Variations of the cephalic vein anterior to the clavicle in humans.

BACKGROUND: Clinicians should understand that jugulocephalic vein (JCV) variants may be occasionally found. This study aims to classify JCV variants and obtain their frequency. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We investigated anatomical variants of the cephalic vein in 55 human cadavers during a gross anatomy course at our medical school. RESULTS: The percentage of JCVs that pass through the anterior part of the clavicle and anastomose to the jugular vein as per previous studies and our study was 2-5%. Five cases with anastomosis between the cephalic and external jugular veins that pass through the anterior part of the clavicle were found. The courses were classified into 1A, 1B, 2A, and 2B. Type 1 extends beyond the clavicle and anastomoses with the external jugular vein. Type 2 follows the same course as type 1, but anastomoses with the subclavian vein. Subtype A does not have a branch that anastomoses with the axillary vein, whereas subtype B does. We encountered two cases of type 1A and three of type 1B. CONCLUSIONS: Four anatomical variants of the cephalic vein around the clavicle were identified. Clinicians' knowledge of these variants is expected to decrease possible complications if venous access via the cephalic vein is needed.

Common and separate origins of the left and right inferior phrenic artery with a review of the literature.

In a 94-year-old male cadaver, upon which routine dissection was being conducted, a rare variation was found in the gastrophrenic trunk (GPT), the common trunk of the left gastric artery (LGA), right inferior phrenic artery (RIPA), and left inferior phrenic artery (LIPA); the GPT arises from the abdominal aorta. A hepatosplenic trunk accompanied the variation. In this variation, the RIPA first branched from the GPT and then to the LIPA and LGA. Variations in the common trunk of the LIPA and RIPA in the GPT are common, but to our knowledge, a variation (separate inferior phrenic artery in the GPT) similar to our findings has not been previously reported. We discuss the incidence and developmental and clinical significance of this variation with a detailed review of the literature. Knowledge of such a case has important clinical significance for invasive and non-invasive arterial procedures. Therefore, different variations concerning the LGA and inferior phrenic artery should be considered during surgical and non-surgical evaluations.

Anomalous connection of the left posterior renal vein with the left ascending lumbar vein in a Japanese cadaver.

A rare variation was found in one of the two left renal veins in a 94-year-old male cadaver undergoing routine dissection. The characteristic findings in the cadaver included, in addition to the primary left renal vein, the presence of a posterior left renal vein draining to the left ascending lumbar vein without communicating with the inferior vena cava and other renal veins. Variations in the number and arrangement of the vessels terminating in the renal veins are common, but to our knowledge, variation similar to our findings has not been previously reported. This variation may represent an immature form of the complicated development of the renal vessels.

U-shape rotating anti-cathode compact X-ray generator: 20 times stronger than the commercially available X-ray source.

A new type of U-shape anti-cathode X-ray generator in which the inner surface of a cylindrical target is irradiated by an electron beam has been made by modifying a conventional rotating anti-cathode X-ray generator whose brightness in the catalog is 12 kW mm(-2). The target material (Cu), target radius (50 mm) and rotating speed (6,000 r.p.m.) were not changed in this modification. A brightness of 52 kW mm(-2) was obtained by this U-shape-type X-ray generator. This means that the brightness of the new type is 4.3 times greater than that of the old unmodified one. Furthermore, the new-type X-ray generator yielded a brightness of 129 kW mm(-2) by adding a carbon coating on the Cu target. This means an overall increase of brightness of ten times. The original generator has the highest brightness in the generators of the same class (having a radius of 50 mm and rotation speed of 6,000 r.p.m.). Observations showed that Cu Kα counts at vertical incidence of the electron beam onto the surface of the new target, which is initially optically smooth, decrease as the surface is roughened by a severe thermal stress caused by strong electron beam exposure. Further observation reveals, however, that oblique incidence of the electron beam onto the roughened surface drastically increased the X-ray output and amounts to twice as much as that from a smooth surface at vertical incidence. Thus, at the present stage, an overall increase of brightness has been realised at a level 20 times stronger than that of the original commercially offered X-ray generator that we modified.

A gross anatomical study of the styloid process of the temporal bone in Japanese cadavers.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of an elongated styloid process (SP) and average length and diameter of SP have not been reported using Japanese cadavers. Data on the female-to-male ratio of an elongated SP vary. We calculated the average length and diameter of SP in Japanese cadavers and compared SP lengths between sexes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-seven sides (right and left of bodies) in males and 51 sides in females were analysed. Measurements were obtained from the inferior external acoustic meatus to the distal tip of the SP. SP diameters at the proximal base, midpoint, and distal tip were measured. SP > 30 mm was considered elongated. We used Welch's t-test for the statistical analysis. Fisher's exact two-tailed test was also performed to analyse the female-to-male elongation ratio. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Styloid process elongation prevalence was 29.5% in our sample. The average full length was 27.04 ± 7.88 mm overall; the average diameters were 5.41 ± 1.77 mm at the proximal base and 2.21 ± 1.22 mm at the distal tip. The average SP measurement was 26.81 ± 5.92 mm in males and 27.16 ± 8.79 mm in females (p = 0.74). The female-to-male ratio of SP elongation was 1:2 (p = 0.041). Females had longer full lengths of non-elongated SPs than males (p = 0.004). Males had wider diameters at the proximal base of elongated SPs than females (p = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS: The average length of SP was 27.04 mm in the Japanese population and about 30% of the Japanese presented SP ≥ 30 mm. Male had significantly higher rate than female among the SP ≥ 30 mm, and female had significantly longer SPs than male among the SP < 30 mm. Anatomically, the SP gets narrow as distally goes. Our anatomical findings would be beneficial to creating treatment plans, diagnosis, and surgery.

Variations in the gonadal artery with a single common trunk: embryological hypotheses by observation.

BACKGROUND: A gonadal artery originates as a branch of the abdominal aorta and renal artery inferior to the level of origin of the renal arteries. Variations in multiple right testicular arteries (RTAs) arising from the abdominal aorta are common. We aimed to re-evaluate the unusual courses of gonadal arteries with a single common trunk in relation to the inferior vena cava and left renal vein and explain the developmental anatomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The observational cross-sectional study was performed on 54 Japanese adult cadavers (29 men and 25 women). We examined the literature and developed embryological hypotheses on the single common trunk of the gonadal artery. RESULTS: The gonadal artery, testicular artery, and ovarian artery arose from the abdominal aorta in 93.1%, 96.3%, and 89.6% of cases, respectively, and from the renal artery in 4.9%, 3.7%, and 6.3% of cases, respectively. We found two rare variations in the RTAs observed during the routine dissection of two male cadavers; in these two cases, a single common trunk of the RTAs originated from the abdominal aorta. A single common trunk was found in 3.7% of cadavers, 2.0% of sides, and 2.0% of arteries in the gonadal artery and in 6.9% of cadavers, 3.8% of sides, and 3.7% of arteries in the testicular artery. All cases of the single common trunk, including those in past reports, were observed only in men. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of the variations in RTAs has important clinical consequences for invasive and non-invasive arterial procedures. In addition, this variation provides a new interpretation of the embryology of the gonadal artery. Variations similar to our findings have not been previously reported. Therefore, different variations concerning the RTA should be considered during surgical and non-surgical evaluations.

Detection of culturable and nonculturable Legionella species from hot water systems of public buildings in Japan.

AIMS: To investigate the prevalence of culturable and nonculturable Legionella species in hot water systems of public buildings in Japan and assess the risk factors associated with Legionella contamination in hot water systems. METHODS AND RESULTS: Legionella species were detected by conventional culture and molecular methods in 130 water samples collected from 40 buildings. A total of 26 (20.0%) water samples from 17 (42.5%) buildings were positive by culture, qualitative PCR or both methods: Legionella pneumophila and Leg. anisa were detected in four samples by a culture method, whereas 23 samples were positive by qualitative PCR, with the presence of various Legionella species confirmed by sequencing. Of these 23 samples, bacterial counts were quantifiable in 21 by real-time PCR (from 1.7 x 10(5) to 2.6 x 10(11) cells per litre). Phylogenetic analysis of amplified partial 16S rRNA gene showed close relations to various species of Legionella, including Leg. anisa and Leg. micdadei, all of which have been associated with respiratory diseases or increased antibody titres in human sera. Assessment of risk factors showed that turbidity, free chlorine concentration, iron concentration and heterotrophic plate count (HPC) were significantly associated with Legionella contamination (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Contamination of hot water systems of public buildings with culturable and nonculturable Legionella species may be a potential risk factor for Legionella infection in Japan. Adequate levels of chlorine, low levels of iron and HPC are important maintenance measures in the reduction of Legionella contamination in hot water systems. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: More than 40% of hot water systems in the Japanese public buildings examined were contaminated by not only culturable Leg. pneumophila and Leg. anisa but also by nonculturable pathogenic species. To our knowledge, this is the first report of both culturable and nonculturable Legionella contamination in hot water systems of public buildings in Japan.

WITHDRAWN: Transthoracic Doppler Echocardiographic Measurement of Left Atrial Appendage Blood Flow Velocity: Comparison with Transoesophageal Measurement.

The publisher regrets that this was an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published in Eur. J. Echocardiogr., 4 (2003) 191-195, . The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn.

Assessment of noninvasive markers in identifying patients at risk in the Brugada syndrome: insight into risk stratification.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the use of various noninvasive markers for detecting risk of life-threatening arrhythmic events in patients with Brugada syndrome. BACKGROUND: The role of conduction disturbance in arrhythmogenesis of the syndrome is controversial, whereas it is well established that repolarization abnormalities are responsible for arrhythmias. The value of noninvasive markers reflecting conduction or repolarization abnormalities in identifying patients at risk for significant arrhythmias has not been shown. METHODS: We assessed late potentials (LP) using signal-averaged electrocardiography (ECG), microvolt T-wave alternans (TWA), and corrected QT-interval dispersion (QTD) in 44 consecutive patients who had ECGs showing a pattern of right bundle branch block and ST-segment elevation in leads V1 to V3 but structurally normal hearts. The patients were compared with 30 normal individuals. RESULTS: Eleven patients were excluded from data analysis because of an absence of ECG manifestations of Brugada syndrome at the time of the tests. A history of life-threatening events defined as syncope and aborted sudden death was present in 19 of 33 patients (58%); in 15 of the 19 patients, stimulation induced ventricular fibrillation or polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. The LP were present in 24 of 33 patients (73%); TWA were present in 5 of 31 patients (16%); and a QTD >50 ms was present in 9 of 33 patients (27%). The incidence of LP in Brugada patients was significantly (p < 0.0001) higher than in the controls, whereas incidences of TWA and QTD were not significantly different. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the presence of LP had the most significant correlation to the occurrence of life-threatening events (p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Late potentials are a noninvasive risk stratifier in patients with Brugada syndrome. These results may support the idea that conduction disturbance per se is arrhythmogenic.

Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase from Escherichia coli K-12.

gamma-Glutamyltranspeptidase (EC 2.3.2.2) from Escherichia coli K-12 has been purified and crystallized by means of vapor diffusion in hanging drops. Two kinds of crystals on cell dimensions were found for X-ray diffraction analysis, one from ammonium sulfate and the other from polyethylene glycol 6000 as precipitants. The crystals of the orthorhombic form grown in the presence of 15% polyethylene glycol and 20 mM sodium acetate buffer were chosen for further analysis. The crystals belonged to space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with cell dimensions of a = 128.1, b = 129.9 and c = 79.2 A, and two molecules constitute an asymmetric unit. These crystals diffracted to 2.0 A resolution and were suitable for X-ray crystallographic studies.

The proliferative effect of "anti-androgens" on the androgen-sensitive human prostate tumor cell line LNCaP.

The effect of steroidal and nonsteroidal "anti-androgens" on the proliferative capacity of androgen-sensitive LNCaP-FGC human prostate tumor cells in culture was studied using charcoal-dextran stripped human serum-supplemented media. Cyproterone and medroxyprogesterone acetates, flutamide, hydroxyflutamide, and anandron (R23908) were administered alone at concentrations between 3 X 10(-12) and 3 X 10(-6) M. Results indicated that although medroxyprogesterone induced maximal proliferation at 3 X 10(-9) M, the other "anti-androgens" (with the exception of flutamide that was ineffective) were effective at 3 X 10(-8) M and higher concentrations; the amplitude of the proliferative response by these compounds was comparable to that elicited by estradiol-17 beta (3 to 5-fold over control). None of the anti-androgens tested triggered the shutoff effect characteristic of androgen action. When 3 X 10(-10) M DHT and the above mentioned anti-androgens were administered simultaneously, a synergistic pattern was seen; on the contrary, 3 X 10(-8) M DHT cancelled the proliferative effect of each of the anti-androgens when administered simultaneously. The relative binding affinity of these anti-androgens to androgen receptors present in LNCaP-FGC cells did not correlate well with their proliferative efficiency. The data collected were interpreted within the premises of the negative control hypotheses for the regulation of cell proliferation in metazoans. Within those premises, results became compatible with the notion that first, "anti-androgens" elicited the proliferation of androgen-sensitive cells by neutralizing the effect of a serum-borne inhibitor (androcolyone-I); this event seems not to be mediated by androgens receptors. Second, anti-androgens did not trigger a proliferative shutoff response like androgens do, i.e. the proliferative pattern induced by anti-androgens was comparable to that elicited by estrogens and progestins. Third, when administered simultaneously with 3 X 10(-10) M DHT, anti-androgens behaved synergistically. Fourth, the DHT-induced shutoff effect consistently overrode the proliferative effect generated by anti-androgens and estrogens when added alone. Finally, taken together these results raise important questions regarding the therapeutic role of anti-androgens in prostate cancer.

Right and left ventricular wall motion velocities as diagnostic indicators of constrictive pericarditis.

The purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of pulsed tissue Doppler imaging for diagnosing constrictive pericarditis. Motion velocities of the ventricular septum (VS) and left ventricular (LV) posterior wall along the short axis, and those of the anterior right ventricular (RV) wall, VS, and LV posterior wall along the long axis were recorded using pulsed tissue Doppler imaging in 12 patients with constrictive pericarditis, who were diagnosed by cardiac catheterization, and also in 20 normal subjects. Peak early diastolic and atrial systolic velocities (Ew and Aw, respectively) were calculated, and the time between the aortic component of the second heart sound and the peak of the early diastolic velocity (IIA-Ew) was determined. The peak Ew and II A-Ew along the short and long axes were significantly higher and shorter, respectively, in the patient group than in the normal group. In the patient group, the motion velocity of the VS along the short axis showed a "backward" motion with a sharp and marked peak velocity immediately before Ew, or a biphasic early diastolic wave; a clear "downward" motion immediately after Ew was observed in the motion velocities of the anterior RV wall, VS, and LV posterior wall along the long axis. These distinctive backward and downward motions were not observed in any of the ventricular walls of the normal subjects. In conclusion, the early diastolic RV and LV wall motion velocity patterns along the short and long axes as measured by pulsed tissue Doppler imaging provide important information for the diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis.

Progestin receptor in the thymus of ovariectomized immature rats.

By using the synthetic progestin promegestone (R5020), the location and characteristics of progestin receptors in the thymic cytosols from immature ovariectomized oestrogen-treated rats were determined. Tritiated promegestone bound to the cytosol with high affinity (dissociation constant (Kd) = 2.0 +/- 0.3 nmol/l; promegestone greater than progesterone greater than oestradiol greater than corticosterone testosterone) and low capacity (number of binding sites (Bmax) = 143.0 +/- 13.5 fmol/mg protein). These values were appropriate for progestin receptors. However, an extremely high dose of dexamethasone (10 mumol/l; 1000-fold excess over [3H]promegestone) slightly inhibited the specific binding. Progestin receptors were predominantly located in the reticuloepithelial (RE)-cell fraction, with few in the thymocyte T-cell fraction. The receptor level was raised (24.9 +/- 11.3 (S.E.M.) to 143.0 +/- 13.5 fmol/mg protein) with increased doses of oestrogen (0-30 micrograms) administered in vivo. Using sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation it was found that the thymic progestin receptor had a sedimentation coefficient of 9S under low-salt conditions. These results clearly suggest that the thymus of the immature female rat contains a specific progestin receptor which is mainly located in the RE cells.

Localization of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel subunit (Kir6. 1/uK(ATP)-1) in rat brain.

The Kir6.1/uK(ATP)-1, subunit of ATP-sensitive K(+) channels (K(ATP)), was localized in adult rat brain by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. The mRNA of this subunit was ubiquitously expressed in various neurons and nuclei of the adult rat brain. Interestingly, Kir6.1/uK(ATP)-1 mRNA was also expressed in glial cells. Kir6.1/uK(ATP)-1 protein staining gave a dispersed array of fine dots throughout all neurons and glial cells examined. Under electron microscope, the immunoreactive products were specifically restricted to the mitochondria. The present study indicates that this K(ATP) subunit is localized in the mitochondria and may play a fundamental role in vital brain function.

Female sex hormone stimulates cultured human keratinocyte proliferation and its RNA- and protein-synthetic activities.

The present study was carried out to assess the effect of female sex hormones, i.e., estrogen and progesterone, on human keratinocyte proliferation, and its RNA- and protein-synthetic activities in a culture system. The presence of receptors for estrogen and progesterone and their messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) in the cultured cells was also investigated. Human keratinocytes were cultured in the experimental DMEM-Ham's F12 medium containing various concentrations of estrogen or progesterone, which was followed by determining cell yields and [3H]thymidine incorporation. The keratinocytes were also tested for RNA- and protein-synthetic activities by measuring [3H]uridine and [3H]leucine incorporation. Both estrogen and progesterone receptors were determined by the enzyme immunoassay method using monoclonal antibodies, and mRNA expression for these hormone receptors was detected by in situ hybridization. Cell yields and [3H]thymidine incorporation increased gradually until 3 x 10(-10) M of both estrogen and progesterone, decreased thereafter until 3 x 10(-7) M, and peaked at 3 x 10(-10) M. [3H]Uridine and [3H]leucine uptake followed almost the same pattern as the cell proliferation, peaking at 3 x 10(-10) M of both hormones. Small amounts of estrogen and progesterone receptors were present in the cultured cells, and their mRNAs were found to be present in the cell cytoplasm. These results clearly suggest that sex hormones play an important role in human keratinocyte proliferation, and its RNA- and protein-synthetic activities, at least in part, via their hormone receptors.

X-ray diffraction photographs of chicken gizzard G-actin.DNase I complex crystals taken with synchrotron radiation.

X-ray diffraction photographs of a chicken gizzard G-actin.DNase I complex crystal have been recorded using the synchrotron radiation beam emitted by the Synchrotron Radiation Source at Daresbury and the Photon Factory at Tsukuba. The resolution limit was extended to 2.4 A and the exposure time was reduced approximately by a factor of 10, when data recorded at the Photon Factory, were compared with those recorded with a conventional rotating-anode source. Using a newly designed Weissenberg camera equipped with a multi-layer line screen, the diffraction data in a 36 degrees oscillation range were recorded on a single film up to 3.5 A resolution.

A preliminary description of the crystal structure of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase from E. coli K-12.

The structure of GGT [EC 2.3.2.2] from E. coli K-12 was studied at 3 A resolution by X-ray crystallography. Initial protein phases were calculated using two kinds of Pb2+ derivatives. The phases were refined by non-crystallographic 2-fold symmetry electron density averaging combined with solvent flattening and histogram matching. The GGT molecule has overall dimensions of 60 x 50 x 40 A. There are two antiparallel beta-pleated sheets consisting of 6 and 7 beta-strands. The two beta-sheets form a wall-like structure. Twelve short alpha-helices were detected, of which the maximum length appears to be four helix turns.

Crystallographic studies of the chicken gizzard G-actin X DNase I complex at 5A resolution.

The structure of the chicken gizzard G-actin X DNase I complex has been determined at 5 A resolution by an X-ray diffraction method. Protein phases were computed by the multiple isomorphous replacement method using four heavy atom derivatives. The mean figure of merit was 0.65. Dimensions of the three molecular species, the complex, G-actin and DNase I, were determined based on the "cypress wood" models derived from the electron density map. The natures of the heavy atom binding sites are discussed in relation to the distinction between the two component molecules. The pattern of successive contacts between actin molecules observed in the present crystal seems unrelated to that found in F-actin.

Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic data of chicken gizzard G-actin . DNase I complex and Physarum G-actin . DNase I complex.

Smooth muscle G-actin from chicken gizzard and Physarum plasmodium G-actin both interact with DNase I and form 1 : 1 complexes. These complexes were crystallized by using polyethylene glycol 6000 as a precipitant. Both crystals belong to the same orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1). The cell dimensions of chicken gizzard G-actin.DNase I complex are a=42.00 +/- 0.07 A, b=225.3 +/- 0.4 A, and c=77.4 +/- 0.1 A, while those of Physarum G-actin.DNase I complex are a=42 A, b=221 A, and c=77 A.

Crystal structure analysis of omega-amino acid:pyruvate aminotransferase with a newly developed Weissenberg camera and an imaging plate using synchrotron radiation.

The three-dimensional structure of omega-amino acid:pyruvate aminotransferase from Pseudomonas sp. F-126, an isologous alpha 4 tetramer containing pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) as a cofactor, has been determined at 2.0 A resolution. The diffraction data were collected with a newly developed Weissenberg camera with a Fuji Imaging Plate, using synchrotron radiation. The mean figure-of-merit was 0.57. The subunit is rich in secondary structure and comprises two domains. PLP is located in the large domain. The high homology in the secondary structure between this enzyme and aspartate aminotransferase strongly indicates that these two types of enzymes have evolved from a common ancestor.