Transcription factors STAT6 and KLF4 implement macrophage polarization via the dual catalytic powers of MCPIP.

Macrophage polarization plays a critical role in tissue homeostasis, disease pathogenesis, and inflammation and its resolution. IL-4-induced macrophage polarization involves induction of STAT6 and Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), which induce each other and promote M2 polarization. However, how these transcription factors implement M2 polarization is not understood. We report that in murine macrophages MCP-1-induced protein (MCPIP), induced by KLF4, inhibits M1 polarization by inhibiting NF-κB activation and implements M2 polarization using both its deubiquitinase and RNase activities that cause sequential induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and autophagy required for M2 polarization. MCPIP also induces C/EBPß and PPARγ, which promote M2 polarization. Macrophages from mice with myeloid-targeted overexpression of MCPIP show elevated expression of M2 markers and reduced response to LPS, whereas macrophages from mice with myeloid-specific deletion of MCPIP manifest elevated M1 polarization with enhanced phagocytic activity. Thus, both in vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrate that the transcription factors STAT6 and KLF4 implement IL-4-induced M2 polarization via the dual catalytic activities of MCPIP.

Antidicer RNAse activity of monocyte chemotactic protein-induced protein-1 is critical for inducing angiogenesis.

Inflammatory angiogenesis involves the induction of a novel gene ZC3H12A encoding monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)-induced protein-1 (MCPIP1) that has deubiquitinase and antidicer RNAse activities. If and how these enzymatic activities of MCPIP1 mediate the biological functions of MCPIP1 are unknown. Present studies with human umbilical vein endothelial cells suggest that MCPIP-induced angiogenesis is mediated via hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and silent information regulator (SIRT-1) induction that results in the inhibition of angiogenesis inhibitor thrombospondin-1. MCPIP1 expression inhibited the production of the antiangiogenic microRNA (miR)-20b and -34a that repress the translation of HIF-1α and SIRT-1, respectively. The RNase-dead MCPIP mutant D141N not only did not induce angiogenesis but also failed to inhibit the production of miR-20b and -34a suggesting that the antidicer RNase activity of MCPIP1 is involved in MCPIP-mediated angiogenesis. Mimetics of miR-20b and -34a inhibited MCPIP1-induced angiogenesis confirming that MCPIP1 suppresses the biogenesis of miR-20b and -34a. Furthermore, our results indicate that MCPIP expression induces nuclear translocation of HIF-1α. We show that under hypoxia angiogenesis is mediated via induction of MCPIP1 and under normoxia, in vitro, MCPIP deubiquitinates ubiquitinated HIF-1α and the stabilized HIF-1α enters the nucleus to promote the transcription of its target genes, cyclooxygenase-2 and VEGF, suggesting that the deubiquitinase activity of MCPIP may also promote angiogenesis. The present results show for the first time that the antidicer RNase activity of MCPIP1 is critical in mediating a biological function of MCPIP, namely angiogenesis.

MCP-1-induced protein promotes endothelial-like and angiogenic properties in human bone marrow monocytic cells.

Monocytic cells enhance neovascularization by releasing proangiogenic mediators and/or by transdifferentiating into endothelial-like cells. However, the mechanisms that govern this transdifferentiation process are largely unknown. Recently, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1)-induced protein (MCPIP) has been identified as a novel CCCH-type zinc-finger protein expressed primarily in monocytic cells. Here, we analyzed whether MCPIP might exert angiogenic effects by promoting differentiation of monocytic cells into endothelial cell (EC)-like phenotype. The expression of MCPIP increased during MCP-1-induced transdifferentiation in human bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMNCs). Knockdown of MCPIP with small interfering RNA (siRNA) abolished MCP-1-induced expression of EC markers Flk-1 and Tie-2 in human BMNCs. BMNCs transfected with MCPIP expression vector displayed EC-like morphology accompanied by downregulation of monocytic markers CD14 and CD11b, upregulation of EC markers Flk-1 and Tie-2, induction of cadherin (cdh)-12 and -19, activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and autophagy. Knockdown of cdh-12 or cdh-19 markedly inhibited MCPIP-induced enhancement of cell attachment and EC-marker expression. Inhibition of ER stress by tauroursodeoxycholate abolished MCPIP-induced expression of EC markers. Inhibition of autophagy by knockdown of Beclin-1 with siRNA or by an autophagy inhibitor 3'-methyladenine inhibited MCPIP-induced expression of EC markers. Expression of MCPIP in BMNCs enhanced uptake of acetylated low-density lipoprotein (acLDL), formation of EC-colony, incorporation of cells into capillary-like structure on Matrigel, and exhibited increased neovascularization in the ischemic hindlimb in mice. These results demonstrate that MCPIP may be an important regulator of inflammatory angiogenesis and provide novel mechanistic insights into the link between MCP-1 and cardiovascular diseases.

Positional identification of variants of Adamts16 linked to inherited hypertension.

A previously reported blood pressure (BP) quantitative trait locus on rat Chromosome 1 was isolated in a short congenic segment spanning 804.6 kb. The 804.6 kb region contained only two genes, LOC306664 and LOC306665. LOC306664 is predicted to translate into A Disintegrin-like and Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin Motifs-16 (Adamts16). LOC306665 is a novel gene. All predicted exons of both LOC306664 and LOC306665 were sequenced. Non-synonymous variants were identified in only one of these genes, LOC306664. These variants were naturally existing polymorphisms among inbred, outbred and wild rats. The full-length rat transcript of Adamts16 was detected in multiple tissues. Similar to ADAMTS16 in humans, expression of Adamts16 was prominent in the kidney. Renal transcriptome analysis suggested that a network of genes related to BP was differential between congenic and S rats. These genes were also differentially expressed between kidney cell lines with or without knock-down of Adamts16. Adamts16 is conserved between rats and humans. It is a candidate gene within the homologous region on human Chromosome 5, which is linked to systolic and diastolic BP in the Quebec Family Study. Multiple variants, including an Ala to Pro variant in codon 90 (rs2086310) of human ADAMTS16, were associated with human resting systolic BP (SBP). Replication study in GenNet confirmed the association of two variants of ADAMTS16 with SBP, including rs2086310. Overall, our report represents a high resolution positional cloning and translational study for Adamts16 as a candidate gene controlling BP.

Participation of MCP-induced protein 1 in lipopolysaccharide preconditioning-induced ischemic stroke tolerance by regulating the expression of proinflammatory cytokines.

BACKGROUND: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preconditioning-induced neuroprotection is known to be related to suppression of the inflammatory response in the ischemic area. This study seeks to determine if monocyte chemotactic protein-induced protein 1 (MCPIP1), a recently identified CCCH Zn finger-containing protein, plays a role in focal brain ischemia and to elucidate the mechanisms of LPS-induced ischemic brain tolerance. METHODS: Transcription and expression of MCPIP1 gene was monitored by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Mouse microglia was prepared from cortices of C57BL/6 mouse brain and primary human microglia was acquired from Clonexpress, Inc. Wild type and MCPIP1 knockout mice were treated with LPS (0.2 mg/kg) 24 hours before brain ischemia induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The infarct was measured by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. RESULTS: MCPIP1 protein and mRNA levels significantly increased in both mouse and human microglia and mouse brain undergoing LPS preconditioning. MCPIP1 mRNA level significantly increased in mice ipsilateral brain than that of contralateral side after MCAO. The mortality of MCPIP1 knockout mice was significantly higher than that of wild-type after MCAO. MCPIP1 deficiency caused significant increase in the infarct volume compared with wild type mice undergoing LPS preconditioning. MCPIP1 deficiency caused significant upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines in mouse brain. Furthermore, MCPIP1 deficiency increased c-Jun N terminal kinase (JNK) activation substantially. Inhibition of JNK signaling decreased the production of proinflammatory cytokines in MCPIP1 knock out mice after MCAO. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that absence of MCPIP1 exacerbates ischemic brain damage by upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and that MCPIP1 participates in LPS-induced ischemic stroke tolerance.

Disorder in milk proteins: adipophilin and TIP47, important constituents of the milk fat globule membrane.

Milk fat globules (MFGs), which are secreted by the epithelial cells of the lactating mammary glands, account for the most of the nutritional value of milk. They are enveloped by the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), a complex structure consisting of three phospholipid membrane monolayers and containing various lipids. Depending on the origin of milk, specific proteins accounts for 5-70% of the MFGM mass. Proteome of MFGMs includes hundreds of proteins, with nine major components being adipophilin, butyrophilin, cluster of differentiation 36, fatty acid binding protein, lactadherin, mucin 1, mucin 15, tail-interacting protein 47 (TIP47), and xanthine oxidoreductase. Two of the MFGM components, adipophilin and TIP47, belong to the five-member perilipin family of lipid droplet proteins. Adipophilin is involved in the formation of cytoplasmic lipid droplets and secretion of MFGs. This protein is also related to the formation of other lipid droplets that exist in most cell types, playing an important role in the transport of lipids from ER to the surface of lipid droplets. TIP47 acts as a cytoplasmic sorting factor for mannose 6-phosphate receptors and is recruited to the MFGM. Therefore, both adipophilin and TIP47 are moonlighting proteins, each possessing several unrelated functions. This review focuses on the main functions and specific structural features of adipophilin and TIP47, analyzes similarities and differences of these proteins among different species, and describes these proteins in the context of other members of the perilipin family.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Blood pressure and proteinuria effects of multiple quantitative trait loci on rat chromosome 9 that differentiate the spontaneously hypertensive rat from the Dahl salt-sensitive rat.

A blood pressure (BP) quantitative trait locus (QTL) was previously located within 117 kb on rat chromosome 9 (RNO9) using hypertensive Dahl salt-sensitive and normotensive Dahl salt-resistant rats. An independent study between two hypertensive rat strains, the Dahl salt-sensitive rat and the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), also detected a QTL encompassing this 117 kb region. Dahl salt-sensitive alleles in both of these studies were associated with increased BP. To map SHR alleles that decrease BP in the Dahl salt-sensitive rat, a panel of eight congenic strains introgressing SHR alleles onto the Dahl salt-sensitive genetic background were constructed and characterized. S.SHR(9)x3B, S.SHR(9)x3A and S.SHR(9)x2B, the congenic regions of which span a portion or all of the 1 logarithm of odds (LOD) interval identified by linkage analysis, did not significantly alter BP. However, S.SHR(9), S.SHR(9)x4A, S.SHR(9)x7A, S.SHR(9)x8A and S.SHR(9)x10A, the introgressed segments of which extend distal to the 1 LOD interval, significantly reduced BP. The shortest genomic segment, BP QTL1, to which this BP-lowering effect can be traced is the differential segment of S.SHR(9)x4A and S.SHR(9)x2B, to which an urinary protein excretion QTL also maps. However, the introgressed segment of S.SHR(9)x10A, located outside of this QTL1 region, represented a second BP QTL (BP QTL2) having no detectable effects on urinary protein excretion. In summary, the data suggest that there are multiple RNO9 alleles of the SHR that lower BP of the Dahl salt-sensitive rat with or without detectable effects on urinary protein excretion and that only one of these BP QTLs, QTL1, overlaps with the 117 kb BP QTL region identified using Dahl salt-sensitive and Dahl salt-resistant rats.

Variability of Some Milk-Associated Genes and Proteins in Several Breeds of Saudi Arabian Camels.

To gain knowledge on the molecular basis of diversity of several clans of Saudi camel (Camelus dromedarius) characterization of these animals was conducted at both genetic and protein levels. To this end, blood and milk samples were collected from several camel breeds at different Saudi Arabia locations (northern Jeddah, Riyadh, and Alwagh governorates). Genomic DNA was extracted from blood of four Saudi camel breeds (Majahem, Safra, Wadha, and Hamara), and DNA fragments of the casein and α-lactalbumin genes were amplified. The retrieved DNA sequences were analyzed for genetic variability. The inter-simple sequence repeat technique was used for confirming the relationships among the analyzed camel breeds, and the PCR-RFLP with two restriction enzymes was utilized for exploring their molecular variations. The number of haplotypes, gene diversity, nucleotide diversity, average number of nucleotide differences, and sequence conservation were calculated for all the analyzed DNA sequences. These analyses revealed the presence of several single nucleotide polymorphisms in the analyzed DNA sequences. A group of neighbor joining trees was built for inferring the evolutionary variations among the studied animals. Protein profiling of milk from different camel clans was also conducted, and differences between and within the Saudi camel clans were easily found based on the isoelectric focusing (IEF) profiles using ampholytes with different IEF range. This study revealed that analyzed camel breeds show low levels of genetic differences. This may be a reflection of the evolutionary history of C. dromedarius that was domesticated based on a highly homogeneous ancestor ecotype.

Correction to: Variability of Some Milk-Associated Genes and Proteins in Several Breeds of Saudi Arabian Camels.

The original version of this article contained mistakes in author names and affiliations. The last names of the authors Salah Korim, Amro Samra, and Hussein A. Amhedar were misspelled. The corrected spelling is Saleh A. Alkarim, Amr A. El-Hanafy, and Hussein A. Almehdar. The correct list of author names and affiliations are published with this erratum.

Software project management tools in global software development: a systematic mapping study.

Global software development (GSD) which is a growing trend in the software industry is characterized by a highly distributed environment. Performing software project management (SPM) in such conditions implies the need to overcome new limitations resulting from cultural, temporal and geographic separation. The aim of this research is to discover and classify the various tools mentioned in literature that provide GSD project managers with support and to identify in what way they support group interaction. A systematic mapping study has been performed by means of automatic searches in five sources. We have then synthesized the data extracted and presented the results of this study. A total of 102 tools were identified as being used in SPM activities in GSD. We have classified these tools, according to the software life cycle process on which they focus and how they support the 3C collaboration model (communication, coordination and cooperation). The majority of the tools found are standalone tools (77%). A small number of platforms (8%) also offer a set of interacting tools that cover the software development lifecycle. Results also indicate that SPM areas in GSD are not adequately supported by corresponding tools and deserve more attention from tool builders.

Characterization and functional significance of myotrophin: a gene with multiple transcripts.

The underlying mechanism for the development of cardiac hypertrophy that advances to heart failure is not known. Many factors have been implied to play a role in this process. Among others, we have isolated and identified myotrophin, a factor that stimulates myocytes growth, from spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) heart and patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. The gene encoding myotrophin has been cloned and expressed in E. coli. Recently, myotrophin gene has been mapped and shown to be a novel gene localized in human chromosome 7q-33. To define the characteristics of each transcript and its pathophysiological significance, we examined transcripts of myotrophin in SHR heart during progression of hypertrophy. Northern blot analysis of myotrophin mRNA showed multiple transcripts. We isolated and characterized various myotrophin cDNA clones corresponding to the multiple transcripts by 5' "stretch plus" rat heart cDNA library screening. Sequence analysis of these cDNA clones indicates that each clone has a unique 5' UTR and multiple 3' UTR with varying lengths, repeated ATTTA motifs and many polyadenylation signals. In vitro transcripts generated from all these myotrophin-specific cDNA clones translate in vitro to a 12-kD protein. Among pathophysiological significance, we determined mRNA expression in 9 days old, 3 weeks old and 31 weeks old and observed a linear increased during the progression of hypertrophy. In WKY, this mRNA level remained the same throughout the growth and development of hypertrophy. Our data strongly suggest that myotrophin appears to be a candidate gene for cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.

Activation of G-protein-coupled receptors: a common molecular mechanism.

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of proteins that contain a seven transmembrane helical structural motif. They mediate responses to several ligands by binding and activating intracellular heterotrimeric G proteins. Since the cloning of the first GPCR, insights gained from structure-function studies, genetics and drug development have contributed to uncovering a common mechanism that explains the activation of diverse GPCRs by their cognate agonists. This mechanism takes into consideration the conservation of the structure-function relationship in the basic seven transmembrane structural motif, and the dynamic changes in receptor conformation that are associated with activation. Combining models derived from the X-ray structure of rhodopsin with structure-function data allows a deeper understanding of the activation mechanism of GPCRs.

MCP-induced protein 1 deubiquitinates TRAF proteins and negatively regulates JNK and NF-kappaB signaling.

The intensity and duration of macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses are controlled by proteins that modulate inflammatory signaling pathways. MCPIP1 (monocyte chemotactic protein-induced protein 1), a recently identified CCCH Zn finger-containing protein, plays an essential role in controlling macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses. However, its mechanism of action is poorly understood. In this study, we show that MCPIP1 negatively regulates c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and NF-κB activity by removing ubiquitin moieties from proteins, including TRAF2, TRAF3, and TRAF6. MCPIP1-deficient mice spontaneously developed fatal inflammatory syndrome. Macrophages and splenocytes from MCPIP1(-/-) mice showed elevated expression of inflammatory gene expression, increased JNK and IκB kinase activation, and increased polyubiquitination of TNF receptor-associated factors. In vitro assays directly demonstrated the deubiquitinating activity of purified MCPIP1. Sequence analysis together with serial mutagenesis defined a deubiquitinating enzyme domain and a ubiquitin association domain in MCPIP1. Our results indicate that MCPIP1 is a critical modulator of inflammatory signaling.

Investigating the effect of genetic background on proteinuria and renal injury using two hypertensive strains.

An earlier linkage analysis conducted on a population derived from the Dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive (S) and the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) identified 10 genomic regions linked to several renal and/or cardiovascular traits. In particular, loci on rat chromosomes (RNO) 8 and 13 were linked to proteinuria, albuminuria, and renal damage. At both loci, the S allele was associated with increased proteinuria and renal damage. The current study aimed to confirm the linkage analysis and to evaluate the effect of genetic background on the ability of each locus (either RNO8 or RNO13) to exert a phenotypic difference when placed on a genetic background either susceptible (S rat) or resistant (SHR) to the development of renal disease. Congenic strains developed to transfer genomic segments from either RNO8 or RNO13 from the SHR onto the S genetic background [S.SHR(8) or S.SHR(13)] demonstrated significantly reduced proteinuria and improved renal function. Both congenic strains demonstrated significantly reduced glomerular and tubular injury, with renal interstitial fibrosis as the predominant pathological difference compared with the S. In contrast, transfer of RNO8 or RNO13 genomic regions from the S onto the resistant SHR genetic background [SHR.S(8) or SHR.S(13)] yielded no significant difference in proteinuria or glomerular, tubular, or interstitial injury compared with SHR. These findings demonstrate that genetic context plays a significant and important role in the phenotypic expression of genes influencing proteinuria on RNO8 and RNO13.

Arterial thrombosis in mice with factor V Leiden mutation.

The factor V Leiden (FVL) mutation has been demonstrated to be associated with the development of venous thrombosis in humans. Whether such a propensity also exists in the arterial circulation remains controversial. In an effort to minimize the variability that clouds the clinical study of arterial thrombosis, we studied FVL-associated arterial thrombosis in an experimental model of homozygous, heterozygous, and wild-type mice. Heterozygous FVL mice were crossbred to C57BL/6J mice over several generations. The genotypes of the resulting three genotype groups (wild type, heterozygous FVL, and homozygous FVL) were blinded to the investigators. Arterial injury was produced with the injection of ferric chloride into an isolated segment of carotid artery. Arterial thrombosis was assessed with an ultrasonic flow probe and the time to occlusion (TTO) was recorded. The carotid artery occluded within 60 minutes of injury in 72 of the animals studied (97.3%). The carotid artery remained patent at 60 minutes in the remaining two animals, both of whom were subsequently found to be genotypically wild type. There was a statistically significant relationship between TTO and genotype (p = .002). TTO was greatest in the wild-type mice (p < .001 vs heterozygous, < .001 vs homozygous) and least in the homozygotes (p < .001 vs heterozygotes). Increased thrombogenicity is present in mice with the FVL mutation and is more prolonged in homozygotes than heterozygotes. These findings provide some corroboration to the clinical studies that suggest an increased risk of arterial events in patients with the FVL mutation.

Congenic mapping of a blood pressure QTL region on rat chromosome 10 using the Dahl salt-sensitive rat with introgressed alleles from the Milan normotensive strain.

Multiple blood pressure (BP) quantitative trait loci (QTLs) are reported on rat chromosome 10 (RNO10). Of these, QTLs detected by contrasting the genome of the hypertensive Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rat with two different relatively normotensive strains, Lewis (LEW) and the Milan normotensive strain (MNS), are reported. Because the deduced QTL regions of both S vs. LEW and S vs. MNS comparisons are within large genomic segments encompassing more than 2 cM, there was a need to further localize these QTLs and determine whether the QTLs are unique to specific strain comparisons. Previously, the S.MNS QTL1 was mapped to less than 2.6 cM as a differential segment between two congenic strains. In this study, multiple congenic strains spanning the projected interval were studied. The BP effect of each strain was interpreted as the net effect of alleles introgressed within that congenic strain. The results suggest that the MNS alleles within the previously proposed differential segment (D10Rat27-D10Rat24) do not independently lower BP of the S rat. However, another congenic strain, S.MNS(10) x 9, containing introgressed MNS alleles that are outside of the previously proposed differential segment is of interest because (1) it demonstrated a BP-lowering effect, (2) it is contained within a single congenic strain and is not based on the observed effect of a differential segment, and, more importantly, (3) it overlaps with the previously identified S.LEW BP QTL region. Identification of the same QTL affecting BP in multiple rat strains will provide further support for the QTL's involvement and importance in human essential hypertension.

Closely linked non-additive blood pressure quantitative trait loci.

There is enough evidence through linkage and substitution mapping to indicate that rat chromosome 1 harbors multiple blood pressure (BP) quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Of these, BP QTL1b was previously reported from our laboratory using congenic strains derived by introgressing normotensive alleles from the LEW rat onto the genetic background of the hypertensive Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rat. The region spanned by QTL1b is quite large (20.92 Mb), thus requiring further mapping with improved resolution so as to facilitate systematic identification of the underlying genetic determinant(s). Using congenic strains containing the LEW rat chromosomal segments on the Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rat background, further iterations of congenic substrains were constructed and characterized. Collective data obtained from this new iteration of congenic substrains provided evidence for further fragmentation of QTL1b with improved resolution. At least two separate genetic determinants of blood pressure underlie QTL1b. These are within 7.40 Mb and 7.31 Mb and are known as the QTL1b1 region and the QTL1b2 region, respectively. A genetic interaction was detected between the two BP QTLs. Interestingly, five of the previously reported differentially expressed genes located within the newly mapped QTL1b1 region remained differentially expressed. The congenic strain S.LEW(D1Mco36-D1Mco101), which harbors the QTL1b1 region alone but not the QTL1b2 region, serves as a genetic tool for further dissection of the QTL1b1 region and validation of Nr2f2 as a positional candidate gene. Overall, this study represents an intermediary yet obligatory progression towards the identification of genetic elements controlling BP.

Congenic interval mapping of RNO10 reveals a complex cluster of closely-linked genetic determinants of blood pressure.

Genetic dissection of the rat genome for identifying alleles that cause abnormalities in blood pressure (BP) resulted in the mapping of a significant number of BP quantitative trait loci (QTLs). In this study we mapped at least one such BP QTL on rat chromosome 10 (RNO10) as being within the introgressed segment of a S.LEW congenic strain S.LEWx12x2x3x8 spanning 1.34 Mb from 70,725,437 bp to 72,063,232 bp. BP of 3 congenic strains that span shorter segments of this region was additionally examined. Results obtained indicate that LEW alleles that comprise a 375-kb introgressed segment of the congenic strain S.LEWx12x2x3x5 (70,725,437 bp to 71,100,513 bp) increase BP. The magnitude of change in BP exhibited by the 2 strains, S.LEWx12x2x3x8 and S.LEWx12x2x3x5, is the net phenotypic effect of the underlying genetic determinants of BP. In this respect, the current data are superior to previous QTL localization of BP QTL1, which was hypothesized based on differential congenic segments. Genetic dissection using these 2 congenic strains as tools is expected to facilitate further dissection of the regions. Meanwhile, differential congenic segments were used to predict and thereby prioritize regions for candidate gene analysis. Using this approach, 2 distinct regions of 401 kb and 409 kb within S.LEWx12x2x3x8 and a 104 kb region within S.LEWx12x2x3x5 were prioritized for further consideration. Because all of these genetic elements are located within a 1.06-Mb region of RNO10, our study has revealed a remarkable insight into a genomic module comprising very closely-linked, opposing genetic determinants of BP.

Fine-mapping and comprehensive transcript analysis reveals nonsynonymous variants within a novel 1.17 Mb blood pressure QTL region on rat chromosome 10.

The presence of blood pressure (BP) quantitative trait loci (QTL) on rat chromosome 10 has been clearly demonstrated by linkage analysis and substitution mapping. Using congenic strains containing the LEW rat chromosomal segments on the Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rat background, further iterations of congenic substrains were constructed and characterized to fine-map a chromosome 10 region (QTL1) linked to blood pressure. Comparison of seven congenic substrains refined QTL1 to a 1.17 Mb segment flanked by D10Mco88 and D10Mco89, which are located at 71,513,116 and 72,684,774 bp, respectively. The newly defined QTL1, containing 18 genes, is captured in its entirety within a single congenic substrain. A thorough transcript analysis revealed that 3 of these 18 genes, Ccl5, Ddx52, and RGD1559577, had nonsynonymous allelic variations between the S rat and the LEW rat. None of the detected transcripts within the newly defined QTL1 are implicated directly in BP control in humans or model organisms. Therefore, the present work defines a novel blood pressure QTL with three potential quantitative trait nucleotides.

Angiotensinergic stimulation of vascular endothelium in mice causes hypotension, bradycardia, and attenuated angiotensin response.

It is not clear whether endothelial cell (EC) activation by the hormone angiotensin II (Ang II) modulates contraction of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in the vasculature and whether impairment of this regulation in vivo contributes to hypertension. Delineation of the actions of Ang II through the type 1 receptor (AT1R) on ECs in the blood vessels has been a challenging problem because of the predominance of the AT1R functions in VSMCs that lie underneath the endothelium. We have obviated this limitation by generating transgenic (TG) mice engineered to target expression of the constitutively active N111G mutant AT1R only in ECs. In these TG mice, the enhanced angiotensinergic signal in ECs without infusion of Ang II resulted in hypotension and bradycardia. The pressor response to acute infusion of Ang II was significantly reduced. Increased expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and production of hypotensive mediators, nitric oxide and cyclic guanosine monophosphate, cause these phenotypes. Hypotension and bradycardia observed in the TG mice could be rescued by treatment with an AT1R-selective antagonist. Our results imply that the Ang II action by means of EC-AT1R is antagonistic to vasoconstriction in general, and it may moderate the magnitude of functional response to Ang II in VSMCs. This control mechanism in vivo most likely is a determinant of altered hemodynamic regulation involved in endothelial dysfunction in hypertensive cardiovascular disease.