Is Kidney Function Associated with Age-Related Macular Degeneration?: Findings from the Asian Eye Epidemiology Consortium.

PURPOSE: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) may elevate susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) because of shared risk factors, pathogenic mechanisms, and genetic polymorphisms. Given the inconclusive findings in prior studies, we investigated this association using extensive datasets in the Asian Eye Epidemiology Consortium. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-one thousand two hundred fifty-three participants from 10 distinct population-based Asian studies. METHODS: Age-related macular degeneration was defined using the Wisconsin Age-Related Maculopathy Grading System, the International Age-Related Maculopathy Epidemiological Study Group Classification, or the Beckman Clinical Classification. Chronic kidney disease was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of less than 60 ml/min per 1.73 m2. A pooled analysis using individual-level participant data was performed to examine the associations between CKD and eGFR with AMD (early and late), adjusting for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, body mass index, smoking status, total cholesterol, and study groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Odds ratio (OR) of early and late AMD. RESULTS: Among 51 253 participants (mean age, 54.1 ± 14.5 years), 5079 had CKD (9.9%). The prevalence of early AMD was 9.0%, and that of late AMD was 0.71%. After adjusting for confounders, individuals with CKD were associated with higher odds of late AMD (OR, 1.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11-1.93; P = 0.008). Similarly, poorer kidney function (per 10-unit eGFR decrease) was associated with late AMD (OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.05-1.19; P = 0.001). Nevertheless, CKD and eGFR were not associated significantly with early AMD (all P ≥ 0.149). CONCLUSIONS: Pooled analysis from 10 distinct Asian population-based studies revealed that CKD and compromised kidney function are associated significantly with late AMD. This finding further underscores the importance of ocular examinations in patients with CKD. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

Validation of a deep-learning-based retinal biomarker (Reti-CVD) in the prediction of cardiovascular disease: data from UK Biobank.

BACKGROUND: Currently in the United Kingdom, cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk assessment is based on the QRISK3 score, in which 10% 10-year CVD risk indicates clinical intervention. However, this benchmark has limited efficacy in clinical practice and the need for a more simple, non-invasive risk stratification tool is necessary. Retinal photography is becoming increasingly acceptable as a non-invasive imaging tool for CVD. Previously, we developed a novel CVD risk stratification system based on retinal photographs predicting future CVD risk. This study aims to further validate our biomarker, Reti-CVD, (1) to detect risk group of ≥ 10% in 10-year CVD risk and (2) enhance risk assessment in individuals with QRISK3 of 7.5-10% (termed as borderline-QRISK3 group) using the UK Biobank. METHODS: Reti-CVD scores were calculated and stratified into three risk groups based on optimized cut-off values from the UK Biobank. We used Cox proportional-hazards models to evaluate the ability of Reti-CVD to predict CVD events in the general population. C-statistics was used to assess the prognostic value of adding Reti-CVD to QRISK3 in borderline-QRISK3 group and three vulnerable subgroups. RESULTS: Among 48,260 participants with no history of CVD, 6.3% had CVD events during the 11-year follow-up. Reti-CVD was associated with an increased risk of CVD (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.30-1.52) with a 13.1% (95% CI, 11.7-14.6%) 10-year CVD risk in Reti-CVD-high-risk group. The 10-year CVD risk of the borderline-QRISK3 group was greater than 10% in Reti-CVD-high-risk group (11.5% in non-statin cohort [n = 45,473], 11.5% in stage 1 hypertension cohort [n = 11,966], and 14.2% in middle-aged cohort [n = 38,941]). C statistics increased by 0.014 (0.010-0.017) in non-statin cohort, 0.013 (0.007-0.019) in stage 1 hypertension cohort, and 0.023 (0.018-0.029) in middle-aged cohort for CVD event prediction after adding Reti-CVD to QRISK3. CONCLUSIONS: Reti-CVD has the potential to identify individuals with ≥ 10% 10-year CVD risk who are likely to benefit from earlier preventative CVD interventions. For borderline-QRISK3 individuals with 10-year CVD risk between 7.5 and 10%, Reti-CVD could be used as a risk enhancer tool to help improve discernment accuracy, especially in adult groups that may be pre-disposed to CVD.

Retinal photograph-based deep learning predicts biological age, and stratifies morbidity and mortality risk.

BACKGROUND: ageing is an important risk factor for a variety of human pathologies. Biological age (BA) may better capture ageing-related physiological changes compared with chronological age (CA). OBJECTIVE: we developed a deep learning (DL) algorithm to predict BA based on retinal photographs and evaluated the performance of our new ageing marker in the risk stratification of mortality and major morbidity in general populations. METHODS: we first trained a DL algorithm using 129,236 retinal photographs from 40,480 participants in the Korean Health Screening study to predict the probability of age being ≥65 years ('RetiAGE') and then evaluated the ability of RetiAGE to stratify the risk of mortality and major morbidity among 56,301 participants in the UK Biobank. Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs). RESULTS: in the UK Biobank, over a 10-year follow up, 2,236 (4.0%) died; of them, 636 (28.4%) were due to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and 1,276 (57.1%) due to cancers. Compared with the participants in the RetiAGE first quartile, those in the RetiAGE fourth quartile had a 67% higher risk of 10-year all-cause mortality (HR = 1.67 [1.42-1.95]), a 142% higher risk of CVD mortality (HR = 2.42 [1.69-3.48]) and a 60% higher risk of cancer mortality (HR = 1.60 [1.31-1.96]), independent of CA and established ageing phenotypic biomarkers. Likewise, compared with the first quartile group, the risk of CVD and cancer events in the fourth quartile group increased by 39% (HR = 1.39 [1.14-1.69]) and 18% (HR = 1.18 [1.10-1.26]), respectively. The best discrimination ability for RetiAGE alone was found for CVD mortality (c-index = 0.70, sensitivity = 0.76, specificity = 0.55). Furthermore, adding RetiAGE increased the discrimination ability of the model beyond CA and phenotypic biomarkers (increment in c-index between 1 and 2%). CONCLUSIONS: the DL-derived RetiAGE provides a novel, alternative approach to measure ageing.

Global Incidence, Progression, and Risk Factors of Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Projection of Disease Statistics in 30 Years: A Modeling Study.

OBJECTIVE: Age-related macular degeneration(AMD) has become a major cause of visual impairment worldwide, especially in the elderly. Estimates of incidence, progression rates, and risk factors of AMD vary among studies, complicating the understanding of its epidemiology. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, literature published up to March 1, 2021, was searched in both English and Chinese databases. Hierarchical Bayesian approaches were used to estimate pooled incidence, progression, and 95% credible intervals (CrIs). RESULTS: Thirty studies were included. The pooled annual early and late AMD incidence rates were 1.59 (95% CrI: 1.18-2.11) and 0.23 (95% CrI: 0.14-0.34) per 100 person-years, respectively. The annual progression rate of AMD was 5.5 (95% CrI: 2.3-8.8) per 100 person-years. Smoking was an independent risk factor for both early and late AMD, whereas age, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and alcohol consumption were risk factors for early AMD incidence only. The projected number of new cases of early and late AMD in 2050 would be 39.05 million (95% CrI: 23.12-63.57) and 6.41 million (95% CrI: 3.37-13.22), respectively. CONCLUSION: The prediction the number of new cases of AMD is not equal across the globe. Our findings indicate the need for more rigorous control and prevention measures in AMD focus on its risk factors for early intervention. The epidemiological estimates reported in this study could inform to identify effective strategies for preventing AMD worldwide.

Global Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy and Projection of Burden through 2045: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

TOPIC: To provide updated estimates on the global prevalence and number of people with diabetic retinopathy (DR) through 2045. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimated the global population with diabetes mellitus (DM) to be 463 million in 2019 and 700 million in 2045. Diabetic retinopathy remains a common complication of DM and a leading cause of preventable blindness in the adult working population. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review using PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus for population-based studies published up to March 2020. Random effect meta-analysis with logit transformation was performed to estimate global and regional prevalence of DR, vision-threatening DR (VTDR), and clinically significant macular edema (CSME). Projections of DR, VTDR, and CSME burden were based on population data from the IDF Atlas 2019. RESULTS: We included 59 population-based studies. Among individuals with diabetes, global prevalence was 22.27% (95% confidence interval [CI], 19.73%-25.03%) for DR, 6.17% (95% CI, 5.43%-6.98%) for VTDR, and 4.07% (95% CI, 3.42%-4.82%) for CSME. In 2020, the number of adults worldwide with DR, VTDR, and CSME was estimated to be 103.12 million, 28.54 million, and 18.83 million, respectively; by 2045, the numbers are projected to increase to 160.50 million, 44.82 million, and 28.61 million, respectively. Diabetic retinopathy prevalence was highest in Africa (35.90%) and North American and the Caribbean (33.30%) and was lowest in South and Central America (13.37%). In meta-regression models adjusting for habitation type, response rate, study year, and DR diagnostic method, Hispanics (odds ratio [OR], 2.92; 95% CI, 1.22-6.98) and Middle Easterners (OR, 2.44; 95% CI, 1.51-3.94) with diabetes were more likely to have DR compared with Asians. DISCUSSION: The global DR burden is expected to remain high through 2045, disproportionately affecting countries in the Middle East and North Africa and the Western Pacific. These updated estimates may guide DR screening, treatment, and public health care strategies.

Updates in deep learning research in ophthalmology.

Ophthalmology has been one of the early adopters of artificial intelligence (AI) within the medical field. Deep learning (DL), in particular, has garnered significant attention due to the availability of large amounts of data and digitized ocular images. Currently, AI in Ophthalmology is mainly focused on improving disease classification and supporting decision-making when treating ophthalmic diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). However, most of the DL systems (DLSs) developed thus far remain in the research stage and only a handful are able to achieve clinical translation. This phenomenon is due to a combination of factors including concerns over security and privacy, poor generalizability, trust and explainability issues, unfavorable end-user perceptions and uncertain economic value. Overcoming this challenge would require a combination approach. Firstly, emerging techniques such as federated learning (FL), generative adversarial networks (GANs), autonomous AI and blockchain will be playing an increasingly critical role to enhance privacy, collaboration and DLS performance. Next, compliance to reporting and regulatory guidelines, such as CONSORT-AI and STARD-AI, will be required to in order to improve transparency, minimize abuse and ensure reproducibility. Thirdly, frameworks will be required to obtain patient consent, perform ethical assessment and evaluate end-user perception. Lastly, proper health economic assessment (HEA) must be performed to provide financial visibility during the early phases of DLS development. This is necessary to manage resources prudently and guide the development of DLS.

Relationship between Coronary Artery Calcification and Central Chorioretinal Thickness in Patients with Subclinical Atherosclerosis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the relationship between coronary artery calcification and subfoveal thicknesses of individual chorioretinal layers in subjects with subclinical atherosclerosis by using enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography. METHODS: In this retrospective, noninterventional, cross-sectional study, we included 193 eyes from 193 subjects and divided them into three cardiovascular (CV) risk groups based on coronary artery calcification (CAC) scores calculated from cardiac-gated computed tomography: low (CAC = 0; n = 77), intermediate (CAC = 1-300; n = 83), and high (CAC >300; n = 33). Central macula individual retinal layer thicknesses and subfoveal choroidal thickness were measured and compared among groups. Multivariate linear regression was used to evaluate associations of subfoveal choroidal thickness or central retinal thickness with CAC scores. RESULTS: Average subfoveal choroidal thickness differed significantly among low, intermediate, and high CV risk groups (all p < 0.05). There were no statistically significant changes in segmented retinal layer thickness of the central macula. Multivariate regression analyses showed that higher CAC scores were significantly negatively associated with subfoveal choroidal thickness (ß = -2.169, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Higher CAC scores were significantly associated with subfoveal choroidal thinning in subjects with subclinical atherosclerosis. Prominent reductions in the subfoveal choroidal layer could provide a useful biomarker for predicting CV risk in patients of advanced age with subclinical atherosclerosis.

Emergence of non-artificial intelligence digital health innovations in ophthalmology: A systematic review.

The prominent rise of digital health in ophthalmology is evident in the current age of Industry 4.0. Despite the many facets of digital health, there has been a greater slant in interest and focus on artificial intelligence recently. Other major elements of digital health like wearables could also substantially impact patient-focused outcomes but have been relatively less explored and discussed. In this review, we comprehensively evaluate the use of non-artificial intelligence digital health tools in ophthalmology. 53 papers were included in this systematic review - 25 papers discuss virtual or augmented reality, 14 discuss mobile applications and 14 discuss wearables. Most papers focused on the use of technologies to detect or rehabilitate visual impairment, glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration. Overall, the findings on patient-focused outcomes with the adoption of these technologies are encouraging. Further validation, large-scale studies and earlier consideration of real-world barriers are warranted to enable better real-world implementation.

Prevalence and Pattern of Geographic Atrophy in Asia: The Asian Eye Epidemiology Consortium.

PURPOSE: Although there have been many population-based studies of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), only limited information is available in Asia on the epidemiology of geographic atrophy (GA). We aimed to determine the prevalence and patterns of GA through an analysis of multiple studies conducted within the Asian Eye Epidemiology Consortium (AEEC). DESIGN: Cross-sectional meta-analyses. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 97 213 individuals aged 40 years and older. METHODS: Data from 22 population-based studies from countries belonging to the AEEC were included. In all studies, AMD was defined on the basis of standardized grading systems. Geographic atrophy was defined as an area of pallor in the fundus with visibility of the underlying choroidal blood vessels and sharply defined borders. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed to estimate overall and age-, gender-, and region-specific pooled prevalence of GA. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of GA per 1000 persons. RESULTS: The mean age was 60.8 ± 10.0 years, and 42 673 (43.9%) were male. Overall, a total of 223 individuals (0.2%) had GA. The pooled overall prevalence of GA was 1.57 per 1000 persons (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-2.10), which was 3 times less than that of neovascular AMD of 5.20 per 1000 persons (95% CI, 3.97-6.43). Compared with those aged 50 to 59 years, the prevalence of GA increased from 0.34 per 1000 persons (95% CI, 0.07-0.62) to 2.90 per 1000 persons (95% CI, 1.55-4.25) in those aged ≥70 years. The GA prevalence per 1000 persons was similar between urban (2.22; 95% CI, 1.22-3.23) and rural residents (1.33; 95% CI, 0.70-1.96). Geographic atrophy was more prevalent in South Asia (based on studies from India and Nepal, 3.82 per 1000 persons; 95% CI, 1.72-5.93) compared with East Asia (based on studies from China, Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Japan, and the Singapore Chinese Eye Study, 0.76 per 1000 persons; 95% CI, 0.31-1.22, P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Geographic atrophy is uncommon in Asian populations compared with those of European ancestry. Even within Asia, geographic differences in GA prevalence were seen. The findings of this meta-analysis suggest that better dissection of risk factors in the Asian population for GA may provide insights into the biological pathways that drive these late-stage manifestations, thus suggesting better targets for prevention.

Retinal Vascular Signs and Cerebrovascular Diseases.

BACKGROUND: Cerebrovascular disease (CeVD), including stroke, is a leading cause of death globally. The retina is an extension of the cerebrum, sharing embryological and vascular pathways. The association between different retinal signs and CeVD has been extensively evaluated. In this review, we summarize recent studies which have examined this association. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: We searched 6 databases through July 2019 for studies evaluating the link between retinal vascular signs and diseases with CeVD. CeVD was classified into 2 groups: clinical CeVD (including clinical stroke, silent cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, and stroke mortality), and sub-clinical CeVD (including MRI-defined lacunar infarct and white matter lesions [WMLs]). Retinal vascular signs were classified into 3 groups: classic hypertensive retinopathy (including retinal microaneurysms, retinal microhemorrhage, focal/generalized arteriolar narrowing, cotton-wool spots, and arteriovenous nicking), clinical retinal diseases (including diabetic retinopathy [DR], age-related macular degeneration [AMD], retinal vein occlusion, retinal artery occlusion [RAO], and retinal emboli), and retinal vascular imaging measures (including retinal vessel diameter and geometry). We also examined emerging retinal vascular imaging measures and the use of artificial intelligence (AI) deep learning (DL) techniques. RESULTS: Hypertensive retinopathy signs were consistently associated with clinical CeVD and subclinical CeVD subtypes including subclinical cerebral large artery infarction, lacunar infarction, and WMLs. Some clinical retinal diseases such as DR, retinal arterial and venous occlusion, and transient monocular vision loss are consistently associated with clinical CeVD. There is an increased risk of recurrent stroke immediately after RAO. Less consistent associations are seen with AMD. Retinal vascular imaging using computer assisted, semi-automated software to measure retinal vascular caliber and other parameters (tortuosity, fractal dimension, and branching angle) has shown strong associations to clinical and subclinical CeVD. Other new retinal vascular imaging techniques (dynamic retinal vessel analysis, adaptive optics, and optical coherence tomography angiography) are emerging technologies in this field. Application of AI-DL is expected to detect subclinical retinal changes and discrete retinal features in predicting systemic conditions including CeVD. CONCLUSIONS: There is extensive and increasing evidence that a range of retinal vascular signs and disease are closely linked to CeVD, including subclinical and clinical CeVD. New technology including AI-DL will allow further translation to clinical utilization.

Long-Term Regular Use of Low-Dose Aspirin and Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: National Sample Cohort 2010-2015.

PURPOSE: The association between long-term cardioprotective aspirin use and neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is controversial. This study was undertaken to estimate the risk of neovascular AMD with long-term regular use of low-dose aspirin. DESIGN: Retrospective population-based study, using a nationwide cohort from a variety of clinics and hospitals in South Korea. PARTICIPANTS: Nonregular aspirin users and regular aspirin users under national health insurance, aged ≥45 years, who were followed from 2010 to 2015, were identified. METHODS: Incidence per 10 000 person-years for neovascular AMD was estimated. Long-term regular use of low-dose aspirin was defined as sustained intake of ≤100 mg aspirin with ≥1044 days prescription between 2005 and 2009. Nonregular aspirin users included occasional users or nonusers. The analyses included a propensity score-adjusted analysis in a large, randomly selected, unmatched whole cohort (n = 482 613); propensity score-matched analysis in a matched cohort (n = 74 196); and maximally adjusted analysis in the unmatched whole cohort (n = 482 613). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence of newly developed neovascular AMD using the registration code for intractable disease under national health insurance. RESULTS: Incidence of neovascular AMD was 3.5 among nonregular aspirin users and 7.2 among regular aspirin users per 10 000 person-years in the unmatched whole cohort. However, propensity score-adjusted analyses revealed no association between aspirin use and neovascular AMD (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.73-1.30). Likewise, propensity score-matched analyses showed no association; incidences of neovascular AMD were 7.5 and 7.1 among nonregular aspirin users and regular aspirin users (crude HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.70-1.28), respectively. A maximally adjusted model, including age, sex, income, residential area, and history of 100 randomly selected types of generic drugs, showed no association (adjusted HR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.71-1.28). CONCLUSIONS: We found no association between long-term regular use of low-dose aspirin for 5 years and future incidence of neovascular AMD. Thus, this large-scale study suggests that regular, long-term use of low-dose aspirin appears to be safe with respect to the new development of neovascular AMD.

Artificial Intelligence Screening for Diabetic Retinopathy: the Real-World Emerging Application.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This paper systematically reviews the recent progress in diabetic retinopathy screening. It provides an integrated overview of the current state of knowledge of emerging techniques using artificial intelligence integration in national screening programs around the world. Existing methodological approaches and research insights are evaluated. An understanding of existing gaps and future directions is created. RECENT FINDINGS: Over the past decades, artificial intelligence has emerged into the scientific consciousness with breakthroughs that are sparking increasing interest among computer science and medical communities. Specifically, machine learning and deep learning (a subtype of machine learning) applications of artificial intelligence are spreading into areas that previously were thought to be only the purview of humans, and a number of applications in ophthalmology field have been explored. Multiple studies all around the world have demonstrated that such systems can behave on par with clinical experts with robust diagnostic performance in diabetic retinopathy diagnosis. However, only few tools have been evaluated in clinical prospective studies. Given the rapid and impressive progress of artificial intelligence technologies, the implementation of deep learning systems into routinely practiced diabetic retinopathy screening could represent a cost-effective alternative to help reduce the incidence of preventable blindness around the world.

Lacrimal Drainage Obstruction and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Nationwide Longitudinal Cohort Study.

GOALS: This study aimed to evaluate the association between gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and development of lacrimal drainage obstruction (LDO). BACKGROUND: It has been hypothesized that GERD may contribute toward the development of LDO. STUDY: This was a retrospective study of Koreans aged 40 to 79 years registered in the Korean National Health Screening Cohort from 2002 to 2013. Incident cases of LDO were identified according to the Korean Classification of Disease. We compared hazard ratios (HRs) for LDO between 22,570 patients with GERD and 112,850 patients without GERD by 1:5 propensity score-matched analysis. RESULTS: A total of 135,420 patients, representing 1,237,909 person-years, were evaluated. LDO developed in 1998 (8.9%) patients with GERD and 8565 (7.6%) patients without GERD (P<0.001). The incidence of LDO per 1000 person-years in patients with GERD was 9.7 and 8.3 in those without GERD; the age-adjusted and sex-adjusted HR was 1.17 (95% confidence interval, 1.11-1.23). This association between GERD and LDO was more pronounced among younger individuals (HR, 1.20 for patients 40 to 59-y old; HR, 1.12 for patients 60 to 79-y old) and among men (HR, 1.20 for men; HR, 1.14 for women). Patients with GERD had a higher risk of LDO than those without GERD, irrespective of history of proton-pump inhibitor use. In the sensitivity analysis, GERD patients with esophagitis had a higher risk of LDO than those without esophagitis. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that GERD is associated with an increased risk of subsequent LDO and that this effect is more pronounced among adults aged 40 to 59-years old and men.

Ten-year incidence and prevalence of clinically diagnosed blepharitis in South Korea: a nationwide population-based cohort study.

IMPORTANCE: Blepharitis is one of the most common conditions. However, no study has yet evaluated the epidemiology by evaluating a large population-based sample. BACKGROUND: To evaluate the incidence and prevalence of clinically diagnosed blepharitis in South Korea. DESIGN: Nationwide population-based study. PARTICIPANTS: We investigated the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort, a representative one million-sample of the Korean population, for patients diagnosed with blepharitis according to the Korean Classification of Diseases. METHODS: Annual and overall incidence and prevalence of blepharitis during the study period (2004-2013) were estimated after excluding chronic blepharitis patients, diagnosed during 2002-2003. Sociodemographic factors and comorbidities associated with blepharitis were evaluated using Cox proportional hazard regression. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The first occurrence of blepharitis. RESULTS: A total of 1 116 363 individuals over 9 698 118 person-years were evaluated (mean follow up: 8.7 years) from 2004 to 2013. The overall incidence was 1.1 (95% confidence interval, 1.1-1.1) per 100 person-years. The incidence increased with time (0.9 vs. 1.3 per 100 person-years, in 2004 and 2013, respectively) and was higher in female patients (1.3 vs. 0.9 per 100 person-years, respectively). The overall prevalence was 8.1% (95% confidence interval: 8.0-8.1) among subjects aged 40 years or older. Chalazion, gastritis, Sjögren's syndrome, pterygium, rosacea, prostatic hypertrophy, atopy, irritable bowel disease and peptic ulcer were associated with an increased incidence of blepharitis in the multivariable Cox model. CONCLUSIONS: We found that blepharitis was a relatively common disease and is associated with various ocular and systemic conditions.

Nationwide incidence of blindness in South Korea: a 12-year study from 2002 to 2013.

IMPORTANCE: Blindness is an important public health issue. BACKGROUND: The background of the study is to determine the incidence of blindness in South Korea. DESIGN: Nationwide population-based retrospective study. PARTICIPANTS: All individuals from South Korea (n = 47 516 098). METHODS: Patients confirmed with legal blindness based on the worse-seeing and better-seeing eyes between 1 January 2002 and 31 December 2013 were included. The Korean National Health Insurance Service (KNHIS) database was used. Using the World Health Organization definition, blindness was defined as best-corrected visual acuity in the worse-seeing and better-seeing eyes of <20/400. The mean incidence of blindness during the 12-year period was estimated. The population of South Korea was estimated using census data in 2005 and 2010. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The total number of legal blindness cases in the KNHIS database. RESULTS: We identified 195 004 and 20 492 cases of newly developed legal blindness based on the worse-seeing and better-seeing eyes, respectively, and the mean incidences of blindness were 34.2 and 3.6 cases/100 000 person-years, respectively. The prevalence of blindness based on the worse-seeing and better-seeing eyes was 425.3 and 57.7 cases/100 000 persons, respectively. The incidence of blindness based on the worse-seeing eye was higher in men than in women overall. Additionally, the incidence increased with age and showed a decreasing trend from 2002 to 2013. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The prevalence of blindness showed an increasing trend from 2002 to 2013. The findings of our study will help in the assessment of the blindness-related socio-economic burden and in healthcare planning.

Retinal Artery Occlusion and the Risk of Stroke Development: Twelve-Year Nationwide Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Our aim was to evaluate the risk of subsequent stroke development after retinal artery occlusion (RAO). METHODS: National registry data were collected from the Korean National Health Insurance Service, comprised 1 025 340 random subjects. Patients diagnosed with RAO in 2002 and 2003 were excluded. The RAO group was composed of patients with an initial diagnosis of either central or other RAO between January 2004 and December 2013 (n=401). The comparison group was composed of randomly selected patients (5 per RAO patient; n=2003) who were matched to the RAO group according to sociodemographic factors and year of RAO diagnosis. Each sampled patient was tracked until 2013. Cox proportional hazard regression was used. RESULTS: Stroke occurred in 15.0% of the RAO group and in 8.0% of the comparison group (P < 0.001). RAO was associated with an increased risk of stroke occurrence (hazard ratio, 1.78; 95% confidence interval, 1.32-2.41). The magnitude of the RAO effect for stroke was larger among younger adults aged <65 years (hazard ratio, 3.11) than older adults aged ≥65 years (hazard ratio, 1.26). However, the risk of subsequent stroke was significantly increased in older adults aged ≥65 years at the 4-year follow-up (hazard ratio, 1.58; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-2.48). CONCLUSIONS: RAO was significantly associated with subsequent stroke after adjusting for comorbidities and sociodemographic factors. These findings are limited by uncontrolled confounding factors and need to be replicated by other observational studies.

Incremental Prognostic Value of ADC Histogram Analysis over MGMT Promoter Methylation Status in Patients with Glioblastoma.

Purpose To investigate the incremental prognostic value of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) histogram analysis over oxygen 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation status in patients with glioblastoma and the correlation between ADC parameters and MGMT status. Materials and Methods This retrospective study was approved by institutional review board, and informed consent was waived. A total of 112 patients with glioblastoma were divided into training (74 patients) and test (38 patients) sets. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) was analyzed with ADC parameters, MGMT status, and other clinical factors. Multivariate Cox regression models with and without ADC parameters were constructed. Model performance was assessed with c index and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses for 12- and 16-month OS and 12-month PFS in the training set and validated in the test set. ADC parameters were compared according to MGMT status for the entire cohort. Results By using ADC parameters, the c indices and diagnostic accuracies for 12- and 16-month OS and 12-month PFS in the models showed significant improvement, with the exception of c indices in the models for PFS (P < .05 for all) in the training set. In the test set, the diagnostic accuracy was improved by using ADC parameters and was significant, with the 25th and 50th percentiles of ADC for 16-month OS (P = .040 and P = .047) and the 25th percentile of ADC for 12-month PFS (P = .026). No significant correlation was found between ADC parameters and MGMT status. Conclusion ADC histogram analysis had incremental prognostic value over MGMT promoter methylation status in patients with glioblastoma. (©) RSNA, 2016 Online supplemental material is available for this article.

Efficacy of combined orbital radiation and systemic steroids in the management of Graves' orbitopathy.

PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy and safety of combination therapy with orbital irradiation and systemic steroids versus steroid monotherapy in the management of active Graves' orbitopathy (GO). METHODS: The clinical charts of 127 patients with active inflammation due to GO who received intravenous steroid pulse therapy as a first-line treatment with or without orbital radiotherapy between 2010 and 2014 were reviewed. Patients were divided into two treatment groups: 1) combined orbital radiotherapy and steroid pulse therapy (SRT group) and 2) steroid pulse therapy only (ST group). Primary outcome measures included clinical activity score (CAS); NOSPECS classification; ocular motility impairment; and exophthalmos at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment. The secondary outcome measure was the change in orbital, extraocular muscle (EOM), and fat volume after treatment measured by orbit computed tomography. RESULTS: Sixty-eight patients were included in the SRT group, and 59 patients were in the ST group. In both treatments, CAS and NOSPECS were significantly reduced. In the comparison of the degree of change from baseline between the groups, the SRT group demonstrated more improvement in NOSPECS and scores of ocular motility. Orbital, EOM, and fat volume significantly decreased in the SRT group; however, only fat volume was reduced in the ST group. Compressive optic neuropathy after treatment developed in 0 % of the SRT group and 3.4 % (2/59) of the ST group. Reactivation of inflammation occurred in 11.8 % (8/68) of the SRT group and 28.8 % (17/59) of the ST group. CONCLUSIONS: Orbital radiotherapy in combination with steroid treatment significantly improved ocular motility by reducing EOM volume in patients with active GO.

INTRAVITREAL RANIBIZUMAB THERAPY FOR NEOVASCULAR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION AND THE RISK OF STROKE: A National Sample Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the risk of stroke after ranibizumab treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. METHODS: National registry data for 1,025,340 random subjects in the year 2002 were used. The ranibizumab group comprised patients diagnosed with neovascular age-related macular degeneration and treated with ranibizumab between 2009 and 2013 (n = 467). The two types of comparison groups were defined as comorbidity-matched controls (n = 2,330) comprised of randomly selected patients (5 per age-related macular degeneration patient), who were matched to the ranibizumab group according to sociodemographic factors, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and the Charlson comorbidities index, and sociodemographic-matched controls (n = 2,331) matched according to sociodemographic factors only. Each sampled patient was tracked until 2013. The Cox proportional hazard regression was used. RESULTS: Stroke occurred in 6.6% of the ranibizumab group versus 7.0% of the comorbidity-matched controls and 6.7% of the sociodemographic-matched controls; these differences were not statistically significant. The overall incidence of stroke was similar for the ranibizumab group versus the comorbidity-matched controls and sociodemographic-matched controls, based on the multivariable Cox regression (hazard ratio = 0.88; 95% confidence interval, 0.60-1.30; hazard ratio = 0.95, 95% confidence interval, 0.64-1.41, respectively). CONCLUSION: Ranibizumab treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration did not increase the overall risk of stroke, compared with comorbidity-matched controls or sociodemographic-matched controls.

Retinal vein occlusion and the risk of stroke development: a 9-year nationwide population-based study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the risk of stroke development after retinal vein occlusion (RVO). DESIGN: Nationwide, population-based 9-year longitudinal study. PARTICIPANTS: National registry data were collected from the Korean National Health Insurance Research Database, comprising 1 025 340 (∼2.2%) random subjects who were selected from 46 605 433 Korean residents in 2002. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with RVO or stroke in 2002 were excluded. The RVO group was composed of patients with an initial diagnosis of central or branch RVO between January 2003 and December 2005 (n = 344 in 2003, 375 in 2004, and 312 in 2005). The comparison group was composed of randomly selected patients (5 per patient with RVO; n = 1696 in 2003, 1854 in 2004, and 1524 in 2005) who were matched to the RVO group according to age, sex, residential area, household income, and year of RVO diagnosis. Each sampled patient was tracked until 2010. Cox proportional hazard regressions were used to calculate the overall survival rate for stroke development after adjusting for potential confounders, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Retinal vein occlusion and ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke based on the International Classification of Disease codes. RESULTS: Stroke developed in 16.8% of the RVO group and in 10.7% of the comparison group. Retinal vein occlusion was associated with an increased risk of stroke development (hazard ratio [HR], 1.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24-1.76). Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease also increased the risk of stroke development. In addition, RVO increased the risk of both ischemic stroke (HR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.24-1.84) and hemorrhagic stroke (HR, 1.30; 95% CI, 0.83-2.05), although this result was not significant for hemorrhagic stroke. In terms of age, the effect size of the HR was largest among younger adults, aged <50 years (HR, 2.69), compared with middle-aged adults, aged 50 to 69 years (HR, 1.33), and older adults, aged ≥70 years (HR, 1.46). CONCLUSIONS: Retinal vein occlusion was significantly associated with stroke development after adjusting for potential confounders. These findings are limited by uncontrolled confounding and need to be replicated by other observational studies.