Geographical variation in reproductive ageing patterns and life-history strategy of a short-lived passerine bird.

We investigated differences in ageing patterns in three measures of breeding performance in populations of barn swallows Hirundo rustica L. from Spain and Denmark differing in breeding latitude and hence migration distance and duration of the breeding season. We found differences in ageing patterns between populations. Generally, young (i.e. yearling) and old females (i.e. ≥ 5 years of age) laid their first eggs later and produced smaller clutches than middle-aged females (i.e. 2-4 years of age) in both populations. The southernmost population (i.e. Spanish) showing the shorter migratory distance experienced a greater within-individual increase in timing of breeding and clutch size in early life and a greater within-individual decrease in laying date but not in clutch size during senescence compared with the northernmost population (i.e. Danish). We also found that the number of fledglings produced annually was related to the age of the two members of the breeding pairs with pairs composed of young and old females performing less well than breeding pairs composed of middle-aged females. We did not find reproductive senescence for the age of the male while controlling for the age of the female on the number of fledglings produced annually by the breeding pair. Differential survival between individuals did not explain age effects on laying date or annual clutch size in neither population. However, the increase in the number of fledglings produced annually with age was partly explained by the disappearance of poor-quality members of the pairs, mainly poor-quality males. Age-related breeding success (i.e. number of fledglings) was similar for barn swallows from Spain and Denmark. Therefore, the study of ageing patterns and life-history strategies in free-ranging animals from more than a single population can throw new light on life-history theory, population dynamics and evolutionary studies of senescence.

Effects of malaria double infection in birds: one plus one is not two.

Avian malaria parasites are supposed to exert negative effects on host fitness because these intracellular parasites affect host metabolism. Recent advances in molecular genotyping and microscopy have revealed that coinfections with multiple parasites are frequent in bird-malaria parasite systems. However, studies of the fitness consequences of such double infections are scarce and inconclusive. We tested if the infection with two malaria parasite lineages has more negative effects than single infection using 6 years of data from a natural population of house martins. Survival was negatively affected by both types of infections. We found an additive cost from single to double infection in body condition, but not in reproductive parameters (double-infected had higher reproductive success). These results demonstrate that malaria infections decrease survival, but also have different consequences on the breeding performance of single- and double-infected wild birds.

Environmental conditions during winter predict age- and sex-specific differences in reproductive success of a trans-Saharan migratory bird.

Previous studies have linked winter habitat with subsequent breeding phenology and physical condition of migratory birds, but few have found delayed effects of winter habitat on subsequent reproductive success. The aim of this study was to test if African winter habitat is related to subsequent reproductive success of house martins (Delichon urbicum) breeding at a colony in Spain. We measured stable isotope (δ2H, δ13C, δ15N) values from feathers moulted in West Africa and used confirmatory path analysis to test if isotopic values of winter-grown feathers were related to reproductive success through the mediation of breeding phenology and body condition. We conducted separate analyses for males, females and age classes (yearlings vs ≥ 2 years old). Experienced males wintering in habitats of higher rainfall (as inferred from lower feather δ2H values) were in better body condition and produced more offspring during the subsequent breeding season. In contrast, we did not find any effect of winter habitat on reproductive success of young males or females. These findings provide evidence consistent with a complex causal link between winter habitat quality and subsequent breeding success of long-distance migratory songbirds.