1 and Ki-67) was examined, and the association with disease-free (DFS) and overall (OS) survival investigated using a computer-assisted quantitative analysis. Patients were classified into two groups, with low or high levels or ratios, using the 75th percentile value as the cut-off. RESULTS: Forty-three patients were included in the study. Their median DFS and OS were 9 and 27 months respectively. A high CD4/CD3 lymphocyte ratio was associated with poorer DFS (8 months versus 11 months for a low ratio) (hazard ratio (HR) 2·23, 95 per cent c.i. 1·04 to 4·61; P = 0·041) and OS (13 versus 27 months respectively) (HR 2·62, 1·11 to 5·88; P = 0·028). A low αSMA/vimentin ratio together with a high CD4/CD3 ratio was correlated with poorer outcomes. No significant association was found between Ki-67, PD-L1 and survival. CONCLUSION: In patients with resected left-sided pancreatic cancer, a tumour microenvironment characterized by a high CD4/CD3 lymphocyte ratio along with a low αSMA/vimentin ratio is correlated with poorer survival.

ANTECEDENTES: El pronóstico del cáncer de páncreas sigue siendo malo y se requieren nuevas dianas terapéuticas de forma urgente. La resistencia al tratamiento podría ser atribuida al microambiente tumoral, un estroma desmoplásico compuesto por fibroblastos asociados al cáncer y linfocitos infiltrantes de tumor. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el valor pronóstico de los linfocitos infiltrantes de tumor y de los fibroblastos asociados al cáncer en el cáncer de cuerpo y cola de páncreas. MÉTODOS: Utilizando microarray para el análisis de muestras de tejido obtenidas tras la resección de cáncer de páncreas del lado izquierdo, se realizó inmunohistoquímica de linfocitos infiltrantes de tumor (CD45, CD3, CD4, FoxP3 y CD8), fibroblastos asociados al cáncer (vimentina y actina del músculo liso alfa (αSMA)) y marcadores funcionales (PD-L1 y Ki67), y se investigó la asociación con la supervivencia libre de enfermedad y la supervivencia global. Los resultados se obtuvieron tras un análisis cuantitativo asistido por ordenador. Los pacientes se clasificaron en dos grupos, de bajo y alto riesgo, utilizando el valor del percentil 75 como punto de corte. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 43 pacientes en el estudio. En esta población, la mediana de supervivencia libre de enfermedad y de supervivencia global fueron 9 meses y 27 meses, respectivamente. Una alta proporción de linfocitos CD4/CD3 se asoció a peor supervivencia libre de enfermedad (8 meses versus 11 meses; cociente de riesgos instantáneos, hazard ratio, HR 2,2; i.c. del 95% 1,0-4,6; P = 0,041) y supervivencia global (13 meses versus 27 meses; HR 2,6; i.c. del 95% 1,1-5,9; P = 0.028). Una baja proporción αSMA/vimentina junto con una alta proporción CD4/CD3 se correlacionó con peores resultados. No se encontró asociación significativa entre Ki67, PD-L1 y la supervivencia. CONCLUSIÓN: En pacientes con cáncer de páncreas izquierdo resecado, un microambiente tumoral caracterizado por una alta proporción de linfocitos CD4/CD3 junto con una baja proporción de αSMA/vimentina se correlaciona con una peor supervivencia.

Relationships between low-grade peripheral inflammation and psychotropic drugs in schizophrenia: results from the national FACE-SZ cohort.

Low-grade inflammation has repeatedly been associated with schizophrenia (SZ) and in particular with cognitive impairment. Female gender, overweight and tobacco smoking have been suggested as risk factors to increase inflammation while preclinical inconsistent findings have been found regarding the association with psychotropic drugs. The aim of this study was to explore if psychotropic drugs were associated with inflammation in SZ and to determine which psychotropic drug was associated with inflammation in stable SZ subjects while considering clinical confounding factors. Participants were consecutively included in the network of the FondaMental Expert Centers for Schizophrenia and received a thorough clinical assessment, including recording of current treatment. High-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) was measured for each participant as a proxy to define peripheral low-grade inflammation. The zero-inflated Poisson regression model estimated the relationship between low-grade inflammation and psychotropic drug. Four hundred and five stabilized, community-dwelling SZ subjects (mean age = 32.6 years, 74% male gender) have been included. In total, 148 participants (36.5%) were found with undetectable blood hs-CRP level. The probability of having an undetectable CRP was associated with a lower body mass index (p < 0.0001) and no cyamemazine add-on antipsychotic therapy (p = 0.001). The other 257 participants (63.5%) were found to have low-grade inflammation (hs-CRP > 0 mg/L). Low-grade inflammation was significantly associated with female gender (p = 0.004), higher body mass index (p < 0.0001), current tobacco smoking (p < 0.0001), clomipramine (p = 0.04), quetiapine (p < 0.0001) and hypnotic (p = 0.0006) consumption while decreased hs-CRP blood levels was associated with aripiprazole (p = 0.004) and valproate/valpromide (p = 0.03) consumption. The present study suggests that some psychotropic drugs (quetiapine, cyamemazine, clomipramine) may be associated with increased peripheral low-grade inflammation in SZ patients while others (aripiprazole, valproate) may be associated with decreased peripheral low-grade inflammation. These results should be replicated in SZ and non-SZ populations and the biological underpinnings should be further explored.

Prediction of local and metastatic recurrence in solitary fibrous tumor: construction of a risk calculator in a multicenter cohort from the French Sarcoma Group (FSG) database.

BACKGROUND: Solitary fibrous tumors (SFT) are rare unusual ubiquitous soft tissue tumors that are presumed to be of fibroblastic differentiation. At present, the challenge is to establish accurate prognostic factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 214 consecutive patients with SFT diagnosed in 24 participating cancer centers were entered into the European database (www.conticabase.org) to perform univariate and multivariate analysis for overall survival (OS), local recurrence incidence (LRI) and metastatic recurrence incidence (MRI) by taking competing risks into account. A prognostic model was constructed for LRI and MRI. Internal and external validations of the prognostic models were carried out. An individual risk calculator was carried out to quantify the risk of both local and metastatic recurrence. RESULTS: We restricted our analysis to 162 patients with local disease. Twenty patients (12.3%) were deceased at the time of analysis and the median OS was not reached. The LRI rates at 10 and 20 years were 19.2% and 38.6%, respectively. The MRI rates at 10 and 20 years were 31.4% and 49.8%, respectively. Multivariate analysis retained age and mitotic count tended to significance for predicting OS. The factors influencing LRI were viscera localization, radiotherapy and age. Mitotic count, tumor localization other than limb and age had independent values for MRI. Three prognostic groups for OS were defined based on the number of unfavorable prognostic factors and calculations were carried out to predict the risk of local and metastatic recurrence for individual patients. CONCLUSION: LRI and MRI rates increased between 10 and 20 years so relapses were delayed, suggesting that long-term monitoring is useful. This study also shows that different prognostic SFT sub-groups could benefit from different therapeutic strategies and that use of a survival calculator could become standard practice in SFTs to individualize treatment based on the clinical situation.

[High anti-topoisomerase-1 autoantibodies levels are associated with the extension of skin fibrosis and vascular progression in patients with systemic sclerosis]. / Des taux élevés d'auto-anticorps anti-topo-isomérase-1 sont associés à l'extension de la fibrose cutanée et à la progression vasculaire chez les patients atteints de sclérodermie systémique.

BACKGROUND: Anti-centromere antibodies, anti-topoisomerase-1 antibodies (ATA), and anti-RNA-polymerase III antibodies are three Systemic Sclerosis (SSc)-specific autoantibodies. Their detection is helpful in determining the prognosis. We aimed to evaluate whether ATA levels were associated with disease severity at diagnosis or disease progression during follow-up in ATA positive patients. METHODS: We conducted a single-centre French retrospective observational study, between 2014 and 2021. ATA positive patients fulfilling the ACR/EULAR 2013 classification criteria for SSc with a minimal follow-up of 1 year and 2 ATA dosages were included. SSc patients with high IgG ATA levels at baseline (>240IU/mL) were compared with SSc patients with low levels (≤240IU/mL), at inclusion and at 1 and 3 years. A variation of at least 30 % of ATA levels was considered significant. RESULTS: Fifty-nine SSc patients were included and analysed. There was a predominance of women and of patients with diffuse interstitial lung disease. Patients with high ATA levels exhibited a higher skin sclerosis assessed by the modified Rodnan skin score (P=0.0480). They had a lower carbon monoxide transfer coefficient (P=0.0457), a lower forced vital capacity (FVC) (P=0.0427) and more frequently had a FVC under 80 %, when compared to patients with low ATA levels (P=0.0423). Initial high ATA levels were associated with vascular progression at one year (21.95 % vs. 0 %; P=0.0495). CONCLUSION: ATA levels are associated with skin sclerosis and vascular progression in SSc. Beyond the detection of ATA, quantifying this autoantibody might be of interest in predicting disease severity and prognosis in SSc.

Medical thesis publication and academic productivity of pediatric residents at the Medical University of Marseille: Associated factors and evolution over 20 years.

BACKGROUND: In many countries, as in France, medical training is not complete until the defense of a thesis, based on a research project; however, the publication of research work is not mandatory. This study investigated the evolution of the publication pattern of pediatric residents and identified the possible factors associated with an increased productivity, by investigating both thesis and non-thesis-related publications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of pediatric residents who graduated from the Medical University of Marseille in France over a 20-year period (1996-2015). Their theses were retrieved from the French database of university theses (SUDOC). Their publications were collated by scanning the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Non-thesis-related publications were included up to 1 year after the medical thesis defense and medical thesis publications were included without date limits. For each thesis or publication, the resident's characteristics, the supervisor's characteristics, the thesis characteristics, and bibliometric features were retrieved. RESULTS: Out of the 148 graduated residents, 110 (74%) published articles (thesis-related article with no publication deadline and non-thesis-related articles with a publication deadline of up to 1 year postgraduation): 76 residents (51%) published their medical thesis and 88 residents (60%) published at least one non-thesis-related article. In multivariate analysis, publishing the thesis was significantly associated with a shorter dissertation length (43 vs. 84 pages [median]; p=0.009**) and with a thesis supervisor more experienced in supervising theses (P=0.01**). The thesis publication rate increased significantly over the years (P=0.005**), with the number of theses published tripling. Dissertation length significantly decreased over the years (linear slope=-4.13 pages/year; P<0.0001***). In multivariate analysis, the number of publications per resident was significantly higher when the resident had also completed a scientific thesis (ß=1.62; P=0.007**), when he or she had published more papers during the post-residency period (ß=0.40; P<0.0001***) and when he or she graduated at an older age (ß=0.24; P=0.04*). CONCLUSION: The thesis publication rate of pediatric residents has improved significantly in 20 years; however, these results are from a single-center study. Publishing the thesis was significantly associated with shorter dissertation length and a more experienced thesis supervisor.

The medical and social outcome in 2016 of infants who were victims of shaken baby syndrome between 2005 and 2013.

INTRODUCTION: There are few studies that have investigated the long-term outcome of children who have been victims of shaken baby syndrome (SBS). However, the consequences appear to be significant and the data available from a social point of view are scarce. The main objective of this study was to define the medical and social outcome in 2016 of the infants who were victims of SBS and admitted to one of the Marseille university hospitals. The number of patients followed by a specialized team was evaluated along with their clinical state, living conditions, and whether a social support system such as the Child welfare system had been put into place. METHOD: The study was retrospective and descriptive. Patients under 1 year of age who were hospitalized between January 2005 and December 2013 and manifested clinical and paraclinical characteristics enabling the diagnosis of SBS were included in the study. The diagnosis was certain, probable, or possible according to the definitions given by the consensus of the 2011 shaken baby health authority conference (HAS). RESULTS: Eighty babies qualified for the study, three of whom died in intensive care. Only ten of these patients (12.9%) had regular (annual) neuropediatric check-up during the whole study period. Thirty-seven patients (48%) had an annual neuropediatric check-up during the first 2 years only following the diagnosis. Only 12 of the children (15.6%) were still being followed after the age of 6. The children were followed up on average for 2.5 years (29.6 months). In 24 cases (31%), the last medical visit revealed an abnormal neurological examination including multiple disabilities due to spastic quadriplegia and severe intellectual deficit, which led to total dependency in half of these cases. Forty-four patients (57%) had a normal neurological examination. Concerning the babies' social outcome, 50 patients (64.9%) had returned home, 12 (15.6%) benefited, from educational assistance at the patient's home (AEMO) following the ruling of a children's judge, and 19 (24.7%) were still placed in foster care (ASE). The average foster care placement lasted 34.7 months. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Long-term medical follow-up for children having sustained serious head injury as a result of abuse is inadequate. Sequelae such as multiple disabilities are less frequent than described in the literature. According to this study, a longer-term follow-up is necessary for children suffering from sequelae such as learning disabilities than what is actually possible in our center.

Dabigatran versus vitamin k antagonist: an observational across-cohort comparison in acute coronary syndrome patients with atrial fibrillation.

Essentials Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) with atrial fibrillation (AF) is a therapeutic challenge. Dual and triple antithrombotic therapy showed a similar thrombotic risk in ACS patients with AF. The omission of aspirin during the first month did not increase the rate of ischemic events. Replacement of vitamin K antagonist by dabigatran leads to an increased thrombotic risk. SUMMARY: Background Dual antithrombotic therapy comprising a vitamin K antagonist (VKA) plus clopidogrel reduces the incidence of major bleeding compared with triple therapy (VKA + clopidogrel + aspirin) in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), with a similar thrombotic risk. The oral thrombin inhibitor dabigatran (150 mg twice a day) showed superiority over VKA in non-valvular AF, but data supporting its use in AF patients presenting with ACS are limited. Objective We sought to evaluate the efficacy of dabigatran vs. VKA in the management of AF patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for an ACS. Methods In this open-label study, 133 consecutive patients received dabigatran plus clopidogrel. Another cohort of 133 patients treated with VKA plus clopidogrel was used as the control group. Results After propensity score adjustment, the cumulative incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events over 24 months was higher with dabigatran vs. VKA (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.28; 95% confidence interval, 1.46-3.56). Similar rates of major bleeding were found (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.17; 95% confidence interval, 0.46-2.96). Conclusions In AF patients presenting with ACS, replacement of VKA by dabigatran concurrently with clopidogrel is associated with an increased thrombotic risk, without a reduction in major bleeding.

Clearsight™ use for haemodynamic monitoring during the third trimester of pregnancy - a validation study.

BACKGROUND: We assessed the validity of Clearsight™ as a non-invasive cardiac output and stroke volume monitoring device, comparing it with transthoracic echocardiography measurements during the third trimester of pregnancy. METHODS: Measurements obtained from Clearsight™ were compared with those from echocardiography as the gold standard. The precision and accuracy of the Clearsight™ was measured using the Bland and Altman method. Clinical agreement with echocardiography was assessed using the agreement tolerability index. RESULTS: Measurements were recorded from 44 pregnant women with a median [IQR range] gestational age of 33 [30-37] weeks. We found that Clearsight™ measurements presented a systematic overestimation of cardiac output, with mean bias [CI 95%] of 2.7 [2.3-3.0] L/min, with limits of agreement of  -0.1 to 5.4 L/min. It overestimated stroke volume, with a bias of 29.5 [25.0-33.4] mL and a limit of agreement of -1.6 to 60.1 mL. In addition, the analysis of cardiac output showed a percentage of error of 41% and intra-class correlation [CI 95%] of 0.37 [0.17 to 0.53, P <0.001]. For stroke volume, the percentage of error was 40% and intra-class correlation 0.16 [-0.1 to 0.34; P=0.27]. We found that agreement tolerability index scores were unacceptable. We evaluated the ability of the device to track changes in cardiac output by inducing a left lateral decubitus position, but the analysis was inconclusive. CONCLUSION: The agreement between Clearsight™ and the echocardiography measurements of cardiac output and stroke volume were not within an acceptable range in the third trimester of pregnancy.

The presence of spontaneous portosystemic shunts increases the risk of complications after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placement.

PURPOSE: The goal of this study was to identify clinical and imaging variables that are associated with an unfavorable outcome during the 30 days following transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placement. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-four consecutive patients with liver cirrhosis (Child-Pugh 6-13, Model for End-stage Liver Disease 7-26) underwent TIPS placement for refractory ascites (n=25), recurrent or uncontrolled variceal bleeding (n=23) or both (n=6). Clinical, biological and imaging variables including type of stent (covered n=40; bare-stent n=14), presence of spontaneous portosystemic shunt (n=31), and variations in portosystemic pressure gradient were recorded. Early severe complication was defined as the occurrence of overt hepatic encephalopathy or death within the 30days following TIPS placement. RESULTS: Sixteen patients (30%) presented with early severe complication after TIPS placement. Child-Pugh score was independently associated with complication (HR=1.52, P<0.001). Among the imaging variables, opacification of spontaneous portosystemic shunt during TIPS placement but before its creation was associated with an increased risk of early complication (P=0.04). The other imaging variables were not associated with occurrence of complication. CONCLUSION: Identification of spontaneous portosystemic shunt during TIPS placement reflects the presence of varices and is associated with an increased risk of early severe complication.

Validation of the Medication Adherence Rating Scale in homeless patients with schizophrenia: Results from the French Housing First experience.

The Medication Adherence Rating Scale (MARS) is one of the most widely used measurements of adherence in schizophrenia (SZ), but there is no available data regarding its psychometric properties in homeless SZ patients (HSZ). The aim of this study was therefore to assess the psychometric properties of the MARS in a large multicenter sample of HSZ subjects. This multi-centre prospective study was conducted in the following 4 French cities: Lille, Marseille, Paris and Toulouse. Three hundred and fifty-three patients were included. The 3-factor structure of the MARS was confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis: RMSEA = 0.045, CFI = 0.98, TLI = 0.97 and WRMR = 0.76. The unidimensionality of each factor was supported by the satisfactory INFIT statistics. Item internal consistencies were all higher than 0.20 and the Kuder-Richardson were higher than to 0.6, except for factor 2, which was closed to 0.5. Significant associations with symptoms, functioning and quality of life showed satisfactory external validity. The acceptability was satisfactory with missing data lower than 5% for each dimension. The MARS is a short self-administered instrument with acceptable psychometric properties in homeless SZ patients that yields interesting information about medication adherence.