ABSTRACT
The discovery of the activating mutation V617F in the JH2 domain of Jak2 and the modulation of oncogenic Stat3 by Jak2 inhibitors have spurred a great interest in the inhibition of the Jak2/Stat pathway in oncology. In this Letter, we communicate the discovery of novel inhibitors of the Jak2/Stat5 axis, the N-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amino derivatives. The rationale, synthesis and biological evaluation of these derivatives are reported. Two lead analogs from this series, 6 and 9, displayed prolonged residence time on Jak2, at enzymatic level. Although 6 and 9 exhibited moderate selectivity in a selected kinase panel, we chose to test these inhibitors in vivo as a consequence to their long residence time. However, extended inhibition of Jak2 due to the long residence time, in the form of inhibiting phosphorylation of downstream Stat5, was not recapitulated in an in vivo setting.
Subject(s)
Drug Discovery , Janus Kinase 2/antagonists & inhibitors , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , STAT5 Transcription Factor/antagonists & inhibitors , Animals , Cell Line, Transformed , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Dogs , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Female , Humans , Janus Kinase 2/genetics , Janus Kinase 2/metabolism , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred Strains , Models, Molecular , Molecular Conformation , Phosphorylation/drug effects , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Rats , Rats, Wistar , STAT5 Transcription Factor/metabolism , Structure-Activity Relationship , Substrate Specificity , Time FactorsABSTRACT
The myeloproliferative neoplasms, polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and idiopathic myelofibrosis are a heterogeneous but related group of hematological malignancies characterized by clonal expansion of one or more myeloid lineages. The discovery of the Jak2 V617F gain of function mutation highlighted Jak2 as a potential therapeutic target in the MPNs. Herein, we disclose the discovery of a series of pyrazol-3-yl pyrimidin-4-amines and the identification of 9e (AZD1480) as a potent Jak2 inhibitor. 9e inhibits signaling and proliferation of Jak2 V617F cell lines in vitro, demonstrates in vivo efficacy in a TEL-Jak2 model, has excellent physical properties and preclinical pharmacokinetics, and is currently being evaluated in Phase I clinical trials.
Subject(s)
Janus Kinase 2/antagonists & inhibitors , Pyrazoles/chemical synthesis , Pyrimidines/chemical synthesis , STAT Transcription Factors/physiology , Animals , Cell Line, Tumor , Crystallography, X-Ray , Dogs , Female , Humans , In Vitro Techniques , Janus Kinase 2/chemistry , Mice , Mice, Nude , Microsomes, Liver/metabolism , Models, Molecular , Phosphorylation , Protein Conformation , Pyrazoles/pharmacokinetics , Pyrazoles/pharmacology , Pyrimidines/pharmacokinetics , Pyrimidines/pharmacology , Rats , STAT Transcription Factors/metabolism , STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism , STAT5 Transcription Factor/metabolism , Signal Transduction , Stereoisomerism , Structure-Activity Relationship , Xenograft Model Antitumor AssaysABSTRACT
gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT, EC 2.3.2.2) is a highly glycosylated heterodimeric enzyme linked to the external cellular membrane that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glutathione as well as the transfer of its gamma-glutamyl group to amino acids and dipeptides in a transpeptidation reaction. The measurement of both the hydrolytic and transpeptidation activity of this important enzyme is a challenge, since its native substrates are not highly chromogenic. We have developed an HPLC-based method for the quantitative photometric detection of numerous enzyme substrates and products, after their pre-column derivation with dabsyl chloride. The broad applicability of this method was demonstrated in the kinetic investigation of transpeptidation reactions of rat kidney GGT with glutathione, its native substrate, as well as a series of pertinent glutathione analogues. The pH-rate profile constructed for glutathione confirmed the dependence on the ionisation state of at least two residues. Analysis of the free-energy relationships in the series of synthetic peptidic substrate analogues revealed the importance of enzyme-substrate interactions unrelated to amine leaving group basicity during the acylation step. These results are further interpreted in the context of the recently published structure for a similar GGT.