Passive exposure and perceptions of smoke-free policies in hospital and university campuses among nursing students: A cross-sectional multicenter study.

INTRODUCTION: Outdoor smoke-free regulations reduce exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) and help to denormalize tobacco use. As future key agents in health promotion, nursing students' attitudes should agree with tobacco-control policies. The objectives of this study were: 1) assess nursing students' exposure to SHS in nursing schools, 2) explore their perceptions of compliance with the existing smoke-free regulations in acute-care hospitals; and 3) describe their support for indoor and outdoor smoking bans on hospital and university campuses. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional multicenter study conducted in 2015-2016 in all 15 university nursing schools in Catalonia, Spain. A questionnaire gathered information on SHS exposure, awareness of the smoke-free regulation in acutecare hospitals, and support for smoke-free policies in indoor and outdoor areas of hospitals and university campuses. Participants were nursing students attending classes on the day of the survey. We performed descriptive analyses and calculated adjusted prevalence ratios (APR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: Of 4381 respondents, 99.1% had seen people smoking in outdoor areas of their university campus, and 75.2% had been exposed to SHS on the campus (6.0% indoors and 69.2% outdoors). Nearly 60% were aware of the smoking regulation in place in acute-care hospitals. There was widespread support for smoke-free indoor hospital regulation (98.7%), but less support (64.8%) for outdoor regulations. Approximately 33% supported the regulation to make outdoor healthcare campuses smoke-free, which was higher among third-year students compared to first-year students (APR=1.41; 95% CI: 1.24-1.62), among never smokers (41.4%; APR=2.84; 95% CI: 2.21-3.64) compared to smokers, and among those who were aware of the regulation (38.4%; 95% CI: 1.37-1.75). CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to SHS on university campuses is high. Nursing students express low support for strengthening outdoor smoking bans on hospital and university campuses. Interventions aiming to increase their support should be implemented.

Adaptation, implementation, and evaluation of an online health sciences training program for brief smoking intervention: A pre-post study in four European countries.

BACKGROUND: Tobacco cessation intervention has a positive impact on quality of care. For health professionals, limited competency in this area may be associated with poor training during their academic programs. There is a clear need to further develop and implement training programs to improve tobacco cessation knowledge, skills, and attitudes among healthcare students. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the innovative online training program "Brief Intervention in Smoking Cessation" for healthcare students to improve their knowledge, skills, and attitudes. DESIGN: A pre-post evaluation study with a satisfaction assessment tool was used. SETTING: Seven universities from four European countries, including Belgium, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom, participated. PARTICIPANTS: One thousand and seventy-two (1072) undergraduate students participated, with 851 completing the online program. METHODS: All participants completed the "Brief Intervention in Smoking Cessation" online program, which consisted of five theoretical modules, five videos, and three virtual simulation cases between January 2020 and June 2022. Knowledge was assessed by a multiple-choice test, and practical skills were assessed by a simulation algorithm, both of which were developed by education and smoking cessation experts. Competency was achieved when students successfully completed both assessments. Satisfaction was measured using an ad hoc 16-item questionnaire. Pre-post changes in knowledge were assessed using a paired Student's t-test. RESULTS: Eighty-six percent of the students achieved smoking cessation competency. Students significantly improved their knowledge score on a scale of 0 to 10 points, with a mean pre-program score of 3.79 vs a mean post-program score of 7.33 ([-3.7 - -3.4] p < 0.001), acquiring sufficient attitudes and skills (simulation mean of 7.4 out of 10 points). Students were highly satisfied with the program (8.2 out of 10) and recommended it to other students (8.4 out of 10). CONCLUSIONS: The "Brief Intervention in Smoking Cessation" online training program is effective for the acquisition of smoking cessation competencies among European health profession students.

Psychological Burden of Hepatic Encephalopathy on Patients and Caregivers.

OBJECTIVES: Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is common in advanced cirrhosis and is characterized by marked neuropsychiatric abnormalities. However, despite its severity and effects on brain function, the impact of HE on psychological status of patients has not been adequately assessed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of HE on psychological status of patients and their informal caregivers. METHODS: Fifteen patients with cirrhosis and episodic or persistent HE and their corresponding informal caregivers were included. Semistructured interviews were performed in patients and caregivers. Quality of life (QoL) was assessed by the short-form 36 in both patients and caregivers, and the Zarit burden score was measured in caregivers. The analysis of interviews was performed using qualitative methodology. RESULTS: HE causes a major psychological impact on patients with HE. The first episode of HE caused a very significant impact that was reported with deep feelings, mainly of fear, anger, misery, anxiety, and sorrow, which persisted with time. Symptoms causing more psychological impact on patients were impaired ability to walk and speak. All effects were associated with a marked impairment in QoL. The psychological impact was also marked in caregivers who had a major burden, as assessed by the Zarit score. Moreover, QoL, particularly the mental component score, was markedly impaired in caregivers in intensity similar to that of patients. DISCUSSION: HE has a profound psychological impact on patients and their informal caregivers, associated with a marked negative influence on QoL. The psychological effects of HE on patients and caregivers should be evaluated and treated.

Towards the implementation of OSCE in undergraduate nursing curriculum: A qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Despite the fact that Objective Structured Clinical Examination is considered to be an efficient assessment method, their implementation in the undergraduate nursing curriculum encounters difficulties. However, the initiative of the European Higher Education Area to promote competency-based assessment may represent an opportunity to introduce this instrument in undergraduate nursing curriculum. OBJECTIVE: To explore the perception of nursing faculty members regarding the implementation of the OSCE as an assessment tool in Catalan Nursing Schools. DESIGN/PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: In this qualitative study, fifteen teachers participated in semi-structured interviews in eight Catalan Nursing Schools. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted. A thematic content analysis was used to identify major themes in the interview data and collaborative analysis was undertaken to ensure rigorous results. RESULTS: The relevant aspects that are emphasized by teachers included the consideration of the dual purpose of the OSCE via its formative and evaluative facets by enhancing the feedback received by students about their performance on the OSCE. The OSCE should be administered towards the end of the degree program and should complement other methods of assessment. Despite its high cost, the OSCE was deemed to be efficient as it enables student competencies to be assessed with objective criteria, which is a difficult task with other instruments. OSCE implementation is feasible with the institutional support of and collaborative work between schools. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of the OSCE in the Catalan undergraduate nursing degree programs is feasible if the project receives the support of all involved parties and if creative strategies are determined to reduce economic costs and optimize resources. With adequate feedback, the OSCE is an assessment tool that can provide high-impact training to students.

Prediction of the type of milk and degree of ripening in cheeses by means of artificial neural networks with data concerning fatty acids and near infrared spectroscopy.

The present study addresses the prediction of the time of ripening and type of mixtures of milk (cow's, ewe's and goat's) in cheeses of varying composition using artificial neural networks (ANN). To accomplish this aim, neural networks were designed using as input data the content of 19 fatty acids obtained with GC-FID of the cheese fat and scores obtained from principal component analysis (PCA) of NIR spectra. The best model of neuronal networks for the identification of the type of mixtures of milk was obtained using the information concerning the fatty acid concentration (80% of correct results in the training phase and 75% in the validation phase). Regarding the information of the near-infrared (NIR) spectra a neural network was designed. The aforesaid neural network predicted the ripening of cheeses with 100% accuracy in both training and in validation.

ANALYSIS OF HOUSEHOLD MEDICINE CHESTS: A SIGNIFICANT LEARNING EXPERIENCE FOR NURSING STUDENTS / ANÁLISE DAS CAIXAS DE PRIMEIROS SOCORROS: ESTUDO REALIZADO EM ESTUDANTES DE ENFERMAGEM / ANALISIS DE LOS BOTIQUINES DOMÉSTICOS: UNA EXPERIENCIA DE APRENDIZAJE SIGNIFICATIVA PARA LOS ESTUDIANTES DE ENFERMERÍA

This is an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study in which 214 nursing students from the University of Barcelona participated, in order to examine and assess the state and management of their household medicine chests. A semi-structured questionnaire specifically prepared for the study was used to collect data. The results showed that only 18.2% of the medicine chests examined contained all the recommended dressing materials and medicines. Inspection frequency was less than 12 months in 66.4% of the cases. A high percentage of the nursing students' homes stored medications in unsuitable locations and held on to them beyond their expiration dates or without their package. In contrast, knowledge about the use of the medications and the habit of recycling was better. Carrying out an analysis of their own medicine chest can help nursing students improve their competences in this area.

Estudo descritivo e transversal, no qual participaram 214 estudantes de enfermagem da Universidade de Barcelona com o objetivo de analisar e avaliar o estado e a gestão das caixas de primeiros socorros de suas casas. Um questionário semi-estruturado foi utilizado para coleta de dados. Os resultados mostram que apenas 18,2% dos kits examinados tinham todos os materiais de curativos e medicamentos recomendados. A frequência de revisão é inferior a doze meses em 66,4 % dos casos. Uma elevada porcentagem de residências familiares de estudantes de enfermagem continuvam mantendo os medicamentos armazenados em locais inadequados e vencidos, e fora de sua embalagem. Entretanto, se observou melhor conhecimento do uso dos medicamentos e do hábito de reciclagem. Realizar esta análise em sua própia caixa de primeiros socorros pode ajudar estudantes de enfermagem a melhorar suas habilidades sobre o tema.

Estudio observacional descriptivo y transversal en el que participaron 214 estudiantes de Enfermería de la Universidad de Barcelona con el objetivo de analizar y valorar el estado y la gestión de sus propios botiquines domésticos. Para la recogida de datos se utilizó un cuestionario semiestructurado de elaboración propia. Los resultados mostraron que solo el 18,2% de los botiquines examinados tenían todos los materiales de curas y medicamentos recomendados. La periodicidad de revisión fue inferior a 12 meses en un 66,4% de los casos. Un elevado porcentaje de los hogares de los estudiantes de enfermería seguían guardando los medicamentos en lugares inadecuados y los almacenan caducados y fuera de su envase. En contraste, el conocimiento del uso de los medicamentos y el hábito de reciclaje fue mejor. Realizar un análisis sobre su propio botiquín podría ayudar a los estudiantes de enfermería a mejorar sus competencias sobre el tema.