What every paediatrician needs to know about mechanical ventilation.

Invasive mechanical ventilation (MV) is one of the most practiced interventions in the intensive care unit (ICU) and is unmistakably lifesaving for children with acute respiratory failure (ARF). However, if delivered inappropriately (i.e. ignoring the respiratory system mechanics and not targeted to the need of the individual patient at a specific time point in the disease trajectory), the side effects will outweigh the benefits. Decades of experimental and clinical investigations have resulted in a better understanding of three important detrimental effects of MV. These are ventilation-induced lung injury (VILI), patient self-inflicted lung injury (P-SILI), and ventilation-induced diaphragmatic injury (VIDD). VILI, P-SILI, and VIDD have in common that they occur when there is either too much or too little ventilatory assistance.Conclusion: The purpose of this review is to give the paediatrician an overview of the challenges to prevent these detrimental effects and titrate MV to the individual patient needs.

Total face mask with neurally adjusted ventilatory assist as a rescue therapy in infants with severe bronchiolitis.

Severe bronchiolitis patients are often supported with non-invasive ventilation (NIV). In case of NIV failure, we recently started to use non-invasive neurally adjusted ventilatory assist ventilation (NIV-NAVA) with a total face mask interface (TFM) and report now our experience with this modality of respiratory support. Retrospective study was made from October 2022 to May 2023 at the Geneva University Hospital Paediatric Intensive Care Unit. Inclusion criteria were children, aged from 0 to 6 months, with severe bronchiolitis with initial NIV failure and switch to NIV-NAVA-TFM. From 49 children with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-induced bronchiolitis requiring any form of respiratory support, 10 (median age 61 days (IQR 44-73) failing CPAP or NIV underwent rescue treatment with NIV-NAVA using a TFM. Patients were switched to TFM-NIV-NAVA 8 h (IQR 3-22) after admission for 24.5 h (IQR 13-60). After initiation of TFM-NIV-NAVA, oxygenation improved significantly as early as 1 h after initiation, whereas transcutaneous CO2 values remained stable. None of the patients needed to be intubated and there was no episode of TFM discontinuation due to interface discomfort or other unwanted side effects. Sedation was used in all patients with high proportion of intravenous dexmedetomidine. Median ventilatory assistance duration was 2.5 days (IQR 2-4) and median PICU stay was 4.5 (IQR 3-6).   Conclusion: In infants with severe RSV-induced bronchiolitis, respiratory support with TFM-NIV-NAVA seems to be feasible as a rescue therapy and might be considered in selected patients. What is Known: • Bronchiolitic patients with NIV support failure may require invasive mechanical ventilation. • Interface related complications, especially facial sores, can be a cause of NIV failure. What is New: • Total face mask with non-invasive neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (TFM-NIV-NAVA) seems feasible as a rescue therapy in deteriorating patients with CPAP or NIV failure. • TFM-NIV-NAVA can improve oxygenation rapidly in patients with aggravating hypoxemia and seems to be well tolerated.

Invasive Ventilatory Support in Patients With Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: From the Second Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference.

OBJECTIVE: To provide evidence for the Second Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference updated recommendations and consensus statements for clinical practice and future research on invasive mechanical ventilation support of patients with pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (PARDS). DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Elsevier), and CINAHL Complete (EBSCOhost). STUDY SELECTION: We included clinical studies of critically ill patients undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation for PARDS, January 2013 to April 2022. In addition, meta-analyses and systematic reviews focused on the adult acute respiratory distress syndrome population were included to explore new relevant concepts (e.g., mechanical power, driving pressure, etc.) still underrepresented in the contemporary pediatric literature. DATA EXTRACTION: Title/abstract review, full text review, and data extraction using a standardized data collection form. DATA SYNTHESIS: The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach was used to identify and summarize relevant evidence and develop recommendations, good practice statements and research statements. We identified 26 pediatric studies for inclusion and 36 meta-analyses or systematic reviews in adults. We generated 12 recommendations, two research statements, and five good practice statements related to modes of ventilation, tidal volume, ventilation pressures, lung-protective ventilation bundles, driving pressure, mechanical power, recruitment maneuvers, prone positioning, and high-frequency ventilation. Only one recommendation, related to use of positive end-expiratory pressure, is classified as strong, with moderate certainty of evidence. CONCLUSIONS: Limited pediatric data exist to make definitive recommendations for the management of invasive mechanical ventilation for patients with PARDS. Ongoing research is needed to better understand how to guide best practices and improve outcomes for patients with PARDS requiring invasive mechanical ventilation.

Executive Summary of the Second International Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (PALICC-2).

OBJECTIVES: We sought to update our 2015 work in the Second Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference (PALICC-2) guidelines for the diagnosis and management of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (PARDS), considering new evidence and topic areas that were not previously addressed. DESIGN: International consensus conference series involving 52 multidisciplinary international content experts in PARDS and four methodology experts from 15 countries, using consensus conference methodology, and implementation science. SETTING: Not applicable. PATIENTS: Patients with or at risk for PARDS. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Eleven subgroups conducted systematic or scoping reviews addressing 11 topic areas: 1) definition, incidence, and epidemiology; 2) pathobiology, severity, and risk stratification; 3) ventilatory support; 4) pulmonary-specific ancillary treatment; 5) nonpulmonary treatment; 6) monitoring; 7) noninvasive respiratory support; 8) extracorporeal support; 9) morbidity and long-term outcomes; 10) clinical informatics and data science; and 11) resource-limited settings. The search included MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL Complete (EBSCOhost) and was updated in March 2022. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation methodology was used to summarize evidence and develop the recommendations, which were discussed and voted on by all PALICC-2 experts. There were 146 recommendations and statements, including: 34 recommendations for clinical practice; 112 consensus-based statements with 18 on PARDS definition, 55 on good practice, seven on policy, and 32 on research. All recommendations and statements had agreement greater than 80%. CONCLUSIONS: PALICC-2 recommendations and consensus-based statements should facilitate the implementation and adherence to the best clinical practice in patients with PARDS. These results will also inform the development of future programs of research that are crucially needed to provide stronger evidence to guide the pediatric critical care teams managing these patients.

First nosocomial infections in children supported by veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO).

BACKGROUND: Veno-arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (VA-ECMO) is a standard procedure for patient with refractory shock in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). There is a paucity of data on the time relationship between VA-ECMO support, nosocomial infection occurrence, and PICU length of stay (LOS). The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics and impact of ECMO-related infections. METHODS: This is a retrospective study from 01/2008 to 12/2014, enrolling children with a VA-ECMO support for > 6 h. We recorded the first PICU infection during the VA-ECMO run, defined as a positive microbiological sample with clinical signs of infection or clinical signs of severe infection without positive sample. RESULTS: During the study period, 41 patients (25/41 male) were included, with a median age of 41.2 months (IQR 12.9-89.9) and a 53% mortality rate. Median time on VA-ECMO was 4.2 d (IQR 2-7.1), median PICU LOS was 14.7 d (IQR 4,7-26,9). Overall, 34% patients developed an infection, with an incidence of 60/1000 VA-ECMO days. Median time to first infection was 4 d (IQR 3-5), with Pseudomonas spp. being the most commonly detected microorganism (42%). Infected sites were ventilator-associated pneumonia (9/14), sternotomy infection (2/14), bloodstream (2/14) and urinary tract infections (1/14). Longer VA-ECMO support (> 5 d) (OR 5.9 (CI 95% 1.4-24.6; p = 0.01) and longer PICU stay (> 14 d) (OR 12 (95% CI 2.2-65.5; p = 0.004) were associated with infection. CONCLUSION: In this single-center study, we underlined the high proportion and early occurrence of infections in patient on VA-ECMO, mostly in the first week. As infection was an early event, it may prolong the duration of VA-ECMO support and PICU LOS. Further research is needed to better understand the impact of infections on VA-ECMO and develop prevention strategies.

In situ simulation training for parental presence during critical situations in PICU: an observational study.

Family presence during invasive procedures or cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a part of the family-centered approach in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs). We established a simulation program aiming at providing communication tools to healthcare professionals. The goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of this program on the stress of PICU professionals and its acceptance. An observational study of a simulation program, with questionnaire, was used to measure pre- and post-simulation stress and the degree of satisfaction of the participants. PICU of Geneva Children's Hospital, Switzerland. Forty simulations with four different simulation scenarios and various types of parental behavior, as imitated by professional actors, were completed during a 1-year period. Primary outcomes were the difference in perceived stress level before and after the simulation and the degree of satisfaction of healthcare professionals (nursing assistants, nurses, physicians). The impact of previous experience with family members during critical situations or CPR was evaluated by variation in perceived stress level. Overall, 201 questionnaires were analyzed. Perceived stress associated with parental presence decreased from a pre-simulation value of 6 (IQR, 4-7) to 4 (IQR, 2-5) post-simulation on a scale of 1-10. However, in 25.7% of cases, the individually perceived post-simulation stress level was higher than the pre-simulation one. Satisfaction of the participants was high with a median of 10 (IQR, 9-10) out of 10. CONCLUSIONS: A simulation program helps reduce PICU team emotional stress associated with the presence of family members during critical situations or CPR, and is welcomed by PICU team members. WHAT IS KNOWN: • Family presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) or critical situations is a part of the family-centered approach in pediatric intensive care. • The benefits for the family have been already demonstrated. However, this policy is still controversy among healthcare professionals. WHAT IS NEW: • A simulation program seeking to provide skills focused on family presence management in the PICU is useful to reduce stress and was well accepted by participants. • It might become an indispensable training intervention for the implementation of a PICU policy to allow family presence during CPR or other critical situations.

Epidemiology of Neonatal Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Prospective, Multicenter, International Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVES: Age-specific definitions for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are available, including a specific definition for neonates (the "Montreux definition"). The epidemiology of neonatal ARDS is unknown. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiology, clinical course, treatment, and outcomes of neonatal ARDS. DESIGN: Prospective, international, observational, cohort study. SETTING: Fifteen academic neonatal ICUs. PATIENTS: Consecutive sample of neonates of any gestational age admitted to participating sites who met the neonatal ARDS Montreux definition criteria. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Neonatal ARDS was classified as direct or indirect, infectious or noninfectious, and perinatal (≤ 72 hr after birth) or late in onset. Primary outcomes were: 1) survival at 30 days from diagnosis, 2) inhospital survival, and 3) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)-free survival at 30 days from diagnosis. Secondary outcomes included respiratory complications and common neonatal extrapulmonary morbidities. A total of 239 neonates met criteria for the diagnosis of neonatal ARDS. The median prevalence was 1.5% of neonatal ICU admissions with male/female ratio of 1.5. Respiratory treatments were similar across gestational ages. Direct neonatal ARDS (51.5% of neonates) was more common in term neonates and the perinatal period. Indirect neonatal ARDS was often triggered by an infection and was more common in preterm neonates. Thirty-day, inhospital, and 30-day ECMO-free survival were 83.3%, 76.2%, and 79.5%, respectively. Direct neonatal ARDS was associated with better survival outcomes than indirect neonatal ARDS. Direct and noninfectious neonatal ARDS were associated with the poorest respiratory outcomes at 36 and 40 weeks' postmenstrual age. Gestational age was not associated with any primary outcome on multivariate analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence and survival of neonatal ARDS are similar to those of pediatric ARDS. The neonatal ARDS subtypes used in the current definition may be associated with distinct clinical outcomes and a different distribution for term and preterm neonates.

Surfactant therapies for pediatric and neonatal ARDS: ESPNIC expert consensus opinion for future research steps.

Pediatric (PARDS) and neonatal (NARDS) acute respiratory distress syndrome have different age-specific characteristics and definitions. Trials on surfactant for ARDS in children and neonates have been performed well before the PARDS and NARDS definitions and yielded conflicting results. This is mainly due to heterogeneity in study design reflecting historic lack of pathobiology knowledge. We reviewed the available clinical and preclinical data to create an expert consensus aiming to inform future research steps and advance the knowledge in this area. Eight trials investigated the use of surfactant for ARDS in children and ten in neonates, respectively. There were improvements in oxygenation (7/8 trials in children, 7/10 in neonates) and mortality (3/8 trials in children, 1/10 in neonates) improved. Trials were heterogeneous for patients' characteristics, surfactant type and administration strategy. Key pathobiological concepts were missed in study design. Consensus with strong agreement was reached on four statements: 1. There are sufficient preclinical and clinical data to support targeted research on surfactant therapies for PARDS and NARDS. Studies should be performed according to the currently available definitions and considering recent pathobiology knowledge. 2. PARDS and NARDS should be considered as syndromes and should be pre-clinically studied according to key characteristics, such as direct or indirect (primary or secondary) nature, clinical severity, infectious or non-infectious origin or patients' age. 3. Explanatory should be preferred over pragmatic design for future trials on PARDS and NARDS. 4. Different clinical outcomes need to be chosen for PARDS and NARDS, according to the trial phase and design, trigger type, severity class and/or surfactant treatment policy. We advocate for further well-designed preclinical and clinical studies to investigate the use of surfactant for PARDS and NARDS following these principles.

Caring for Critically Ill Children With Suspected or Proven Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection: Recommendations by the Scientific Sections' Collaborative of the European Society of Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care.

OBJECTIVES: In children, coronavirus disease 2019 is usually mild but can develop severe hypoxemic failure or a severe multisystem inflammatory syndrome, the latter considered to be a postinfectious syndrome, with cardiac involvement alone or together with a toxic shock like-presentation. Given the novelty of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the causative agent of the recent coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, little is known about the pathophysiology and phenotypic expressions of this new infectious disease nor the optimal treatment approach. STUDY SELECTION: From inception to July 10, 2020, repeated PubMed and open Web searches have been done by the scientific section collaborative group members of the European Society of Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care. DATA EXTRACTION: There is little in the way of clinical research in children affected by coronavirus disease 2019, apart from descriptive data and epidemiology. DATA SYNTHESIS: Even though basic treatment and organ support considerations seem not to differ much from other critical illness, such as pediatric septic shock and multiple organ failure, seen in PICUs, some specific issues must be considered when caring for children with severe coronavirus disease 2019 disease. CONCLUSIONS: In this clinical guidance article, we review the current clinical knowledge of coronavirus disease 2019 disease in critically ill children and discuss some specific treatment concepts based mainly on expert opinion based on limited experience and the lack of any completed controlled trials in children at this time.

Risk Factors for Postprocedural Arterial Ischemic Stroke in Children With Cardiac Disease.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cardiac pathologies are the second most frequent risk factor (RF) in children with arterial ischemic stroke (AIS). This study aimed to analyze RFs for AIS in children with cardiac disease and cardiac intervention. METHODS: Data were drawn from the Swiss Neuropediatric Stroke Registry. Patients with cardiac disease and postprocedural AIS registered from 2000 until 2015 were analyzed for the cause of cardiac disease and for potential RFs. RESULTS: Forty-seven out of 78 children with cardiac disease had a cardiac intervention. Of these, 36 presented a postprocedural AIS. Median time from cardiac intervention to symptom onset was 4 days (interquartile range, 2-8.5); time to diagnosis of AIS was 2 days (interquartile range, 0-5.8). Main RFs for postprocedural AIS were hypotension, prosthetic cardiac material, right-to-left shunt, arrhythmias, low cardiac output, and infections. CONCLUSIONS: In children with postprocedural AIS, time to diagnosis was delayed. Most patients presented multiple potentially modifiable RFs as hemodynamic alterations and infections.

Overall and subgroup specific performance of the pediatric index of mortality 2 score in Switzerland: a national multicenter study.

Pediatric Index of Mortality (PIM) 2 score is used in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) to predict the patients' risk of death. The performance of this model has never been assessed in Switzerland. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the PIM2 score in the whole cohort and in pre-specified diagnostic subgroups of patients admitted to PICUs in Switzerland. All children younger than 16 years admitted to any PICU in Switzerland between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2017 were included in the study. A total of 22,382 patients were analyzed. Observed mortality was 2%, whereas mortality predicted by PIM2 was 4.2% (SMR = 0.47, 95% CI, 0.42-0.52). Calibration was also poor across the deciles of mortality risks (p < 0.001). The AUC-ROC for the entire cohort was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.87-0.90). Calibration varied significantly according to primary diagnosis.Conclusion: The performance of the PIM 2 score in a cohort of Swiss patients is poor with adequate discrimination and poor calibration. The PIM 2 score tends to under predict the number of deaths among septic patients and in patients admitted after a cardiorespiratory arrest. What is Known: •PIM2 score is a widely used mortality prediction model in PICU. •PIM2 performance among uncommon but clinically relevant diagnostic subgroups of patients is unknown. •The performance of PIM2 score has never been assessed in Switzerland. What is New: •The performance of the PIM 2 score in a cohort of Swiss patients is poor with adequate discrimination and poor calibration. •Calibration varies significantly according to primary diagnosis. The PIM 2 score under predict the number of deaths among septic patients and in patients admitted after a cardiorespiratory arrest.

Pulmonary complications after liver transplantation in children: risk factors and impact on early post-operative morbidity.

Liver transplantation (LT) is associated with high post-operative morbidity, despite excellent survival rates. With this retrospective study, we report the incidence of early and late pulmonary complications (PC) after LT, identify modifiable risk factors for PC and analyzed the role of PC in post-operative ventilation duration and hospital length of stay. In a series of 79 children (0-16 years) with LT over a 12 years period, early (<3 months post-LT) and/or late (>3 months post-LT) PC occurred in 68 patients (86%). Sixty-four percent (64%) developed early major complications such as pulmonary edema, atelectasis, or pleural effusion. Atelectasis requiring an intervention (P ≤ .02), pulmonary edema (P ≤ .02), or elevated PELD/MELD scores (P = .05) were associated with an increase in total ventilation duration and length of stay in the ICU. Risk factors for early PC included preoperative hypoxemia (P = .005), low serum albumin at LT admission (P = .003), or early rejection (P = .002). About 20% of patients experienced late PC of which 81% were infections. Risk factor assessment prior to LT may ultimately help reduce early PC thereby possibly minimizing post-operative morbidity and ICU length of stay.

Prone Positioning Improves Ventilation Homogeneity in Children With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of prone positioning on ventilation distribution in children with acute respiratory distress syndrome. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Paediatric Intensive Care at Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa. PATIENTS: Mechanically ventilated children with acute respiratory distress syndrome. INTERVENTIONS: Electrical impedance tomography measures were taken in the supine position, after which the child was turned into the prone position, and subsequent electrical impedance tomography measurements were taken. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Thoracic electrical impedance tomography measures were taken at baseline and after 5, 20, and 60 minutes in the prone position. The proportion of ventilation, regional filling characteristics, and global inhomogeneity index were calculated for the ventral and dorsal lung regions. Arterial blood gas measurements were taken before and after the intervention. A responder was defined as having an improvement of more than 10% in the oxygenation index after 60 minutes in prone position. Twelve children (nine male, 65%) were studied. Four children were responders, three were nonresponders, and five showed no change to prone positioning. Ventilation in ventral and dorsal lung regions was no different in the supine or prone positions between response groups. The proportion of ventilation in the dorsal lung increased from 49% to 57% in responders, while it became more equal between ventral and dorsal lung regions in the prone position in nonresponders. Responders showed greater improvements in ventilation homogeneity with R improving from 0.86 ± 0.24 to 0.98 ± 0.02 in the ventral lung and 0.91 ± 0.15 to 0.99 ± 0.01 in the dorsal lung region with time in the prone position. CONCLUSIONS: The response to prone position was variable in children with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Prone positioning improves homogeneity of ventilation and may result in recruitment of the dorsal lung regions.

Ketosis After Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Children Is Associated With an Inadequate Balance Between Oxygen Transport and Consumption.

OBJECTIVES: Hyperglycemia after cardiac surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass in children has been associated with worse outcome; however, causality has never been proven. Furthermore, the benefit of tight glycemic control is inconsistent. The purpose of this study was to describe the metabolic constellation of children before, during, and after cardiopulmonary bypass, in order to identify a subset of patients that might benefit from insulin treatment. DESIGN: Prospective observational study, in which insulin treatment was initiated when postoperative blood glucose levels were more than 12 mmol/L (216 mg/dL). SETTING: Tertiary PICU. PATIENTS: Ninety-six patients 6 months to 16 years old undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Metabolic tests were performed before anesthesia, at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass, at PICU admission, and 4 and 12 hours after PICU admission, as well as 4 hours after initiation of insulin treatment. Ketosis was present in 17.9% patients at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass and in 31.2% at PICU admission. Young age was an independent risk factor for this condition. Ketosis at PICU admission was an independent risk factor for an increased difference between arterial and venous oxygen saturation. Four hours after admission (p = 0.05). Insulin corrected ketosis within 4 hours. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we found a high prevalence of ketosis at PICU admission, especially in young children. This was independently associated with an imbalance between oxygen transport and consumption and was corrected by insulin. These results set the basis for future randomized controlled trials, to test whether this subgroup of patients might benefit from increased glucose intake and insulin during surgery to avoid ketosis, as improving oxygen transport and consumption might improve patient outcome.

Mechanical Ventilation After Bidirectional Superior Cavopulmonary Anastomosis for Single-Ventricle Physiology: A Comparison of Pressure Support Ventilation and Neurally Adjusted Ventilatory Assist.

We evaluated the effects of different respiratory assist modes on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and arterial oxygenation in single-ventricle patients after bidirectional superior cavopulmonary anastomosis (BCPA). We hypothesized that preserved auto-regulation of respiration during neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) may have potential advantages for CBF and pulmonary blood flow regulation after the BCPA procedure. We enrolled 23 patients scheduled for BCPA, who underwent pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV), pressure support ventilation (PSV), and NAVA at two assist levels for all modes in a randomized order. PCV targeting large V T (15 mL × kg(-1)) resulted in lower CBF and oxygenation compared to targeting low V T (10 mL × kg(-1)). During PSV and NAVA, ventilation assist levels were titrated to reduce EAdi from baseline by 75 % (high assist) and 50 % (low assist). High assist levels during PSV (PSVhigh) were associated with lower PaCO2, PaO2, and O2SAT, lower CBF, and higher pulsatility index compared with those during NAVAhigh. There were no differences in parameters when using low assist levels, except for slightly greater oxygenation in the NAVAlow group. Modifying assist levels during NAVA did not influence hemodynamics, cerebral perfusion, or gas exchange. Targeting the larger V T during PCV resulted in hyperventilation, did not improve oxygenation, and was accompanied by reduced CBF. Similarly, high assist levels during PSV led to mild hyperventilation, resulting in reduced CBF. NAVA's results were independent of the assist level chosen, causing normalized PaCO2, improved oxygenation, and better CBF than did any other mode, with the exception of PSV at low assist levels.

[Improve the extravasation assessment of peripheral venous catheter by nurses, with the establishment of a standardized instrument and suitable for children] / Amélioration de la mesure d'extravasation des cathéters veineux périphériques par les infirmières en pédiatrie, grâce à l'utilisation d'un instrument d'évaluation spécifique.

In pediatric and neonatal intensive care units, severity assessment of extravasation is difficult, considering the specificity of this population. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the ability to improve the measurement of extravasation by nurses with the establishment of a standardized instrument and suitable for children. 66 nurses, randomly assigned to two groups, assessed the severity of extravasations using 15 clinical vignettes.The intervention group with the Pediatric Peripheral Intravenous Infiltration Scale (PIV Scale) (n=33) and the control group based on clinical judgment only (n=33). The reference were obtained from a group of experts. For both groups, concordance and sensitivity were calculated. Concordance and sensitivity were improved by the use of the PIV scale κ=0,62 (IC 95% ; 0,57-0,67) vs κ=0,51 (IC 95 % ; 0,45-0,57), and (69 %) vs (60 %) (p<0,001), respectively. Severity assessment of extravasation on peripheral venous accesses by nurses was improved with the use of the PIV scale, compared to clinical judgment. As this study was based on clinical vignettes, further studies are needed to confirm these results in clinical setting.

High-Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation in Pediatric Acute Lung Injury: A Multicenter International Experience.

OBJECTIVE: We aim to describe current clinical practice, the past decade of experience and factors related to improved outcomes for pediatric patients receiving high-frequency oscillatory ventilation. We have also modeled predictive factors that could help stratify mortality risk and guide future high-frequency oscillatory ventilation practice. DESIGN: Multicenter retrospective, observational questionnaire study. SETTING: Seven PICUs. PATIENTS: Demographic, disease factor, and ventilatory and outcome data were collected, and 328 patients from 2009 to 2010 were included in this analysis. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS: Patients were classified into six cohorts based on underlying diagnosis. We used univariate analysis to identify factors associated with mortality risk and multivariate logistic regression to identify independent predictors of mortality risk. An oxygenation index greater than 35 and immunocompromise exhibited the greatest predictive power (p < 0.0001) for increased mortality risk, and respiratory syncytial virus was associated with lowest mortality risk (p = 0.003). Differences in mortality risk as a function of oxygenation index were highly dependent on primary underlying condition. A trend toward an increase in oscillator amplitude and frequency was observed when compared with historical data. CONCLUSIONS: Given the number of centers and subjects included in the database, these findings provide a robust description of current practice regarding the use of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation for pediatric hypoxic respiratory failure. Patients with severe hypoxic respiratory failure and immunocompromise had the highest mortality risk, and those with respiratory syncytial virus had the lowest. A means of identifying the risk of 30-day mortality for subjects can be obtained by identifying the underlying disease and oxygenation index on conventional ventilation preceding the initiation of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation.

Ventilatory support in children with pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome: proceedings from the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the recommendations of the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference for mechanical ventilation management of pediatric patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. DESIGN: Consensus Conference of experts in pediatric acute lung injury. METHODS: The Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference experts developed and voted on a total of 27 recommendations focused on the optimal mechanical ventilation approach of the patient with pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome. Topics included ventilator mode, tidal volume delivery, inspiratory plateau pressure, high-frequency ventilation, cuffed endotracheal tubes, and gas exchange goals. When experimental data were lacking, a modified Delphi approach emphasizing the strong professional agreement was used. RESULTS: There were 17 recommendations with strong agreement and 10 recommendations with weak agreement. There were no recommendations with equipoise or disagreement. There was weak agreement on recommendations concerning approach to tidal volume and inspiratory pressure limitation (88% to 72% agreement, respectively), whereas strong agreement could be achieved for accepting permissive hypercapnia. Using positive end-expiratory pressure levels greater than 15 cm H2O in severe pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome, under the condition that the markers of oxygen delivery, respiratory system compliance, and hemodynamics are closely monitored as positive end-expiratory pressure is increased, is strongly recommended. The concept of exploring the effects of careful recruitment maneuvers during conventional ventilation met an agreement level of 88%, whereas the use of recruitment maneuvers during rescue high-frequency oscillatory ventilation is highly recommended (strong agreement). CONCLUSIONS: The Consensus Conference developed pediatric-specific recommendations regarding mechanical ventilation of the patient with pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome as well as future research priorities. These recommendations are intended to initiate discussion regarding optimal mechanical ventilation management for children with pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome and identify areas of controversy requiring further investigation.

International survey on plasma transfusion practices in critically ill children.

BACKGROUND: Studies have shown heterogeneity in red blood cell transfusion practices. Although plasma transfusion is common in intensive care, there are no data on plasma transfusion practices in pediatric critical care units. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A scenario-based survey was sent to 718 pediatric critical care physicians working in Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand. Respondents were asked to report their decisions regarding plasma transfusion practice with respect to four scenarios: pneumonia, septic shock, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and postoperative care after a Tetralogy of Fallot correction. RESULTS: The response rate was 187 of 718 (26%); half of the responders worked in North America. The proportion of physicians who transfused plasma to nonbleeding patients, solely based on abnormal international normalized ratio (INR), varied from 66% for pneumonia to 84% for TBI (p < 0.001). In such nonbleeding patients, the median INR threshold that would trigger plasma transfusion was 2.5 for pneumonia and septic shock patients and 2.0 for TBI and the cardiac postoperative patients (p < 0.001). Minor bleeding, minor surgery, insertion of a femoral line, hypotension, abnormal activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombocytopenia, and anemia levels were important determinants of plasma transfusion, whereas none of the respondents' demographic characteristics were important. CONCLUSION: More than two-thirds of responding pediatric critical care physicians prescribe plasma transfusions for nonbleeding critically ill children. Additionally, there is a significant variation in transfusion practice patterns with respect to plasma transfusion thresholds.